Labor mobilization. Anita Aukeeva: "Mom always said that it was God who kept us ..."

Chelyabinsk Bulletin state university. 2011. № 34 (249).

History. Issue 48.S. 60-64.

THE GREAT PATRIOTIC WAR AND THE POST-WAR

G. A. Goncharov

The article examines the categorical composition of those labor-mobilized in work columns who carried out production activities in the Urals during the Great Patriotic War... The categories of "labor army", their numerical strength in the region have been determined, the stages of labor mobilization have been identified.

Key words: the Great Patriotic War, the Ural region, "labor army", workers' columns, "labor mobilized", special settlers.

During the Great Patriotic War, the Urals became the most important center of defense production. This was due to how his geographic location(the region was in the deep rear), and the production infrastructure available at the beginning of the war (industrial centers, railway communications). From the European part of the country, 730 enterprises were evacuated here in the first two years of the war1. A significant number of workers, employees of the intelligentsia and their family members were displaced. During the war years, the Urals received, according to the Ural historians, 40.3% of the total number of people evacuated to the territory of the RSFSR2. They worked as mobilized workers in production, construction, agriculture, and institutions. The evacuees worked in the same conditions as the local population. At the same time, the archives and recently published collections of documents contain a large number of materials about civilians working and living in a special regime. They called themselves "labor army".

In the official documents of the period of the Great Patriotic War, the concept of a "worker" did not exist. Its appearance was caused by the popular memory of the Civil War, when the revolutionary armies of labor ("labor armies") were operating. They were created on the basis of military units. They included labor formations from civilian population in the form of working columns (detachments, battalions, companies, platoons) that lived and worked in special conditions: a centralized militarized system

management, different from the rest of the working population, the mode of work and maintenance. It was those who worked during the Great Patriotic War in such conditions who called themselves "labor army", thereby emphasizing their community with the civilian population mobilized to the labor front.

Military enlistment offices and internal affairs bodies were involved in the formation of working columns. The personnel were assigned the status of liable for military service. Criminal liability was established for the non-appearance of a mobilized person at a recruiting or assembly point, for unauthorized departure from work or desertion3. De facto, a special group of people was formed, which was to work until the end of the war as part of the workers' columns. This group was heterogeneous in its social and ethnic composition. It included both full citizens of the Soviet state and those with limited rights. It included representatives of those nations whose states fought against the USSR, and those who fought against fascist Germany and her allies.

Soviet Germans were the first to be mass mobilized into labor units. On August 31, 1941, the Politburo of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) adopted a resolution "On the Germans living in the territory of the Ukrainian USSR", which marked the beginning of the process of mobilization Soviet Germans into the labor army.

On September 8, 1941, the People's Commissariat of Defense prepared directive No. 35105, in accordance with which the "removal" of German servicemen from

Table 1

# P \ n Name of the camp Time of foundation of the camp Location

Region Locality

1 Bogoslovlag 11/15/1940 Sverdlovskaya Serovskiy district, settlement Turinskie mines

2 Ivdellag 08/16/1937 Sverdlovsk Ivdel

3 Sevurallag 05.02.1938 Sverdlovsk Irbit

4 Solikamlag 04/01/1939 Molotovskaya r. Borovsk settlement, Voroshilovsky district

5 Tavdinlag 04/17/1941 Sverdlovsk Tavda

6 Usollag 02/05/1938 Molotovskaya Solikamsk

7 Bakallag (from 01.1943, ITL "Chelyabmetal-lurgstroy") 11/17/1941 Chelyabinsk, Chelyabinsk

8 Vosturallag 05/08/1942 Sverdlovsk Tavda

9 Tagillag 01/27/1942 Sverdlovsk city Nizhny Tagil

the ranks of the Red Army 4. The document instructed the servicemen of ordinary and commanding personnel of German nationality to be sent to the internal districts and construction units. Together with the Soviet Germans, representatives of some other "unreliable" nationalities also recalled from the Red Army.

It was during this period that the first labor-mobilized workers appeared in the Urals: in the Sverdlovsk region - columns No. 390, 1527, 1528, 1529, 1049; in the Chelyabinsk region - № 765, 776, 779, 793. A significant part of them were placed in 3 ITLs - Ivdellag, Bogoslov-lag, Solikamlag. Those recalled from Krasnaya Aria were sent to the Molotov Region and the Udmur Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (2,437 people) 5. In March - August 1942, the Soviet Germans were transferred from construction units to work columns and merged with the main staff.

labor army, which was associated with their re-subordination to the NKVD6.

January - February 1942 became a milestone in the transition from partial to mass mobilization of Soviet citizens of German nationality into workers' columns for the entire duration of the war. On January 10, 1942, the State Defense Committee of the USSR adopted Resolution No. 1123 SS. "On the procedure for the use of German migrants of draft age from 17 to 50 years." On February 4, 1942, the State Defense Committee adopts decree No. 1281 SS "On the mobilization of Germans - men of draft age from 17 to 50 years old, permanently residing in the city, territories, autonomous union republics." In accordance with the new directive, it was planned to send 64,000 people to the Urals. By May 1942, 9 out of

15 ITL of the USSR, where the working columns of mobilized Germans were stationed.

table 2

The composition and size of the contingent of forced labor camps in the Urals

No. Name of the camp The total number of the contingent Including% of mobilized Germans in relation to the total number of the ITL contingent

Prisoners Mobilized Germans

1 Bakallag 26530 50 26480 99.8

2 Ivdellag 31887 18988 12899 40.4

3 Sevurallag 18232 9791 8441 46.3

4 Usollag 33326 28386 4940 14.8

5 Bogoslovlag 28668 16357 12311 42.9

6 Solikamlag 4527 1990 2537 56.0

7 Tavdinlag 4104 2186 1918 46.7

8 Tagillag 37071 33700 3371 9.0

9 Vosturallag 16281 11834 4447 27.3

10 Total 200,626 123,282 77344 42.6

About 73,000 Soviet Germans were held in these camps. It should be noted that out of 100% of the mobilization of Soviet Germans to the labor front in the USSR in January 1942, 43% ended up in the Ural region8.

The mobilized Germans were held in the Ural ITL together with prisoners, as evidenced by the following table.

A study of the size of the labor camp contingent suggests that by the summer of 1942, forced labor camps in the Urals had turned from places of imprisonment for convicts into places where free citizens were kept. Soviet Union... On average in the Urals by the summer of 1942, of the total number of available contingent in the labor camps, there were 42.6% of the "labor army".

Table 3

Distribution and number of mobilized Germans at the enterprises and construction sites of the Narkomugul and Narkomneft in the Urals (December 1942 - January 1943) 10

No. Enterprise Number of mobilized Germans, people. Region, republics

I. Narcomugol

1 Chelyabinsk coal 10200 Chelyabinsk

2 Chelyabshakhtstroy 2500 Chelyabinsk

3 Korkinugol 900 Chelyabinsk

4 Korkinshahtstroy 600 Chelyabinsk

5 Sverdlovskugol 6400 Sverdlovsk

6 Molotovugol 3450 Molotovskaya

7 Kizelshakhstroy 5700 Molotovskaya

8 Chkalovugol 500 Chkalovskaya

TOTAL: 30250

II. Narkomneft

1 Molotovnefte-3048 Molotovskaya

combine

2 Bashneftecombi-3000 Bashkirskaya

3 Bashneftegaz- 1350 Bashkirskaya

ASSR system

4 Glavneftestroy 3264 Chkalovskaya

TOTAL: 10662

update No. 2383СС "On additional

mobilizing Germans for the national economy

state ", in accordance with which it was adopted

then the decision on the new mobilization of Soviet Germans with their subsequent dispatch to the enterprises of the extractive industries of the national economy. This was the third mass mobilization of Soviet Germans into workers' columns.

As a result of the special measures carried out in the winter of 1942-1943. 40,912 people were employed at enterprises and construction sites in the extractive industries in the Urals.

Most of them entered the Chelyabinsk region (14,200 people), Molotovskaya (12,198 people) and Sverdlovsk (6400 people). These three regions, as in the previous mobilization of German citizens of the USSR, became the main consumers of labor in the Urals. The result was an increase in the number of mobilized Germans stationed there, the total number of which amounted to more than 118,000 people. In practice, this meant that in the three Ural regions, as a result of special measures in January - December 1942, more than 40% of the Soviet Germans mobilized in the USSR into working columns were found11. In general, in the Ural region, the number of mobilized Germans held in camps and at construction sites of the NKVD in 1944 was 61318 people, in "zones" at industrial enterprises and construction their number was 50645 people12.

The second category of the civilian population mobilized into workers' columns in the Urals was “labor mobilized from the Central Asian Military District (SAVO)”. On October 14, 1942, the USSR State Defense Committee (Resolution No. 2414СС) announced the labor mobilization of 350 conscripts from SAVO

thousand people 13

In the Urals, a significant part of those mobilized from SAVO in the spring of 1943 were those who arrived from Uzbekistan. As of April 15, 1943, out of 67,000 people stationed in the region, 48.6% were representatives of the Uzbek SSR: in the Sverdlovsk region there were 15,131 people, Chelyabinsk - 7427, Molotov - 2212, Chkalov - 2523, Bashkir ASSR - 2357 and Udmurt ASSR -2970. In addition to Uzbeks, representatives of other nationalities - Tajiks, Turkmens, Kyrgyz and Kazakhs - were accommodated and worked here. Their total number was more than 30,000 people. The share of those mobilized from SAVO in the Urals of their total number in the spring of 1943 was 41.5%. Summer

In 1943, their number in the region reached more than 73,000 people, of which about 8,000 people worked in the Chkalovskaya oblast, 12,692 people in the Molotovskaya oblast, about 27,000 people in the Sverdlovskaya oblast, about 20,000 people in the Chelyabinskaya oblast, and Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic - more than 2500 people, in Udmurt - about 3000 people. Since the autumn of 1943, the number of labor mobilized from Central Asia and Kazakhstan in the region begins to decrease and by the middle of 1944 amounted to about 22,000

people14.

The third category of "labor army" in the composition of the working columns were special settlers who were represented in the region former fists and members of their families, special settlers from the Baltic states and representatives of the deported peoples of the USSR.

The mobilization of special settlers into workers' columns, unlike other categories of workers, was not massive and was carried out depending on the needs of enterprises and construction in the labor force. The lack of a unified mobilization plan does not allow tracing the dynamics of their numbers across the entire Ural region. But, as evidenced by archival documents, the time of intensive mobilization of special settlers into working columns was 1943, which was associated with the need to complete the construction of defense facilities as soon as possible, the development of the mining industry, and limited labor resources. In the spring of 1943, a large-scale mobilization of special settlers was carried out to the construction sites of the NKVD - "Tagilstroy" and "Usollag". In August 1943, 1150 people. was sent to the working columns of enterprises and buildings of the coal industry of the Bashkir Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions... In the fall of 1944, there were 5170 special settlers in the working columns15.

Summarizing the above, we can say that the workers' columns in the region were staffed with three categories of the population of the USSR: "Soviet Germans" (this category included representatives of the nationalities of those countries that fought with the USSR), "labor mobilized from SAVO", "special settlers" ... During the war years, the Urals became a place of concentration for more than 40% of those mobilized into workers' columns. The largest number the personnel of the labor army in the region reached in the middle of 1943, when it

numbered more than 190,000 labor army, of which: 61.7% were mobilized Germans, 35.0% were labor mobilized from Central Asia and Kazakhstan, and 3.3% were special settlers. In the fall of 1943, their number began to decline due to a decrease in the number of those labor mobilized from SAVO, and in the middle of 1944 amounted to about 140,000 people.16 Those mobilized into the “labor army” formed a separate social group, which, being mainly formed from legally free citizens, was put on a par with the special contingent.

Notes (edit)

1 Ural: twentieth century. People. Developments. Life. Essays on history / ed. A.D. Kirillova. Ekaterinburg, 2000.S. 131.

2 Zorina, R.F. dis. ... Cand. ist. sciences. Chelyabinsk, 1985.S. 5; Potemkina, M. N. Evacuation during the Great Patriotic War to the Urals: (People and Fates). Magnitogorsk, 2002.S. 260.

3 GARF. F. 9414. Op. 1c. D. 1169.L. 6-6 rev.

4 Shulga, I. I. Withdrawal of German servicemen from the ranks of the Red Army during the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945) // Germans of Russia in the context of national history: common problems and regional features: materials of scientific. conf. (Moscow, 17-20 Sept. 1998). M., 1999.S. 347358.

5 OGACHO. F. 915. Op. 1.D. 50.L. 14-14 rev .; GARF. F. 9414. Op. 1c. D. 1157.L. 7; F. 9479. Op. 1c. D. 112.L. 129; F. 9401s. Op. 1a. D. 110.L.10-11.

6 GARF. F. 9414. Op. 1c. D. 1157.L. 5a.

7 The table is compiled from the data: The system of forced labor camps in the USSR. 1930-1960: reference book. M., 1998.S. 172, 227, 272, 388, 472, 491.

8 RGASPI. F. 644. Op. 2.D. 36.L. 175-178; GARF. F. 9401s. Op. 1a. D. 110.L. 10-11.

9 The table is compiled according to the data: GARF. F. 9414. Op. 1c. D. 1118.L. 7-11; F. 9479. Op. 1c. D. 110.L. 125; D. 112.L. 65.

10 Table compiled by: GARF. F. 9479. Op. 1c. D. 110.L. 51, 188-188 rev.

11 Calculated according to: GARF. F. 9414. Op. 1c. D. 1207. L. 2-9; D. 9479. Op. 1c. D. 110.

L. 51-62, 125; 186-190; D. 112.L. 59-70.

12 Calculated according to: GARF. F. 9414. Op. 1c. D. 1172.L. 2-16 about; D. 1207.L. 1; D. 1215.L. 3-26 ob; F. 9479. Op. 1c. D. 110.L. 187-191; D. 111.L. 57, 92, 150-152, 175, 239.

13 RGASPI. F. 644. Op. 2.D. 102.L. 72-73.

14 RGASPI. F. 644. Op. 2.D. 138.L. 70-74; TsGAOORB. F. 122. Op. 22.D. 29.L. 404; TsTSNIOO. F. 371. Op. 7.D. 153.L. 1; TsDOO-SO. F. 4. Op. 38. D. 172. L. 9; Antufiev, A. A. Ural industry on the eve and during the Great Patriotic War. Ekaterinburg, 1992.S. 266; Societies. science in Uzbekistan. 1980. No. 5. S. 45; Orazov, K. Working class of Kazakhstan during the Great Patriotic War. Alma-Ata, 1975.S. 45; Khusenov, K. Patriotic labor of workers

Uzbeks at the enterprises and construction sites of the Urals and Siberia during the Great Patriotic War // Materials of XXIII scientific. conf. prof.-teacher composition. Samarkand. state un-ta them. A. Navoi. History. Samarkand, 1966, p. 23; Ural - to the front. M, 1985.S. 162.

15 GARF. F. 9479. Op. 1c. D. 110.L. 36; D. 128.L. 14-14 ob., 22-22 ob., 23-23 ob.

16 Calculated according to: GARF. F. 9479. Op. 1c. D. 110.L. 51, 125, 187-191; LONG. L. 57, 92, 150-152, 175, 239; D. 112.L. 65; RGASPI. F. 644. Op. 2.D. 138.L. 72; TsGAOORB. F. 122. Op. 22.D. 29.L. 262, 404; TsDNIUR F. 16. Op. 14.D. 602. L. 52, 55-58; TsDNIOO F. 371. Op. 7.D. 153.L. 1; CDOOSO F. 4. Op. 38. D. 172. L. 9; OGACHO. F. L-288. Op. 7.D. 216.L. 70, 82.

Victory in the Great Patriotic War came at a very high cost to all our people: casualties at the front, in the rear, innumerable hardships. And - huge work. Including Soviet Germans evicted from pre-war places of residence in remote areas of the country.

The leadership of the USSR proceeded, as is known, "from the interests of defense capability" and took "radical measures." Among these measures was the decision to evict the Volga Germans to Akmola, North Kazakhstan, Kustanai, Pavlodar, Dzhambul and other regions.

The Germans living in the Voronezh and neighboring regions were not "ignored". In the fall of 1941, a direct order from Lavrenty Beria to deport five thousand Voronezh Germans followed. Among them were, for example, the whole family of Engelgart, an engineer at the Michurinsk steam locomotive repair plant, and a worker at the Telman Voronezh plant named Guley ... They were sent to the Urals after the Volga Germans. But the Germans of Voronezh and the same Volga region are citizens of our country.

A significant part of the Germans appeared in Ivdel, the northernmost taiga town of the Sverdlovsk region. Here they were engaged in logging, timber hauling, carried out warehouse and loading tasks, built timber haul roads, were engaged in sawmilling, rafting, took out an airplane board, deck boat, air blocks, rifle blanks, boat lumber ...

In those years, the population of the Ivdel district was comparable to the size of the entire working contingent: on December 5, 1942 - 18,988 people.

The Germans were organized into construction battalions, and soon they became known as the "Labor Army". The regime is strict, those mobilized into this army were liable for military service, they could not voluntarily leave their columns. Accommodation - barracks. The internal order was established by the local leadership; wages and supplies through the trade network - like those of civilians.

But it was not always so. The day came when the Germans were removed from the quartermaster rations, and then social and living conditions deteriorated sharply, which gave rise to denunciations - one more terrible than the other.

For example, Ivan Andreevich Gessen was accused of being engaged in anti-Soviet agitation. His words were quoted: "... Enough with us to drink blood and mock people ... We need all, as one, not to go to work, then we would have achieved this to improve nutrition and supply of things,". Should we expect something good after such a denunciation? On December 21, 1942, the judicial collegium for criminal cases of the Sverdlovsk Regional Court sentenced I. Gessen to death. On March 26, 1943, the sentence was carried out.

Most massive mobilization Russian Germans in the "labor army" was held in the first months of 1942. In total, until August 1944, about 400 thousand men and women were drafted, of which about 180 thousand were placed under the "vigilant control of the internal affairs bodies." Most of them were located on the territory of the Sverdlovsk region. Many were “demobilized” for health reasons.

Housing and living conditions and the moral situation of the German labor army were very difficult. Accused of aiding the enemy, deprived of all property and food supplies, settled mainly in rural areas where there was no rationing system, the German population found itself in a terrible financial situation.

In the country, as a result of hostilities and moral and psychological pressure, mortality and disability among the employed have significantly increased. forced labor... For example, one of the leaders in Ivdel, Budenkov, officially reported: "... The grave condition with the uniforms of the mobilized, who are forced to walk, for lack of shoes, at high temperatures in felt boots or completely barefoot." He also pointed out the presence of facts of "rudeness and insults on the part of some chiefs of detachments and columns towards the mobilized ... which negatively affects the political and moral state."

Despite the fact that the overwhelming majority of the Labor Army men were humble about their fate and worked conscientiously, an atmosphere of alienation and suspicion remained around them.

Some of the Germans saw their salvation in submitting a report with a request to be sent to the front. So, the secretary of the party bureau Valento wrote in a letter to comrade Stalin that he, instead of being at the front, found himself in fact in a concentration camp behind barbed wire, behind watchtowers, that the labor army is no different from imprisonment. He showed dissatisfaction with the food, while adding that "you can't go far on water alone."

Those who were dissatisfied with their position were put on special account. During only one year, 1942 in the Sverdlovsk region, 1313 people were sentenced to many years in prison or shot.

And in Ivdel in 1945, an "anti-Soviet insurgent organization" of 20 people was opened, which allegedly had been actively operating among the mobilized Germans since 1942. Its main organizer was Adolf Adolfovich Dening, a deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR in 1938-1944, and until 1941 he was the chairman of the Mariental Kantispolkom (district executive committee) of the Volga Germans of the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. By the decision of the Special Meeting under the NKVD of the USSR on November 17, 1945, he received a long term in forced labor camps, and on June 20, 1956 he was rehabilitated.

On the basis of the GKO decree of October 7, 1942, German women were called up through the military enlistment offices. By the end of the war, there were 53 thousand of them in the workers' columns, while 6,436 women in the places of their mobilization had children. Left without parents, they became beggars, were homeless, and often perished. From March 1944 to October 1945 alone, over 2,900 street children from the families of German Labor Army soldiers were identified and placed in orphanages.

During 1946-1947, workers' columns labor army were disbanded, and the Germans employed there were transferred to permanent cadres with the right to call their families to them. Moreover, all of them were taken into account by the special commandant's offices. The process of reuniting the torn families dragged on for many years - enterprises did not want to release qualified labor, they drew the attention of higher authorities to the fact that mobilized Germans should be detained for "systematic absenteeism, for refusal from difficult tasks," and so on.

The judiciary was right there: everyone who deserved punishment was "presented" with 4-5 months of corrective labor. After all that had been experienced, such a "short period" of punishment was a mere trifle.

The final resolution of the problem of "family reunification" took place after the liquidation of the special settlement regime in December 1955.

Labor units of Ukraine. In the Ukrainian SSR, labor armies were disbanded in September-December 1921. In the European part of the RSFSR, the disbandment of labor armies began in December 1920 and ended on February 2, 1922, when the 1st Revolutionary Army of Labor, created by the first, was disbanded. On the basis of the former labor armies, state workers' artels are formed, designed to preserve the leading role of the state in the use of the mass labor force. In the Urals, the economic and administrative structure of the labor army became the basis of the Ural region, which appeared in 1923.

History of origin and stages of existence

• V. Labor armies
• 28. As one of the transitional forms to the implementation of universal labor service and to the widest use of socialized labor, military units that are freed from combat missions, up to large army formations, should be used for labor purposes. This is the meaning of the transformation of the 3rd Army into the 1st Army of Labor and the transfer of this experience to other armies.
• 29. Necessary conditions labor use of military units and whole armies are:
  • a) Strict and precise limitation of the tasks set by the labor armies to the simplest types of labor and, first of all, to the collection and concentration of food supplies.
  • b) Establishment of such organizational relationships with the relevant economic bodies, so that the possibility of violating economic plans and introducing disorganization into centralized economic apparatus is excluded.
  • c) Establishing a close connection, if possible, equalizing food supplies and comradely relations with the workers of the same region.
  • d) Ideological struggle against bourgeois-intellectual and trade-unionist prejudices, which see Arakcheevism in the militarization of labor or in the widespread use of military units for labor, etc. Clarification of the inevitability and progressiveness of military coercion in raising the economy on the basis of universal labor service. Clarification of the inevitability and progressiveness of an ever-increasing convergence between the organization of labor and the organization of defense in a socialist society.

Leonid Trotsky was appointed Chairman of the Council of the 1st Revolutionary Army of Labor by the decision of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) of January 17-18, 1920. At the same meeting of the Politburo, a decision was made - "to start preparing projects for the formation of the Kuban-Grozny, Ukrainian, Kazan and Petrograd labor armies."

At the beginning of February 1920, Trotsky arrives in the Urals and begins to transform the 3rd army into the 1st labor army, establishing, in particular, the specialization of the use of different types of troops - this is how the cavalry division was involved in surplus appropriation, and rifle units were engaged in cutting and loading firewood. At the same time, work in the Urals forced Trotsky to reconsider a lot, and at the end of February 1920 he returned to Moscow with a proposal to change the economic policy, in essence, to abandon "war communism." However, the Central Committee rejected his proposals by a majority of votes (11 to 4).

The theses of the Central Committee "On the mobilization of the industrial proletariat, labor service, the militarization of the economy and the use of military units for economic needs" in March 1920 were approved by the IX Congress of the RCP (b).

The complicated situation on the western front required the transfer of all the most efficient formations there - the 1st Army of Labor was again transformed into the 3rd Army of the Red Army. By mid-March, the armies were basically only in command and engineering units.

The theses of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) "The Polish Front and Our Tasks" appeared in May 1920, according to which the military authorities, together with economic institutions, were instructed to "revise the list of military units on the labor front, immediately release most of them from labor tasks and bring into a combat-ready state for the earliest possible transfer to the Western Front "already ascertained a fait accompli for a long time. By the beginning of May, the main divisions of the labor armies and until the end of their existence were labor brigades, regiments, battalions, workers' companies, engineering and technical units.

Labor armies in 1920-1921

• The first revolutionary army of labor, the first labor army. On January 10, 1920, its commander M.S.Matiyasevich and a member of the Revolutionary Military Council P.I.Gaevsky sent a telegram to V.I. the forces and means of the 3rd Red Army to restore transport and organize the economy ... Rename the Red Army of the Eastern Front into the 1st Revolutionary Army of Labor of the RSFSR "Transformed from the 3rd Army of the Eastern Front on January 15, 1920. Chairman of the Council of the 1st Revolutionary Army of Labor by decision of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b) L. D. Trotsky was appointed on January 17-18, 1920, and G. L. Pyatakov was appointed his deputy. By the beginning of March, the rifle and cavalry divisions that were part of the army were transferred to the disposal of the Urals Military District (VO) and sent to the Western Front. By the summer of 1920, it consisted mainly of engineering and construction departments.

• Ukrainian labor army. On January 21, 1920, the position of the Council of People's Commissars and the All-Ukrainian Revolutionary Committee on the Ukrainian Council of the Labor Army was approved (the original name proposed by I. V. Stalin was the Military Labor Council for Ukraine). A special representative of the Defense Council I.V. Stalin (later - Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Ukrainian SSR Kh. G. Rakovsky) becomes the head of the army. RI Berzin, a member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the South-Western Front, is appointed commander of the army. In view of the extremely unfavorable situation on the fronts, its formation was actually started only in May 1920 from units of low combat readiness. On June 1, 1920, it numbered 20,705 people - three labor brigades, including eight labor regiments. Parts of the brigades and small auxiliary units were concentrated in the Donbass, and also scattered over the territory of the Poltava, Kiev, Yekaterinoslav, Odessa provinces

• Caucasian Labor Army (since August, the Army of Labor of the South-East of Russia). On January 20, 1920, at a meeting of the Politburo of the Central Committee of the RCP (b), the Project for the organization of the Caucasian-Kuban Labor Army was discussed. On January 23, 1920, the Regulation on the Council of the Caucasian Army of Labor was approved, the chairman of which was appointed the head of the Political Administration of the RVSR, IT Smilga. But only on March 20, 1920, by order No. 274 of the RVS of the Caucasian Front, the 8th Army was allocated for the formation of the Caucasian Labor Army. I.V. Kosior, assistant to the commander of the 8th Army, became the commander of the labor army. But even by the summer of 1920, its formation was not completed. As of June 20, it numbered 15 thousand (of which 8.5 thousand were the administration of the army, hospitals and various rear agencies, 6 thousand were combat workers). With the creation in August 1920 of the Revolutionary Council of the Army of Labor of the South-East of Russia, the army in operational and labor relations was subordinate to this council, and in the military-administrative relation - to the Revolutionary Military Council of the front.

• On January 23, 1920, the Defense Council adopted a resolution "on using the Reserve Army to improve the work of the Moscow-Kazan railway", as well as on the earliest possible organization of normal through communication between Moscow and Yekaterinburg. But out of the total number of more than an army, which at different times numbered from 100 to 250 thousand people, about 36 thousand people were involved in the restoration work.

• Railway Labor Army (later 2nd Special Railway Labor Army). By the time the formation order was received, it consisted mainly of headquarters and various auxiliary units scattered around the railway stations between Orel, Tsaritsyn and Kharkov: the army administration, the commandant's command, the warehouse and guard battalions, the mortar battalion, and the workers' company. By April 1, the 2nd Special Army consisted of 6 labor brigades with a total number of 1,656 people (with a staff of more than 18 thousand people). The most numerous was the 6th brigade staffed with prisoners of war, numbering 1,002 people. On July 12 - its number was about 12 thousand.

• The Petrograd Labor Army is formed by a decree of the Defense Council of February 10, 1920 on the basis of the 7th Army (Chairman of the Soviet Labor Army G. Ye. Zinoviev, commander S. I. Odintsov). But all of its divisions were almost immediately sent to the Western Front, and the remaining two were involved in border protection. As a result, by order of the RVSR of February 25, 1920 No. 299/52, the Council of the Petrograd Labor Army is proposed to "widely use the rear, technical units, attracting specialists to work in their specialty, and also to form workers' squads from prisoners of war for this purpose." Its number as of March 15, 1920 was 65,073 people, having decreased to 39,271 people by the fall.

• The 2nd Revolutionary Army of Labor was formed by order of the Council of People's Commissars dated April 21, 1920 from the troops of the 4th Army (and partly the 1st Army of the Turkestan Front). At the same time, the Zavolzhsky military district was organized, which actually had a joint administration with the labor army. V.A.Radus-Zenkovich, Chairman of the Saratov Provincial Executive Committee, a member of the Provincial Committee of the RCP (b), the Military Council of the Saratov Fortified Region, was appointed Chairman of the 2nd Soviet Labor Army on April 7, 1920, and K.A. ). But soon most of the most numerous combat units were sent to the Western Front, and the army itself was eliminated. By the decision of the STO of July 7, 1920, by order of the RVSR No.1482 / 261 of August 8, 1920, the Revolutionary Council of the Army was abolished, its functions were transferred to the commission created under the Directorate of the Zavolzhsky Military District for the use of military forces for labor purposes and the committee for conducting a general labor service (Comtrud), the personnel of the Directorate, transferred to the Zavolzhsky Military District, is aimed at the formation of the Directorate of the 6th Army of the Southern Front

• Donetsk Labor Army - In pursuance of the resolution of the Council of the Ukrainian Labor Army (Ukrsovtrudarma) No.3 of February 20, 1920 on the militarization of the coal industry of Ukraine, at a meeting of the Ukrsovtrudarm on March 31, 1920, it was decided to create a field headquarters of the Ukrainian Labor Army in Donbass. The field headquarters, by order of the Ukrainian Labor Army No.386 of December 13, 1920, was renamed into the headquarters of the Donetsk Labor Army, subordinate in operational and labor relations to the CPKP, in administrative and economic terms - to the commander of all armed forces in Ukraine.

• Siberian Labor Army - formed by order to the troops of Siberia No.70 dated January 15, 1921 from all military workers' units of Siberia, brought together in five labor brigades.

In fact, the Reserve Army (Volga region) was in the labor position. In addition, to economic activity the rear units of the military districts and fronts were involved.

By the decision of the STO of March 30, 1921, the labor armies and units were transferred to the jurisdiction of the RSFSR People's Commissariat of Labor. In the Ukrainian SSR, from June 1921, they became subordinate to the representative of the Main Committee of Labor in Ukraine under the commander of the labor units of Ukraine. In the Ukrainian SSR, labor armies were disbanded in September-December 1921. In the European part of the RSFSR, the disbanding of labor armies began in December 1920 and ended on February 2, 1922, when the 1st Revolutionary Army of Labor, created by the first, was disbanded.

Management system, recruitment and authority

The 1st, 2nd, Petrograd, Caucasian, Ukrainian labor armies were subordinate to the Councils of Labor Armies (Soviet Labor Armies), created as interdepartmental bodies, including representatives of the army command, SRT, VSNKh, a number of people's commissariats Revolutionary Council of the Army, it included plenipotentiaries STO, VSNKh, People's Commissars of food, agriculture, communications, labor, internal affairs, Chusosnabarma, military command. Revolutionary councils in the military-administrative respect were subordinated through the command of the respective fronts and military districts to the Revolutionary Military Council of the Republic, in the operational-labor council - to the Labor and Defense Council. Local economic bodies were subordinate to the councils of labor armies, while at the same time they remained subordinate to the respective central offices... The headquarters of the army was the administrative apparatus of the Soviet.

Labor armies as part of the armed forces in matters of recruitment, supply, combat training were under the jurisdiction of the RVSR. Management, carried out through the headquarters of labor armies or military districts, the headquarters of individual units and their structural subdivisions, in practice, did not have a single scheme. Production assignments were distributed by committees for labor service (commissaries), military enlistment offices, district military labor commissions, or directly by the command of units in agreement with economic institutions. The disposal of the labor force of the labor army was in the competence of the leadership of enterprises and organizations.

Since August 1920, the powers of the Revolutionary Councils of labor armies remote from the center (1 Revolutionary, Caucasian and Ukrainian) were expanded, they were transformed into regional SRT bodies and united the activities of all economic, food, industrial, transport and military institutions.

For the direct management of labor armies and units, by order of the RVSR No.771 of May 9, 1920, at the Field Headquarters of the RVSR, the Central Commission for the Labor Use of the Red Army and the Navy of the Republic (Tsentrvoentrudkomissia) was created from representatives of the High Command, the All-Russian State Headquarters and the Main Committee for General Labor Service. (Glavkomtruda).

By a decision of the STO of March 30, 1921, the labor armies and units in the RSFSR were transferred to the jurisdiction of the RSFSR People's Commissariat of Labor. In this regard, the Central Commission was abolished, and to direct the activities of the labor armies under the People's Commissariat of Labor, the Main Directorate of the Labor Units of the Republic was created.

Tasks performed by labor armies

Labor armies were intended to use the massive organized labor force of the military and the civilian population mobilized for labor. In addition, depending on the time of creation, the place of deployment, tasks were highlighted that were priority for individual labor armies: organizing the extraction and export of oil products (Caucasus), coal (Donbass), peat (North-West Russia), logging (Ural), restoration of transport infrastructure (Volga region, South-Eastern railways), food appropriation (Ukraine, the Caucasus, the Urals). In the initial period of existence, the involvement of labor armies in carrying out labor mobilizations took place.

Performance results

In 1920, labor armies and parts of the rear districts provided about a fifth of the export and 4% of oil production in the country, about a fifth of food supplies. The units of the Ukrainian Labor Army loaded more than 12% of the coal mined in the Donbass. The share of labor armies in the loading of wagons was about 8%, in the procurement of firewood about 15% and in the removal of about 7.8%. Thanks to labor connections, the transport crisis in the newly liberated territories was alleviated. The servicemen of the Reserve Army and the 2nd Special Army provided up to 10% of the production of some types of military uniforms. Through the efforts of the Reserve Army, the production of rifles at the Izhevsk factories more than doubled.

Efficiency mark

The issue of labor armies was considered at the IX Congress of the RCP (b) (March-April 1920). The transfer of entire armies to the position of labor from the very beginning was due to the need to preserve them for military needs - practice has confirmed the ineffectiveness of using large military formations that had a complex command structure, big number special and auxiliary units that cannot be involved in economic work. The congress approved the resolution "On the Immediate Tasks of Economic Development" proposed by Trotsky, in which it was said about the labor armies: "The recruitment of larger military units inevitably results in a higher percentage of Red Army men who are not directly involved in production. Therefore, the use of entire labor armies, with the preservation of the army apparatus, can be justified only insofar as it is necessary to preserve the army as a whole for military tasks. As soon as the need for this disappears, it is necessary to disband the cumbersome headquarters and directorates, using the best elements of skilled workers as small shock-labor detachments in the most important industrial enterprises. "

The transition to a new economic policy, on the one hand, the end of the civil war and the gradual demobilization of the army, on the other, removed the issue of using military units for labor tasks from the agenda.

see also

Notes (edit)

Links

• L. Trotsky On the Way to Socialism. Economic construction of the Soviet Republic.

Labor mobilization, forced. attraction of the population to work in the interests of the state. M. t. Began to be widely used in the years Civil War by both opposing sides. Acc. with the decree of May 6, 1919 Russian production could attract to the state. service of persons of "intellectual professions" in the order of labor. duty. This measure was carried out in relation to doctors, lawyers, food workers. After the restoration of owls. authorities in Siberia M. t. were widely used in various industries. Labor was created. army, to-rye were used to restore prom. facilities and transport. communications, logging. Places. the population was widely involved in clearing communication lines, building roads, performing horse-drawn duty, the Red Army soldiers were used to clean fields. M. t. Became widespread in connection with the need to combat epidemics and the fuel crisis.

In Jan. 1920 due to the completion of large scale. military campaign to the east. front and the need to restore bunks. khoz-va the Third Army was transformed into the First Labor Army. Places were called to its composition. the population of the Urals, Urals and Siberia. Finally, the M. system of t. Was established after the adoption on January 29. 1920 Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR on universal labor service. Unlike Europe. Russia, replenishment of the industries of the people. households by workers were carried out by mobilizing not three, but five ages (born in 1892–96). M. t. Covered not only peasants and mountains. commoners, but also qualified. workers, scientific and technical. intelligentsia. In key sectors of the economy, workers were equated with military personnel (mobilized) and held accountable for non-compliance with output standards. Militarization embraced workers and employees in 14 industries, including mining, chemical, metallurgy, metalworking, fuel, as well as workers of higher education. and cf. study. institutions.

In the Urals from the fall of 1919 to April. 1920 mobilized 714 thousand people. and attracted 460 thousand carts, Ch. arr. for logging. Siberian city enterprises (without Novonikolaevsk and Irkutsk) during these years 454 thousand workers were required. Labor department Sibrevkoma was able to send 145.5 thousand people to work on mobilization, or 32% of the need. Total permanent and temporary. work in the industry, in transport and logging Sib. region in 1920, 322 thousand people were mobilized. Overcome the slave shortage. force failed. In the first half of 1921, the lack of qualifications. workers amounted to 99.4 thousand, office workers - 73 thousand. In total, in the cities of Siberia during this period, 262 thousand workers were required, the organs of Sibtrud were able to mobilize 47 thousand, or 17.8%. But ch. the problem was the quality of the work, the specialists were often involved in the execution of the unqualified. labor. With regard to the intelligentsia, etc. mountains. The bourgeoisie pursued this policy deliberately and bore the character of "class retribution." Labor productivity of the labor army and the mobilized was extremely low, and the level of desertion from work was high.

Forcer. economic growth in the con. 1920s caused an acute shortage of qualifications. personnel, especially specialists. In the beginning. 1930s people. households in Siberia required an additional 5.5 thousand engineers and approx. 10 thousand technicians. In these conditions, the forms and methods of mobilizing intelligence workers were recreated. labor to provide them with leading industries of industry and "shock" construction projects. Mobilization objects. campaigns that have adopted a permanent character, became qualifying groups. specialists, and the goal was, first of all, the "voluntary-compulsory" return of the latter to their core area of ​​activity. Work on accounting, mobilization, transfer of "specialists" and control over their use was concentrated in the union and the republic. People's Commissars of Labor and their region. organs. Specialists operated in the Center and in the localities at the institutions of the NKT labor. interagency. commission, which included representatives of various. departments and bodies, including trade unions. Passed in the end. 1920s 1st campaigns were hidden mobilization. har-r and consisted in the transfer of specialists from management. apparatuses for production, first on a voluntary basis (through the trade unions), then - on the "appropriation", and from November 9. 1929 (post. Council of People's Commissars of the USSR) - already in a directive order. As a result of the campaign, by May 1930, out of the planned 10 thousand specialists, 6,150 people were transferred to production. In Siberia, out of the planned 150 engineers and technicians, 104 people were transferred. (69%). Acc. with post. Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of July 1, 1930 on the construction of new metallurgists in the East. s-dov (Magnitka and Kuznetskstroy) provided for the transfer of 110 construction specialists to these regions (the campaign gave about 90 people). The mobilization of specialists from beyond the Urals did not radically solve the personnel problem. Intraregion was required. reallocation of specialists and mobilization of personnel according to int. distribution list for the trade union. lines. Announced at the end. 1930 by the head of the All-Union intersectional bureau of the engineering and technical section, the mobilization of mining specialists for Kuzbass in Moscow and Leningrad actually failed.

To complete the assignments, various were used. methods of influencing specialists, up to the holding of "public demonstration trials" (in Moscow in February 1931 - under the slogan "Thirty-three Kuzbass deserters") and the transfer of cases to the courts. institutions and bodies of the OGPU. Despite strict regulation and adoption in 1930–31 Sibkrai Executive Committee (Zapsibkrai executive committee) more than 10 resolutions on the identification and mobilization of specialists to work in specialized sectors of the people. households (logging, transport, industry, finance, etc.), mobilization. the movements were of low efficiency. For the full provision of timber rafting in the USSR in 1931, approx. 60 thousand qualifiers personnel, including workers. In reality, about 24 thousand people worked on the rafting. (40%). Forestry industry mobilization gave approx. 9 thousand people, which was recognized as successful. Mobilization of specialists in 1931 water transport on the scale of Zap. Siberia made it possible to attract 75% of the number of transport specialists identified by the account to the industry.

In connection with the creation of the compulsory system. labor was formed and a network of special settlements, which required a social cult. and production. mobilization infrastructure dep. detachments of the intelligentsia - doctors, teachers, cultural educators. According to the post. SNK USSR dated April 20. 1933 schools and honey. institutions were provided with personnel through mobilization from the regions of exile. To staffing schools ped. personnel acc. with post. Central Committee of the Komsomol from October 5. 1931 the Komsomol was involved. org-tion. However, the directives did not guarantee full staffing of specialists. V special settlements at the end. 1931 ped. frames were even taking into account the emergency. measures not more than 1/3 of the required quantity. By 1933 at the beginning. schools of commandant's offices of the Narym env. out of 447 civilian teachers, there were 247 people, the rest - special settlers who have passed short-term ped. courses.

In 1930–33 for work in special settlements were held annually. mobilization of doctors and cf. the medical staff as from the center. parts of the country, and from Sib. region. However, as of Nov. 1931, in the commandant's offices West Siberian cr. state honey. institutions was staffed only by 60%. Among the honey. about 1/3 of the workers were civilians, the rest of the specialists were exiles, prisoners sent by the SibLAG. The situation stabilized as a result of the mobilization in 1932–33 for 2 years, almost 70 honey. workers from Europe. parts of the country. After their departure in 1935, a shortage of qualifications arose again in the commandant's offices. medical staff.

In 1941–45 he was mobilized. forms of redistribution of labor potential across the country received a new impetus. From the beginning. Great Patriotic War due to the large scale. military mobilizations the economy of Siberia entered a period of acute slave deficit. forces, especially in the village. NS. The Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, seeking to solve the problem of cadres through the ultimate intensification of labor, on June 26, 1941 adopted a decree "On the working time regime of workers and employees in war time", According to which the obligations were established. overtime work, and regular and additional work. vacations were canceled. Apr 13. 1942 the post came out. Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks "On increasing the mandatory minimum of workdays for collective farmers" from 100 to 150 per year. Teenagers between the ages of 12 and 16 were required to work out at least 50 workdays. Failure to comply with the established norms was considered a crime. a crime and was severely punished.

But to solve the problem of the shortage of the slave. hands by the extreme intensification of labor was impossible. Therefore, the emphasis was on mobilization. the principle of the formation and use of labor. Dec 26. 1941 by the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR "On the responsibility of workers and employees of the military industry for unauthorized withdrawal from enterprises" proclaimed the right of the state to retain workers at enterprises. From now on, all persons employed in the military industry or in the branches serving the military industry were considered mobilized for the period of the war. Later military. the position was introduced to the railway, speech. and pestilence. transport.

13 Feb 1942 was issued a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Council "On the mobilization of the able-bodied urban population for the period of wartime to work in production and construction." After that, they were drafted into production in the same way as into the army. Mobilization. the principle was also valid when recruiting students to schools of factory training (FZO), crafts. and railway schools. M. t. Were subject to men from 16 to 55 years old and women from 16 to 45 years old. From M. t. Freed women with children under the age of 8 years, students cf. and higher. study. institutions. Subsequently, the draft age for women was increased to 50 years, and the age of children, which gives the mother the right to a deferral from M. t., Was reduced to 4 years.

In 1942 the post. Council of People's Commissars of the USSR "On the Procedure for Engaging in Labor Service in Wartime" mobilization. the principle of recruiting a slave. the force was expanded. M. t. As a form of recruitment of labor and the relationship of the state-va with workers extended to vr. and seasonal work. The mobilized workers worked in harvesting, at sugar beet farms, sugar factories and glass factories, and repaired roads and bridges. In 1942–43, on the basis of a number of decisions of the State Defense Committee of the USSR, in slave. columns and detachments with strict centralization. the army structure mobilized the adult population of German, Finnish, Romanian, Hungarian. and Bulgarians. nationalities. Only owls. Germans (men and women) including During the war years, the Labor Army was mobilized by St. 300 thousand people Most of those mobilized worked at the facilities of the NKVD.

In total in Siberia for the period from 13 Feb. 1942 to July 1945, 264 thousand people were mobilized for permanent work in the industry, construction and transport, in the schools of the FZO, crafts. and railway schools - 333 thousand, in agriculture. and temporary work - 506 thousand people.

Evasion from M. of t. And escapes of the mobilized were regarded as desertion and were punished by hl. arr. by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR from December 26. 1941 "On the responsibility of workers and employees of the military industry for unauthorized departure from enterprises", which provided for imprisonment for a term of 5 to 8 years. After the end of the Great Patriotic War. war, the org system was restored. set slave. forces were also practiced by societies. appeals of young people to the construction site of the people. households and virgin and fallow lands development.

Lit .: Proshin V.A. On the issue of universal labor service in Siberia during the period of war communism (late 1919–1921) // Questions of the history of Siberia. Tomsk, 1980; German A.A., Kurochkin A.N. The Germans of the USSR in the labor army (1941-1945). M., 1998; Pystina L.I. Mobilization as a form of solution for cadres of specialists for industry in the late 1920s - early 1930s. // Culture and intelligentsia of the Siberian province in the years of the “Great turning point”. Novosibirsk, 2000; Isupov V.A. Human resources Western Siberia during the Great Patriotic War: problems of formation and use // Economic development of Siberia in the context of domestic and world history. Novosibirsk, 2005.

V.A. Isupov, S.A. Krasilnikov, V.A. Proshin, V.M. Markets

Labor mobilization has become another form of attracting citizens to socially productive work. Its implementation was regulated by the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated February 13, 1942 "On the mobilization of the able-bodied urban population for the period of wartime to work in production and construction," mobilization of cities for agricultural work of the able-bodied population and rural areas ”and other acts.

By the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of February 13, 1942, the mobilization of the able-bodied urban population for the wartime period was recognized as necessary to work in production and construction. Men aged 16 to 55 years old were subject to mobilization, and women from 16 to 45 years old who did not work in government agencies and enterprises. Men and women aged 16 to 18 were exempted from mobilization, who were subject to conscription to factory training schools, vocational and railway schools, according to the contingents established by the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, as well as women who had babies or children under the age of 8 years, in the absence of other family members who provided care for them; students of higher and secondary educational institutions.

The workers and employees of the military industry, workers and employees of the railway transport working near the front were declared mobilized. The townspeople were sent to agricultural work. During the four years of the war, urban residents worked in agriculture for 1 billion workdays. This allows us to say that practical significance labor mobilization was enormous; minors and disabled people were involved in labor III group... As one of the features of wartime, the use of military personnel in industrial enterprises, in transport, and even in agriculture can be noted. Also, transfers of employees were widely practiced, transfers to work in other enterprises and in another locality. During the war years, an additional system for training and retraining of personnel was carried out. The age of male youth called up to FZO schools was reduced, and girls aged 16-18 were allowed to enter them.

The term of study in FZO schools was reduced to 3-4 months. Book. 3. Soviet state and law on the eve and during the Great Patriotic War (1936-1945) / A.S. Bakhov - M .: Nauka, 1985 - 358 pp. Labor law in wartime is characterized by a number of new provisions: wages in working days of workers and employees sent to collective farms in the order of labor mobilization; a variety of types of bonuses, guarantees and compensation payments on various grounds (evacuation, referral to agricultural work, provision of retraining, etc.). In wartime, the institution of labor discipline also develops, the responsibility of workers for violation of order in production and the severity of penalties increases. The decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated December 26, 1941 "On the responsibility of workers and employees of the enterprises of the military industry for unauthorized withdrawal from enterprises" resolved:

• 1. All male and female workers and employees of enterprises of the military industry (aviation, tank, weapons, ammunition, military shipbuilding, military chemistry), including evacuated enterprises, as well as enterprises of other industries serving the military industry on the principle of cooperation, shall be counted for a while war mobilized and secured for permanent work for those enterprises in which they work.
• 2. Unauthorized departure of workers and employees from enterprises of the specified industries, including those evacuated, shall be regarded as desertion and persons guilty of unauthorized departure (desertion) shall be punished with imprisonment for a term of 5 to 8 years.
• 3. To establish that cases of persons guilty of unauthorized departure (desertion) from enterprises of the specified industries are considered by a military tribunal. Strengthening labor discipline and improving the organization of labor are also taking place on collective farms. The resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) of April 13, 1942 increases the minimum workdays for able-bodied collective and collective farmers.

In addition to establishing a general annual minimum, periods of agricultural work are also established. If the collective farmers did not work out the obligatory minimum of workdays during the year, then they left the collective farm, deprived of the rights of collective farmers and household plots. Collective farmers who did not work out the obligatory minimum of workdays for periods of agricultural work without good reason were subject to criminal liability and were subjected to corrective labor on the collective farm for up to 6 months, with up to 25% of the workdays withheld from payment in favor of the collective farm.

However, such harsh measures were rarely used, since most of the collective farmers selflessly worked for the good of the Fatherland. Despite all the severity of wartime, the party and the government nevertheless showed great concern for improving the wages of collective farmers and increasing their material interest in its results. By the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of May 9, 1942, collective farms were recommended, starting in 1942, to introduce additional payments in kind or in cash for tractor drivers of MTS, foremen of tractor brigades and some other categories of machine operators.

An additional form of encouraging the work of collective farmers was also envisaged in the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR and the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, establishing bonuses for collective farmers for overfulfilling production products, etc. During the war, a significant reduction in the cost of industrial products was achieved - by 5 billion rubles. or 17.2%. Tamarchenko M.L. Soviet finance during the Great Patriotic War. M .: Finance, 1967, p. 69.

The prices for the defense industry have dropped especially dramatically. This provided an even greater reduction in the prices of ammunition, equipment and weapons. The production of consumer goods has expanded. All this together allowed to increase the state budget revenues from socialist enterprises. The structure of budget expenditures during the Great Patriotic War (1941 - 1945) was characterized by the following data: Finance of the USSR, 1956, No. 5, p. 24

The ordinary budget revenues of the country fell sharply due to the drop in civilian production and the occupation of a part of the country's territory by the enemy. In connection with this, extraordinary financial measures were taken, which ensured additional receipts of funds to the budget in the amount of about 40 billion rubles. Prior to this, funds came from turnover taxes, deductions from profits, income tax from cooperatives and collective farms, and regular tax payments of the population (agricultural and income).

By the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of July 3, 1941, a temporary surcharge was introduced to agricultural and personal income taxes. Its collection was discontinued due to the introduction of a special military tax on January 1, 1942 Bakhov A.S. Book. 3. Soviet state and law on the eve and during the Great Patriotic War (1936-1945) / A.S. Bakhov - M .: Nauka, 1985 - 358 p. Vedomosti Verkhov. Council of the USSR, 1942, No. 2

The authorities expanded the circle of taxpayers and raised taxes for industrial enterprises. The decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR dated April 10, 1942 determined the list of local taxes and fees, fixed rates and terms for collecting taxes, as well as the rights of local Soviets in the field of granting benefits. Vedomosti Verkhov. Soviet of the USSR, 1942, No. 13

With regard to funding during the war years, it can be noted that a major source of funding was government loans... It is also worth noting the dedication and patriotism of Soviet citizens. The population willingly participated in financing the needs of the front. Soviet citizens donated about 1.6 billion rubles, a lot of jewelry, agricultural products, government loan bonds to the defense fund and the Red Army fund. An important form of accumulating funds and improving the supply of food to the population was the organization of commercial trade at higher prices while maintaining the rationed supply of food as the main form of providing for the working people at that time. Bakhov A.S. Book. 3. Soviet state and law on the eve and during the Great Patriotic War (1936-1945) / A.S. Bakhov - M .: Nauka, 1985 - 358 p.

The advantages of the socialist economy in the field of finance were clearly manifested in the fact that even under the conditions of an extremely difficult wartime, the accumulations of the socialist economy, and above all the turnover tax and deductions from profits, remained the main and decisive source of budget revenues. The cessation of the emission of money in 1944 to cover the budget deficit strengthened the circulation of money. Strong finances during the war years were one of the important prerequisites for the victory of the Soviet Union over the German fascist invaders. Bakhov A.S. Book. 3. Soviet state and law on the eve and during the Great Patriotic War (1936-1945) / A.S. Bakhov - M .: Nauka, 1985 - 358 p.