Lansk professor. Lanskaya Grigory Nikolaevich

Correspondent: Grigory Nikolayevich, our listeners do not understand why such a hype rose around the elections of the rector. Can you briefly clarify us again, what is this election campaign with such loud stories?

Lanskaya: The problem is that at the end of November last year, the Ministry of Education and Science sent to the University new Tired And the letter signed by the Deputy Minister of Education and Science of Natalia Vladimirovna Tretyak about the need to make elections of candidates for the position of rector. The ministry represented by the attestation commission will choose candidates whom to select the necessary on qualifying criteria. But in the charter it was recorded that the university would hold the election of candidates, and not a rector. This caused some unrest. Prior to this, the 2006 elections, 2011 were held in the conference of university teachers. This caused the bewilderment of the team.

Correspondent: And why such close attention was riveted to Andrei Leonidovich Khazin. What is it connected with?

Lanskaya: I think it is due to the fact that this is a new candidate for the university, a person never worked at the university. But at the same time, he is a fairly well-known businessman and collector. I think that all other university candidates are known, and he is a media figure, therefore attributes such attention. Well, and besides, due to the financial difficulties, all government agencies are experiencing, of course, the investment project, which Andrei Leonidovich proposed.

Correspondent: Is there any inner struggle between candidates, attempts to influence members of the scientist council?

G. Lanskaya: In principle, this situation in open mode is not traced here, because all candidates, including Andrei Leonidovich, had the opportunity to meet with the university's labor team as a whole and with the University faculties in particular. For example, I met with the whole team of the university, and was put forward by the General Assembly Historical and Archive Institute. That is, people, of course, talk about their program, answer questions, someone may have pressure on the teams, but there are no specific information.

Correspondent: I understand correctly that you have a peaceful struggle? It happens that they are trying to press on the candidate so that he removes his candidacy ...

G. Lanskaya: just there was a situation in which one of the candidates offered to take off his candidacy for the promotion. But since this candidate is known, marked by the Ministry of Education and Science, I can confirm this information.

Correspondent: Whose candidacy was it?

G. Lanskaya: The Ministry of Education and Science lacked that this is Andrei Leonidovich Khazin.

Correspondent: That is, he suggested removing his candidacy on the day of voting?

Lansky: Yes.

Correspondent: Did he stated it somehow secretly?

G. Lanskaya: He said that he would be calmer from the fact that one of the candidates who can get quite a lot of votes, on the day of voting he will remove his candidacy in his favor.

Correspondent: And what was the reaction?

G. Lanskaya: This candidate refused, because he was nominated by the labor team, and could not sacrifice the interests of the people who were put forward.

Correspondent: And Hazin hinted on someone concrete?

G. Lanskaya: he suggested a specific candidate, but I can't call his name without consent.

Lanskaya: She influenced, I think to the position of the Ministry of Education and Science. Do not hide famous factthat the ministry was therefore invited to me members of the Scientific Council and explained to them that it would not recommend voting for Andrei Leonidovich. I do not see anything reprehensible about it.

Correspondent: When will these elections take place? When will everything be exactly known?

G. Lanskaya: The scientific council will take place on Monday at 15 o'clock. It will be held online broadcasts in accordance with those recommendations that the Ministry of Education and Science gave. In addition, according to the available information, there are instructions of the ministry that the documents may be represented on the 16th, that is, with a postponement for one day.

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The main scientific provisions formulated by the author on the basis of the studies carried out:

1. As part of the development of domestic historiography economic History Russia began three stages of the beginning of the XX century. The first of them swept the period from the moment of the creation of V.I. Lenin in the second half of the 1890s - 1910s of a series of works on the development of capitalist relations and the formation of prerequisites for socialist production relations until the mid-1950s, when temporarily formed the organizational, professional and practical possibilities of objective coverage of the economic history of Russia of the beginning of the XX century. The second stage, began in the mid-1950s, lasted before the second half of the 1980s, when the weakening of the ideological authority of the political regime dominated in the country and the search for this regime of a new social support led to the formation of new ideas about the peculiarities of the economic development of Russia and, therefore, Objectivity, patterns and progressiveness October revolution 1917. The third stage, characterized by the conceptual and methodological diversification of the coverage of the events of the economic history of Russia of the beginning of the 20th century, began in the specified period of the political and ideological crisis of the Soviet system of social relations and continues up to the present.
2. As part of the designated stages, the most significant historiographic facts were identified and analyzed - all the phenomena of scientific and infrastructure and scientific life, which influenced the perception and study of the economic history of Russia of the beginning of the 20th century. These facts are identified and systematized in the formation of the structure of thesis. These include, in particular, the discussions of Soviet historians during the second half of the 1920s of the 1930s on the "subsidiary" of the development of Russian capitalism; Discussion in the scientific and political environment defended M.N. Pokrovsky theory of "shopping capitalism" in Russia; Definition of political and economic views V.I. Lenina, I.V. Stalin, N.I. Bukharin and ld Trotsky on peculiarity economic Development Russia; Publication in the mid-1950s of the generalizing study of P.I. Lyashchenko, symbolized the results of a significant stage in the study of Russian economic history; The publication of the collections "other not given" and "Soviet historiography", which determined the essence of the democratic perception of chosen issues of dissertation research and some other equal historiographic facts.
3. IN dissertation study Based on the assessment of the organizational conditions of the organizational conditions and the theoretical and methodological specifics of the organization of research activities, as well as determining the array of existing historiography sources, the division of domestic historiography of the economic history of Russia of the beginning of the 20th century on the scientific and political directions on the basis of the professional orientation of the work created by various authors was carried out. In turn, scientific historiography is divided into the works of a generalizing and specifically historical genre, and political historiography - on the work of a political and ideological and economic and political genre.
4. In determining the role of political factors in the formation of domestic historiography of the economic history of Russia, the beginning of the 20th century was revealed that the process of rapprochement of the ideological interests of structures state power And professional landmarks of scientists in most cases were counterfeit. Based on published and unpublished sources, it is shown how to ensure practical possibilities of productive scientific activity Many scientists combined their creative activity with the participation of organizational and research campaigns regulated with the help of administrative decisions (for example, according to the critical analysis of the works of M.N. Pokrovsky and a number of his students).
5. The most important and authoritative research (in many cases of scientific and pedagogical) schools of the Economic History of Russia of the beginning of the 20th century, which were formed by MN, were identified and characterized in the thesis. Pokrovsky, A.L. Sidorov, I.D. Kovalchenko, B.V. Ananich, V.I. Bovkin and other outstanding scientists. In the relevant sections of work on examples of specific historiographic sources, their contribution to the conceptual understanding and empirical study of various aspects of economic life and the economic policy of Russia is shown.
6. The paper presents the main ones who had the most significant importance of the discussion of domestic authors on the most significant problems from their point of view the problems of the development of the Russian economy at the beginning of the 20th century, part of which was formulated in the process in-depth study works V.I. Lenin. The most important issues include the degree of financial independence of the Russian economy at the beginning of the 20th century, the essence of state-monopoly capitalism in Russia, the peculiarity of the "military-feudal imperialism" in Russia, the multipliness of the Russian economy at the beginning of the 20th century, the ratio of feudal and commodity capitalist devils in Agricultural Russia in terms of the deployment of revolutionary events of 1917.
7. As a distinctive soviet period In the study of various aspects of the economic life of Russia, it was noted that the process of consistent expansion of the corps of the sources studied and improving the methods of their research, especially intensified in the second half of the 1950s, was under the defining impact on the political and ideological level of the concept of the pattern and progressiveness of the October Revolution of 1917 . A significant role was also played by the conviction of many authors in the inevitability of building a communist society in Russia and the conceptual and methodological progressiveness of the Patriotic historical science Compared with foreign historiography of Russian history.
8. Theses noted that the post-Soviet historiography of the economic history of Russia of the beginning of the 20th century, overcomed by political changes in 1991 - 1993, Nihilism in relation to the scientific heritage of Soviet times, acquired a number of productive qualities to which theoretical observations include pluralism of theoretical observations, interdisciplinary and diversity of the scientific methodological platform creativity. This manifested itself in the formation of a set of concepts analyzed in special parts of the concept of the concepts of the economic history of Russia of the beginning of the 20th century and the use along with traditional new - first of all, civilizational-cultural - approaches to the organization of scientific research
9. Taking into account the studied and estimated complex in the work of historiographic sources in the implementation of the study, it was concluded that the development of a united for domestic and foreign historiography of the presentation of the originality and the results of the economic development of Russia of Russia of the beginning of the 20th century is possible on the basis of the use of finally formed in 1960 - 1970s Theories "Modernization". At the same time, the designated regional flows of intellectual culture are compatible only in relation to post-Soviet historical science, because, on the one hand, it is more multifaceted in conceptual terms and, on the other hand, it is focused on overcoming stereotypes " cold War"In the ideological sphere.

Monograph:

1. Lanskaya G.N. Domestic historiography of the economic history of Russia of the early XX century / Nov. Lanish. M.: RGU, 2010 .504 s. (31.7 p.).

Publications in publications included in the list of leading peer-reviewed journals and publications recommended by VAC:

2. Lanskaya G.N. Modern historiographic concepts of the agricultural history of Russia second halves XIX. - early XX century / Nov. Lanskaya // New historical Bulletin. 2007. № 1 (15). P. 28-45 (0.9 pp).

3. Lanskaya G.N. Foundations Archive RAS as sources on the history of Soviet historical science / Nov. Lanskaya // Domestic archives. 2009. No. 3. P. 47-52 (0.6 p.).

4. Lanskaya G.N. The originality of Russia's economic development in an unpublished heritage M.N. Pokrovsky / GN Lanskaya // New historical Bulletin. 2009. No. 1 (19). P. 60-71 (1 P.L.)

5. Lanskaya G.N. The economic history of Russia began the XX century. As a problem of domestic historiography / Nov. Lanskaya // New historical Bulletin. 2009. № 2 (20). Pp. 5-18 (0.8 pp)

6. Lanskaya G.N. Russian economy The beginning of the XX century in the system of international relations / G.N. Lanskaya // Bulletin of RGUU № 14/09. Science Magazine. Series "International Relations. Regional studies. M., 2009. P. 82-91 (0.6 p.).

7. Lanskaya G.N. Problems social History XIX - XX centuries. In domestic studies of 2008 / G.N. Lanskaya // Bulletin of RGUGU. № 17/09. Science Magazine. Series "Historical sciences. Russian history". M., 2009. P. 200-211 (0, 7 p.).

8. Lanskaya G.N. New studies of the economic policy of the Russian authorities of the early XX century / Nov. Lanskaya // New historical Bulletin. 2009. No. 4 (22). P. 168 - 175. (0.5 p.).

9. Lanskaya G.N. Methodology of the future historical knowledge (Materials of the Round Table on the book O.M. Medushevskaya "Theory and Methodology of Cognitive History) / Nov. Lanskaya // Russian history. 2010. No. 1. P. 156-158 (0.3 p.).

10. Lanskaya G.N. Review of the collection of documents "Ecology and Power, 1917 - 1990" / Nov. Lanskaya // Domestic archives. 2000. No. 2. P. 105-108 (0, 3 p.).

11. Lanskaya G.N. Ministerial crisis of 1911 in the responses of contemporaries / G.N. Lanskaya // Folding the history of Russia. To the 50th anniversary of the mug domestic history. M.: RGGU, 1997. S. 77-86 (0, 5 pp)

12. Lanskaya G.N. Studying the features and results of the Stolypin agrarian reform in historiography of the 1970s - 1990s / Nov. Lanskaya // Russian scientific and practical conference "P.A. Stolypin: Agricultural Reforming of Russia. " Materials reports and speeches. Veliky Novgorod, 2000. P. 142- 147 (0.4 pp).

13. Lanskaya G.N. Problems of modernization of the agricultural sector of Russia second half of the XIX - early XX century. In foreign historiography and works of Academician I.D. Kovalchenko 1970 - 1980s / Nov. Lanskaya // Problems of source studies and historiography. Materials II scientific readings of memory Academician I.D. Kovalchenko. M.: "Russian political encyclopedia" (ROSPEN), 2000. P. 182-191 (0.5 pp).

14. Lanskaya G.N. XIV Scientific Conference "Sources and Historiography in the Humanitarian Knowledge System" / Nov. Lanskaya // Bulletin of archivista. 2002. № 4-5. P. 236-239 (0.3 p.).

15. Lanskaya G.N. Features of the macro and microforic study of the history of Russian entrepreneurship of the second half of the XIX - XX century. / Nov. Lanskaya // Globalization and Entrepreneurship: National-State Strategies and Practices: Materials of the III International Scientific Conference. Domodedovo, 2008. P. 82-97 (0.9 pp)

16. Lanskaya G.N. I.V. Stalin as an organizer of theoretical training of historians and economists in the USSR / Nov. Lanskaya // State and development of education in Russia XVIII - XX century: politics, institutions, personality. Materials of the XIII All-Russian Scientific and Practical Conference. M.: Rudn, 2008. P. 275 - 283 (0, 5 pp).

17. Lanskaya G.N. Studies Academician I.D. Kovalchenko on the agricultural history of Russia of the beginning of the 20th century as a historiographic source / GN Lanskaya // Ideas Academician I.D. Kovalchenko in the XXI century. Materials IV scientific readings of memory academician I.D. Kovalchenko. M.: Russian Political Encyclopedia (Rossman), 2009. P. 244-250 (0.6 pp).

18. Lanskaya G.N. Research Professor V.I. Bovykin about the history of financial capital in Russia and modern historical science / Nov. Lanskaya // http://www.hist.msu.ru/science/conf/01_2007/lanskoi.pdf (0, 5 p. L).

Abstracts of reports and messages at conferences and symposia:

19. Lanskaya G.N. Stolypinsky Agrarian reform: historiographic myth or reality / G.N. Lanas / Russia in a new time: the choice of the path of historical development. Materials of the Interuniversity Scientific Conference. M.: RGGU, 1994. P. 39-41 (0.2 pp).

20. Lanskaya G.N. Peasantry and power in the Poreforming period / Nov. Lanna / Russia in a new time: an educated minority and peasant world: a dialogue search. Materials of the Interuniversity Scientific Conference. M.: RGGU, 1995. p.35 - 37 (0.2 pp).

21. Lanskaya G.N. Comparative method in the study of historiographic sources of the newest time (historiographic and methodological aspects) / G.N. Lanskaya / source studies and a comparative method in humanitarian knowledge. Abstracts of reports and reports of the scientific conference. M.: RGGU, 1996. P. 417-421 (0, 3 p.).

22. Lanskaya G.N. Political groups and problems of modernization of Russia at the end of the XIX - early XX century / Nov. Lanskaya // Russia in a new time: the historical tradition and problems of self-identification: the materials of the Interuniversity Scientific Conference. M.: RGGU, 1996. P. 127-129 (0.2 pp).

23. Lanskaya G.N. Features of the worldview of the Russian society after the revolution 1905 - 1907 / G.N. Lanskaya // Mentality and political development of Russia: theses of the reports of the scientific conference. M.: Nauka, 1996. P. 93-96 (0.3 pp).

24. Lanskaya G.N. Discussion problems of history russian-Japanese war / Nov. Lanskaya // National Culture and Defense of the Fatherland. Collection of reports and reports of the Scientific Conference: in 2 h. Kostroma, 1998. Part 1. P. 94-97 (0.3 pp).

25. Lanskaya G.N. Socio-cultural image of the Moscow trade and business elite in the second half of the XIX century / Nov. Lanskaya // Russia in a new time: central and peripheral in the system of cultural dialogue. Materials of the Russian scientific conference. M.: RGGU, 1999. P. 117-120 (0.3 pp).

26. Lanskaya G.N. Myth about truly popular power in political consciousness / Nov. Lanskaya // "New Russia": social and political myths: materials of the Russian Inter-University Scientific Conference. M.: RGGU, 1999. P. 85-88 (0, 3 p.).

27. Lanskaya G. N. Quantitative methods in the study of sources on the history of Russia in the second half of the XIX - early XX century / Nov. Lanskaya // Accurate humanitarian knowledge: traditions, problems, methods, results: abstracts of reports and reports of the scientific conference. M.: RGGU, 1999. P. 89-90 (0.15 pp).

28. Lanskaya G.N. Historians and power: Discussions of Soviet historians as a historiographic source / G.N. Lanskaya // People and power: historical sources and methods for studying them. Materials of the XVI scientific conference. M., 2004. P. 244-247 (0, 25 pp).

29. Lanskaya G.N. Image of historiography as a phenomenon of humanitarian culture / G.N. Lanskaya // An image of science in university education: materials of the XVII scientific conference. M.: RGGU, 2005. P. 158-161 (0, 25 pp).

30. Lanskaya G.N. The role of restructuring in the development of the representations of domestic and foreign researchers about the history of Russia / Nov. Lanskaya // Twenty years Perestroika: The evolution of humanitarian knowledge in Russia. Materials of the International Scientific and Educational Forum on April 27 - 28, 2005 M.: RGGU, 2005. P. 45-49 (0, 35 p.).

31. Lanskaya G. N. Sociological aspects of the formation of the hull of historiographic sources in the USSR / Nov. Lanskaya // Unity of Humanitarian Knowledge: New Synthesis: Materials of the XIX International Scientific Conference. M., 2007. P. 197-201 (0.3 p.).

32. Lanskaya G.N. Historical conditions for the development of entrepreneurship in Russia The second half of the XIX - early XX century / Nov. Lanskaya // Russian Entrepreneurship in the XIX - the first third of the 20th century: individuals, firms, institutional environment: Materials of the International Scientific Conference. SPB: SPbSU, 2007. P. 200-204 (0.3 pp).

33. Lanskaya G.N. Methodological features of the study of historiographic sources / G.N. Lanskaya // Auxiliary Historical disciplines - source studies - Methodology of history in the system of humanitarian knowledge: Materials of the XX International Scientific Conference. M.: RGGU, 2008. P. 414- 417 (0.25 pp).

34. Lanskaya G.N. Economic features of the state mechanism of Russia at the beginning of the 20th century / Nov. Lanskaya / State institutions Russia XX - XXI century: traditions and innovations. Materials of the All-Russian Scientific Conference dedicated to the memory of Professor N.P. Eroskina. M.: RGGU, 2008. P. 59-63 (0.3 pp).

35. Lanskaya G.N. Historical and geographical approach in research L.V. Milova on the economic development of Russia of the period of the new time / G.N. Lanskaya // Rus, Russia: Middle Ages and New Time. Reading the memory of Academician L.V. Milova. Conference materials. M.: Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosova, 2009. P. 5 - 8 (0, 25 pp).

Lanskaya G.N. Historical knowledge and democratic reforms of Gorbachev's era / N. Lanskaya // http: www.gorbi.ru, section "Gorbachev readings". M., 2004 (0.3 p.).

480 rub. | 150 UAH. | $ 7.5 ", Mouseoff, Fgcolor," #FFFFCC ", BGColor," # 393939 ");" Onmouseout \u003d "Return nd ();"\u003e Dissertation period - 480 rub., Delivery 10 minutes , around the clock, seven days a week and holidays

Lanskaya, Grigory Nikolaevich. Domestic historiography of the economic history of Russia of the beginning of the 20th century: the dissertation ... Dr. Historical Sciences: 07.00.09 / Lanskaya Grigory Nikolaevich; [Place of protection: Ros. State Humanitar. University] .- Moscow, 2011.- 444 p.: Il. RGB OD, 71 12-7 / 9

Introduction

Section 1. Soviet and post-Soviet historiography of the economic history of Russia of the early XX century: Methodological aspects of study 28

Section 2. The founders of Bolshevism about the features of the economic development of Russia of the beginning of the XX century 47

Chapter 1. Lenin Concept of the Economic Development of Russia of the beginning of the XX century

Chapter 2. Issues of the economic development of Russia of the beginning of the 20th century in the works of L.D. Trotsky and N.I. Bukharina 81.

Section 3. Economic development of Russia of the beginning of the XX century in the works of M.N. Pokrovsky and historiographic discussions of the 1920s - the beginning of the 1930s 114

Chapter 1. M.N. Pokrovsky on the peculiarities of the economic development of Russia of the beginning of the XX century

Chapter 2. Features of the capitalist development of Russia of the beginning of the XX century in historiographic discussions of the second half of the 1920s - the first half of the 1930s 152

Section 4. Soviet historiography of the economic development of Russia of the beginning of the 20th century in the conditions of the domination of Stalinism 187

Chapter 1. I.V. Stalin on the features of Russia's economic development

Chapter 2. Soviet historiography of the economic history of Russia of the beginning of the XX century under the rule of the Stalinist exercise 226

Section 5. Soviet historiography of 1957-1991 on the economic development of Russia of the beginning of the 20th century: theoretical, methodological and methodological aspects of development 268

Chapter 1. Soviet historiography of 1957 - 1991 on economic development

Russia of the beginning of the XX century: methodological and methodological aspects of development

Chapter 2. Features of the economic development of Russia of the beginning of the XX century in Soviet historiography 1957 - 1991 304

Section 6. Post-Soviet historiography of the economic history of Russia of the beginning of the XX century 342

Chapter 1. Formation of the methodological and methodological principles of post-Soviet historiography of the economic history of Russia of the beginning of the XX century

Chapter 2. Post-Soviet historiography of the economic history of Russia of the early XX century: features of conceptual development 377

Conclusion 418.

List of sources and literature 427

Soviet and post-Soviet historiography of the economic history of Russia of the early XX century: methodological aspects of study

Historiography is one of the common types of human activity. Remembering the events of his life and capturing their perception on the material carrier, it is the history of these events, that is, he is engaged in historiographic creativity. During this process, firstly, the peculiarities of the human worldview manifest themselves and they acquire special significance of communications forms with potential readers. Secondly, the specificity of the participation of this person in public relations is becoming essential.

Such an understanding of the term "historiography", reflecting it as a product of the cultural reflection of each possessing personality (primarily its own worldview of the Company's member) a member of the Company served as one of the main substantiations of the need for historiography as an independent direction of historical research. This is how this process described in Russia at the turn of the 1950s and 1960s, one of his immediate participants, Academician M.V. Nechkahna: "She already existed in the literature and before our appearance and was called historiography, was considered a" auxiliary discipline "and was content with the understanding of his" mining "and auxiliary function, and his serious - from an ancient scientist -" History + I write "or That is what kind of birth. To us, introducing this auxiliary subject to the work of the historian, I wanted to "highlight" the name of the new classes. Almost always asked for cheerful, with the "two wings" the term "history of history", it was good to act with him and we called it one of the works that came out with us "46. As we see, the place and value of historiography as the phenomena of the humanitarian culture and the form of targeted human activity are made to evaluate in two contexts. In addition to the main associated with the writing of the person's history of his life, there is auxiliary, sending to the methodology and practice of circulation; Researcher of the events of the past to the scientific experience of their predecessors in the implementation of this type of activity. In it, historiography acts as an information resource, always used in the creation of historical research - and, in a broad sense, when studying the past.

Since the late 1950s and early 1960s, when the perception of any evidence of the past in a professional and mass consciousness was limited to the rigid structures of ideologized thinking, scientists have made a lot for the legitimation of both contexts of the definition-subject field of historiography.

An example of a scientific and informational, formulated in a narrow sense, the definition of historiography and its components - historiographic facts - You can consider the interpretation of these concepts proposed by K.N. Tarnowsky. Considering historiography, first of all, as the history of historical science, he wrote: "Under the historiographic fact we understand the author's concept, with more or less clarity and completeness of the studied in the study; in it, thus dominates the system-forming and explaining knowledge obtained as a result of the analysis historical facts 7. This definition of the objective field of historiography as the field of research activity has developed by the mid-1980s and was intended to tell the circle of the most representative in terms of obtaining new and objective knowledge of information resources.

In the second half of the 1980s, in connection with the emergence in the public consciousness of pluralism, a broader definition has emerged in the perception of past events of social history and, accordingly, to determine the subject field of historiography. In his article, published in 1990, Co. Schmidt wrote: "Work in the field of historiography in last years It is convinced that a wider understanding of this subject is approved. It is becoming clearer that the history of historical science (and wider - the development of historical thought, historical knowledge) It is impossible to reduce the concepts (especially a globally methodological nature or frankly political orientation), nor the activities of only prominent scientists, the creators of scientific schools, major organizers of science, famous influential publicists (philosophers, literary critics or political figures), nor to the study of the few works covering the impact and on subsequent generations. " In general, in the context of a wide understanding of the informational and cognitive foundation of historiography of CO. Schmidt concluded that "a historiographic source can recognize any source of knowledge of historiographic phenomena."

In our opinion, the hull of historiographic sources, indeed, is distinguished by significant breadth and in its composition you can include any evidence of the development of historical knowledge, the conditions for their creation, distribution and perception in society. Accordingly, in the aspect of the formation of the culture of human activity, historiography is logical to determine as a history of historical thought.

In Pain initial form It represents the interpretation process by the researcher of the past events, that is, the creation of a "history history". Such a interpretation is disclosed in the aggregate of the judgments recorded in the text form, each of which is a historiographic fact and can become a historiographic source. At the same time, the historical thought is formed not only in the consciousness of the researcher, but also in the perception of those to whom the information about the past is fixed in one way or another. These recipients are the most diverse groups of people. All of them interpret the information handled from historiographic sources, form and express their attitude to their content. Depending on its social status, these groups of people are able to form with the help of requests addressed to the creators of historiographic facts, a further strategy of studying the events of the past. In many countries, one of the most important generators of this kind of requests is a state that guides its recommendations on the development of historiography and directly, and through the mediation of the structures of the professional scientific community.

Thus, in the formation of ideas about the building of historiographic sources, it is advisable to include not only studies of scientists containing significant conceptual ideas or significantly complementing them, but also documents reflecting the influence of social institutions (especially the state) on the development of historical science, and materials According to the discussion of developing historical knowledge by representatives of the scientific community. It is these components that form the composition of the object of our study - the Soviet historiography of the economic history of Russia of the beginning of the XX century.

Does not require exploited evidence that the development of historiographic creativity always occurs under the influence of a set of interrelated factors that are developing within a certain intellectual environment. Not by chance B. modern science There is a notion of "intellectual history", to which almost all existing methods of source criticism are involved. It is a reconstruction facility for specialists. different areas Humanitarian knowledge. Within the framework of intellectual history, the phenomenological specificity of the personality of the creator of research products and the features of public consciousness, which perceives the retrospective information addressed to him, is allocated to the number of factors that affect the consciousness of the historically. Thus, in relation to the development of historical thought, the intellectual history as a scientific direction studies the cultural originality of historiographic creativity.

Issues of the economic development of Russia of the beginning of the 20th century in the works of L.D. Trotsky and N.I. Bukharina

A large role in understanding the peculiarities of the economic development of Russia in the period 1920s and at the very beginning of the 1930s they played political discussions. First, it was also explained by the insufficient actual and source informs of the Soviet historical science, which the state leaders felt and which is noticeable to modern historiographic perception. This phenomenon was obvious and in institutional terms, and in terms of the formation of an explanatory model that could during professional training Transfer from one generation of researchers the following in the form of an already clarified in essence and on the tasks of the method of thinking.

Secondly, the prevalence of political discussions as a form of development of historiographic culture was explained by the fact that the mechanisms of the ideological and administrative interaction of the Soviet state with society in the 1920s were not yet formed. It was the process of developing the future scenario for the development of the country, in which most of the population was traditionally quite inert in the field of formation of the strategy of their evolution. The concept of "folk masses" was precisely because it received such a spread in sociological, theoretical and philosophical and journalistic literature on the history of Russia, that society under the domestic historical tradition was passive in a creative attitude unit, on the external and in many cases in the domestic psychological level Commissioning by the state managed by his life.

Attention should be paid to the fact that the political figures of many eras looked at the Russian people from top to bottom, from the standpoint of their actively emphasized intellectual superiority. This relationship was characteristic not only for representatives of state power, which, of course, did not want to abandon autocratic traditions, but also for representatives of the political opposition at the beginning of the 20th century.

Such an approach was present in the consciousness of the liberals, the purpose of which was the creation of a system of parliamentarism. Until full participation in its operation, most of the population was still in intellectual terms. Even in the conditions of the Soviet political regime formed, this representation of the people in the legislative and legislative bodies of power looked quite decoratively, although it would be wrong to deny its external significance. More surprising is the fact that both representatives of the revolutionary-democratic opposition, the political goat of which was to be precisely interaction, cooperation with the people, also perceived it according to a similar liberal approach. In their consciousness, the people and including the proletariat, which was done by a practical rate, served in the future not an active creator of the future revolution, but its tool.

To illustrate this intelligent approach, the following statement LD is quite expressive. Trotsky, made in 1904: "Not afraid to show the" psychology of the bourgeois intellectual ", we argue, first of all, that the conditions pushing the proletariat to collectively agreed methods of struggle lies not in the factory, but in general social conditions The existence of the proletariat, we argue, then that between these objective conditions and conscious disciplines of political action lies a long way of struggle, mistakes, education-not to the "School of Factory", and the school of political life, in which our proletariat only enters under the guidance - bad or good - Social Democratic Intelligentsia; We argue that the Russian proletariat, in which we barely began to develop political independence, is not able to still be unfortunate for themselves and fortunately for the Lord candidates for "dictators" - to give the lessons for the discipline of their "intelligentsia" 110.

Only followers of ideas M. A. Bakunin, who sought to introduce anarchism ideas on the Russian soil, considered the people as an initially active subject. historical process. However, in this case, he was attached to the mission of the destroyer of a certain economic and political defendant. It was also assumed that any of those with relevant knowledge and charismatic qualities would direct the element of national behavior in a certain direction and only after the logical completion of this movement will disappear the need for the state of the state as a carrier of an administrative function. However, anarchism, which formed as political teachings against the background of the disappointment of the Western European social revolutions of 1848-1849, was not perceived as a really applicable ideology and in Russia. There were no such chances of gaining popularity to the subjects of politics in the period of the crisis of statehood, increasing up to the October Revolution of 1917 and Civil WarNevertheless in the 1920s, when the administrative management system by society began to line up again for quite natural reasons.

The subject of discussions in the 1920s was not the question of whether russian Society In political leadership to achieve the designated objectives of constructing socialism, and the identification of methods and strategies for the implementation of such a guide. As long as determined as the state leader I.V. Stalin did not express his definite and historical and civilization tradition of a massively supported opinion on this account, the discussions continued.

The fact of their presence after the speeches I.V. Stalin at the mass party and political events of the late 1920s, as well as directions to them, inherently, writing a letter to the editorial office of the Journal "Proletarian Revolution" and the events followed by this event in the organization of scientific research usually fused in historiography. In any case, even with the limit intellectual liberalism of the researchers, there was a small materiality of their content compared to the Bolshevik Party generated by the general ideology.

Therefore, in the conditions of the Cold War, foreign historians who have not experienced sympathies for Soviet Union And his political choice, periodically reminded the ambiguity of the Russian political system of conceptual ideas in the 1920s in the depths of the Russian political system in the 1920s and the past, and the future of the country's development path. The leaders among these scientists, whose authority is also recognized at the present time, were R. Pipes and S. Cohen. In domestic historiography, attention to these discussions arose in the second half of the 1980s and was due, in our opinion, not primarily scientific reasons.

Features of the capitalist development of Russia of the beginning of the XX century in historiographic discussions of the second half of the 1920s - the first half of the 1930s

In the mid-1920s, Soviet historians focused their efforts on the formation of the actual substantiation of the Leninist concept of the economic development of Russia. This activity was due to a number of concrete reasons.

In research relations, its necessity was caused by the natural desire of researchers to create a methodological support for professional historiographic creativity. Although in relation to the efforts of the first generation of Soviet historians, this regular need was interpreted in the first post-Soviet years, even in a quoted form, the relationship between the absence of a clear conceptual foundation and the crisis of historical science, perceived from a social point of view as a negative phenomenon, looks in our understanding apparent. It seems that in order to assess the period of the first four decades of development of Soviet historiography, the conclusion made in the early 1960s, the conclusion that "the history of the development of the Soviet researchers the problem of Russian imperialism is at the same time the history of the understanding of Leninsky doctrine of imperialism , Leninist concept of the historical development of Russia ".

In addition to the need to strengthen the theoretical and methodological basis of its work, Soviet historians were guided by the assimilation and actual substantiation of the Leninist concept of the economic development of Russia of the beginning of the 20th century by social factors, without adapting to which progress in the region scientific knowledge It does not happen in any society. The system of theoretical ideas was described by V.I. Lenin since the 1920s before the period of the open crisis of Soviet statehood in the late 1980s as the only correct and relevant truth criterion as practical verifiability. Therefore, the transfer of knowledge about its contents to the wide sections of society, developing on its basis the conceptual basis of the policy documents in the cultural and ideological sphere unconditionally responded to the interests of social institutions led by the state, which in every way supported specific studies on identifying and analyzing the facts that accelerated the offensive of the socialist revolution. In this regard, any discussions and scientific publications, which arose within the approval of the Leninist Interpretation of the Marxist History Methodology as a peculiar intellectual canon, used political support until I.V. Stalin decided to express his opinion on the specifics of the economic development of Russia And thereby complete their discussion.

The period of discussion and assimilation of the Leninist concept in a part relating to this subject areaIt has thus quite clearly defined chronological boundaries. Their initial date can be considered 1925, and the end point - 1934, when the development of historiographic creativity in the USSR received regulatory support in the form of joint decisions of the Communist Party and the Soviet government.

It is known that not all the participants in the discussions have managed to adapt their views to the ideology of socialist construction formed in the mid-1930s, which had two equally significant components in their foundation and historiographic. For their insufficient conceptual mobility, they were eliminated and their place in historical science took a fairly large layer of professionally prepared volunteers. The names of the repressed historians of Biši returned to public consciousness only after the XX Congress of the CPSU due to the efforts of A.L.Sidorov and its former follower in the field of historiographic studies of K.Ntarnovsky. However, the nominated assessment of their creativity determined the critical attitude preserved in the early 1960s to the theoretical views of M.N. Pokrovsky, which was in turn dictated by the settlement of the significant progress of Soviet historical science after those adopted in 1934 - 1936 decisions and the discussion of such scientificlike "School Pokrovsky".

K.N. Starnovsky, as well as some other specialists in the field of economic history of Russia, were considered and assessed by the work of researchers in this subject area of \u200b\u200bthe 1920th anniversary of the 1930s in two aspects. On the one hand, they emphasized the belonging of these authors to the Marxist Soviet historical science, expressed in the ideological struggle against opposition historiographic concepts. On the other hand, they consistently indicated not high level Scientific knowledge of the economic history of Russia researchers in the second half of the 1920s - the first half of the 1930s, which was caused by the unknown for them of many valuable historical sources and led to the non-critical perception of some of those who did not appear in the early 1960s convincing concepts.

To the number of such concepts A.L.Sidorov, K.N.Tartnovsky and a number of other scientists who appealed to the characteristics of the historiographic heritage, attributed the theory of "shopping capitalism", formulated and justified almost throughout the life of M.N. Pokrovsky. These researchers were important to emphasize that in the context of the progressive development of the Soviet historical science, which noted in the policy documents, there were only such facts as the temporary dominant concept of the concept of M.N. Pokrovsky on theoretical representations of other scientists and the subsequent overcoming of this influence due to the progress of the Patriotic Historiography of economic history.

Summarizing these estimated observations, K.N.Tatarovsky wrote: "From the preceding presentation, it is clear that in applied to the development of the economic history of Russian imperialism, it is impossible to talk about" School Pokrovsky ". First, our own views of M.N. Pokrovsky on the issues of Russian imperialism, which established by him by the mid-20s, did not have any influence on the development of the problem. More than how we saw, they were criticized in the very first works of his students. It is impossible, further, talk about the "School of Pokrovsky", meaning unity in the views of his students according to the fundamental issues of the problems they have been developed. Pokrovsky's students diverged between them as a result of various interpretations not private, namely the main issues of the economic history of Russia of the period of imperialism ... Therefore, in relation to the development of the history of Russia, the period of imperialism should be abandoned by the concept of "School of Pokrovsky". It simply did not exist. At one time, within the framework of the issues under consideration, this concept was combined by all erroneous judgments on the economic history of imperialist Russia, regardless of whether they were divided or was not divided by the Pokrovsky themselves. It's time to release it from these layers "1". In subsequent years, this perception of historiographic facts relating to the study by Soviet scientists of the second half of the 1920s - the beginning of the 1930s of the economic history of Russia began the beginning of the 20th century, was maintained and even intensified. Of this trend testified In particular, having serious consequences of the criticism of historiographic studies of K.N.Tartnovsky for focusing on their attention on discussions in the domestic historical science of the 1920s - early 1930s, and not on the collective assimilation and methodological approval of the Lenin concept.

Soviet historiography of the economic history of Russia of the beginning of the XX century under the rule of the Stalinist teaching

By the beginning of the 1930s I.V. Stalin and his associates have formed all major organizational directions of modernization of the main spheres of social and economic development of the USSR. They were on the directive level launched mechanisms of industrialization and collectivization, respectively, industrial and agricultural sectors of the economy. At the same time, as a tool that guarantees the sequence of a selected political strategy in all the sectors of modernization, a class struggle was considered. She had a practical form in the form of a variety of repressive events and an important ideological component, in the formation and provision of which one of the central roles played scientific institutions and educational institutions. According to the idea I.V. Stalin and his colleagues they had to become not just a social institution, but part of the management system of public life, and their activities were necessary to adjust in accordance with the ideological line public Policy. Of course, their work cannot be considered exclusively in a negative key. Without system scientific institutionswho began to develop in the first half of the 1930s and expanded in the next few decades, there would be a fairly high level modern ideas Russian scientists about specific facts and phenomena of all without exception. A similar conclusion can be made and in relation to the evaluation of the recovery in the USSR university training specialists in the field of social and humanitarian Sciences. The state, presenting its requirements for the work of the institutions created by him, at the same time created a considerable material basis for their functioning until it should have experienced a significant lack of resources. All these processes were repeatedly described and was not randomly focused in special studies, in the preparation of which the best Soviet specialists in the field of historical science history participated.

However, the price of all these achievements has become the limit (at least at the external level), limiting the creative possibilities of historiographic creativity. It should be noted that professional specialists who provided the functioning of the scientific and educational institutions created or undergoing the cardinal reorganization considered such compensation for the efforts of the political and administrative apparatus. They agreed that historiographic discussions on various issues can be productive at a certain stage, but at the same time showed advantage of their regulation and restriction. In particular, in his report, one of the heads of the Institute of History of the History of the Communist Academy A. Stetsky noted: "Discussions that occur and naturally held in the Comacademia on all theoretical sites played a rather large and positive role ... although they have bendes like that What is wrong, the general line of the work of the Society of Historians-Marxists, etc. But you need to pay attention to the fact that in a significant part, these theoretical discussions are rotating at idle, and I must emphasize that we cannot stop at this stage of common discussions, which, playing a useful role at a certain stage, has now lost scientific meaning "

The theoretical reconstruction of the development of Soviet historical science was particularly intensified under the influence of the publishing of the letter I.V. Stalin, as amended by the Journal of the Proletarian Revolution and summing up the USSR of the development of Soviet historiography for the fifteen years after the October Revolution of 1917. These two facts were directly related to each other from the point of view of determining the benchmarks of scientists to a sufficiently long term. They indicated that in the face of an increased institutional domination of the state, historical science was supposed to become, on the one hand, his instrument in the formation of the world's worldview and, on the other hand, to be part of social life, whose counterpoint was to identify and persecute class enemies.

Many materials published in 1932 are evidenced by many published in 1932, among which the advanced article of the jubilee "Historian-Marxist magazine" should be allocated to the anniversary of the October Revolution of 1917. It was estimated in the state of the development of historical science at the time of the publishing of the letter I.V. Stalin and determined due to the content of this letter research work. The article, in particular, was indicated: "Letter T. Stalin, to the editorial office of the Proletarian Revolution magazine, which has worldwide historical importance, mobilizes us to fight against Trotskyist and any other smuggling, against rotten liberalism in relation to this smuggling. The task of historians-Marxists is to expose hostile shafts of the class enemy, fighting the party path in historical science. We must fight against all sorts of perversions and falsification in the issues of October, to form their own concept, which can be created on the basis of a thorough study of the works of Lenin and Stalin, giving a clear, comprehensive indication, in which direction should be carried out by historians work in this area. It is necessary to prove on the specific historical material that the October Revolution is the socialist revolution, only in passing, by passing the permitting tasks of the bourgeois-democratic revolution; show driving forces Revolution, its world nature and meaning "214.

In accordance with the practice of ideological life, which formed in the early 1930s, similar requirements marked on the pages of one of the leading historical magazines of the country were sent to the entire circle of professional researchers. Many of them looked from a conceptual point of view very symptomatic. First, historiographic activities as the creative basis of historical science declared the scope of ideological struggle. It should be noted that this approach was extremely sustained and remained almost until the second half of the 1980s due to the fact that the object of exposure gradually shifted from the internal "enemies of the people" to the foreign researchers with non-Marxist ideas. Secondly, as theoretical and methodological basis Future scientific Labors Proclaimed views on russian history Political figures headed by the country after the October Revolution of 1917.

Russian historian. Doctor of Historical Sciences (2011), Professor, Dean of the Faculty of Documentation and Technotronic Archives of the IAI RGGU.

Born on October 13, 1927 in Moscow. He graduated from the FAD JAI RGGU. In 1998 he defended his dissertation on the topic "Social and political development of Russia end XIX. - The beginning of the 20th century in the English and American historiography of the late 1960s - early 1990s. ". In 2011, he defended his doctoral dissertation on the topic "Domestic historiography of the economic history of Russia of the early XX century." Since 2013, he has been held the post of dean of the Faculty of Documentation and Technotronic Archives of the IAI RGGU.

Author of more than 130 scientific works. In the area scientific interests The history of Russia of the modern time, the historiography of the economic history of Russia, information management and the legal framework for audiovisual archives, as well as archaeography of audiovisual documents.

Works:

Domestic historiography of the economic history of Russia of the early XX century. M.: RGU, 2010. 504 p.

In the mirror of October. Saarbrucken: Lambert ACADEMIC Publishing, 2011. 440 p.

France's archival legislation and the draft federal law "On archive business in Russian Federation"// Domestic archives. 2002. No. 4. P. 6-15.

National Institute of Audiovisual Documents of the French Republic // Bulletin of Archivista. № 3. 2002. P. 246-256.

Principles of protection of intellectual property for audiovisual documents in foreign archival legislation // Archival law: History, modern condition, development prospects. Materials " round Table."December 20, 2001. M.: RGGU, 2002. S.57-63.

Problems of modernization of the agricultural sector of Russia second half of the XIX - early XX century in foreign historiography and works of Academician I.D. Kovalchenko // Problems of source studies and historiography. Materials II scientific reading memory Academician I.D. Kovalchenko. M.: Russian Political Encyclopedia (Rosspan), 2000. P. 182 - 191.

Problems of determining the authenticity and reliability of film and photo documents in historical research// Archid Bulletin. 2004. No. 6 (84). P. 131 -141.

Social problems xIX history - XX centuries. In domestic studies of 2008 // Bulletin of RGUGU. № 17/09.

The Russian economy began XX century. In the system of international relations // Bulletin of RGUGU. № 17/09. Science Magazine. Series "International Relations. Regional studies. M., 2009. P. 82 - 91.

Modern historiographic concepts of agrarian history of Russia second half of the XIX - early XX century // New historic Bulletin. 2007. № 1 (15). P. 28-45.

Funds of the Archives of the Russian Academy of Sciences as sources on the history of Soviet historical science // Patriotic archives. 2009. No. 3. P. 47 - 52.

The economic history of Russia began the XX century. As a problem of domestic historiography // New historic Bulletin. 2009. № 2 (20). Pp. 5 - 18.

Lanskoi G. La France et les francaises en russie de Xvie Siecle Aux Nos Jours: Le Guide D`orientation Pour Le Recherches. Paris: Ecole Nationale des Chartes, 2010. 480 p. Ensemble Avec B. Delmas, EU. Starostine).