Hospice - This is a medical institution where decent care can get patients who are supposed to be an unfavorable outcome of the flow diseases. The essence of hospices is that the patient lives the last months of his life worthy. They are surrounded by "homely" things, patients can communicate freely with friends and relatives. It turns out medical personnel: patients can receive probe food if necessary package preparations, oxygen, etc. As a rule, in the hospices there is a maximum of junior and middle personnel and at least doctors, since the task of the hospice is not so much in the recovery of the patient, as in increasing its quality of life, facilitating suffering.

The problem of hospices in the post-Soviet space was not fully resolved due to the need for large investments and licenses for the use of narcotic drugs. At the same time, such medical facilities were widespread in Europe, in America.

The term "Hospice" It happened from the word hospitium (lat.), which means hospitality.

The concept of the hospice includes the following provisions:

• Assisting inhibitor patients in the terminal stage of the disease. In our country and other CIS countries, people with strong painful syndrome are usually found in the CIS, as well as in the terminal stage, which is confirmed by medical documents.
• The patient and his family are primary objects of medical, psychological and social assistance. Special service and medical staff has care for patients. Voluntary assistants can also provide care - volunteers, relatives who have passed pre-training in the hospice.
• Security stationary and ambulator Aid patients. The first of these may be around the clock, as well as in the form of a night or day stay in the hospice, depending on the needs of the patient. Ambulatory care is usually provided by the hospital hospitals at home.
• The principle of the openness of the diagnosis, which means that the question of the diagnosis message is solved only when the patient itself insists on this.
• All kinds of assistance to the patient are aimed at reducing or completely eliminating pain syndrome, the fear of death, but at the same time the intellectual abilities and consciousness of the patient maximize the maximum.
• Ensuring psychological and physical comfort to each patient. Creating physical comfort is provided in a hospital, which are close to home. Exercise psychological Comfort Provided for each patient individually, taking into account his social, religious and spiritual needs.
• Hospice financing is provided at the expense of budget, charitable societies, as well as voluntary donations of organizations and citizens.

Russian hospices

The first profile hospice in Moscow, which was opened for cancer patients, began his work more than a hundred years ago - in 1903. Professor Levshin L.L. was his initiator. Six years before the start of the opening, he began to collect donations, and also received approval for the launch of the project. This institution has long been the name of Morozov for a long time, since it was they who invested huge money to the Foundation at the time - 150,000 rubles. The hospice initially included only 65 seats, there were single and two-dimensional chambers. The technical equipment of the hospice allowed him to talk about him as a first-class institution for his time. Gradually, the Hospice began to turn into a classic research and therapeutic clinic, losing the function of the Hospice soon. Today it is the Moscow Research Institute of P. A. Herzen.

In 1990, the first Russian hospice belonging to a new time was opened in Lakhte.

Nalekin Egor 7K

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Education and culture in the XVII century executed: Nalekin Egor Student Grade 7

Work plan at the presentation: 1. Education. 2. Release of printed books. 3. Scientific knowledge 4. Russian pioneers. 5. Literature. 6. Architecture. 7. Sign. 8. Theater.

Education: In the XVII century, there was a need for literacy and enlightenment. The vast majority of peasants and women remained illiterate. For the 17th century, the most common form of training remained homemade.

Education: In the 17th century, there was a need for competent people. They also appear in the cities and in the villages, where "diplomas", opened schools. Nobles invited teachers from abroad, so they began to train in Russia foreign languages. The printed courtyard produced educational books, incl. "Buvari".

Release of printed books: In the second half of the century, the release of printed books has increased. The printed yard released more than 300 thousand tvsvays and 150 thousand church school books. Most of them became accessible to different layers of the population.

Release of printed books: In 1687, the first in Russia, the Slavic Greco-Latin School (later academy), was opened with Grekami Brothers Lychudami.

Release of printed books: Simeon Polotsk - a monk scientist, a writer, a translator who contributed to the development of domestic enlightenment.

Scientific knowledge: scientific knowledge was still at the initial stage. Because of the border, many technical innovations delivered to Russia. The main source continued to remain the books of Western European authors translated into Russian.

Scientific knowledge: In 1678, the first pronounced history of the Russian state was published from ancient times until the 70s of the XVII century - "Sinopsis", which became popular in 1678. The first pronounced history of the Russian state from ancient times until the 70s XVII century - "Synopsis", which has become popular

Scientific knowledge: extensive information about foreign countries was collected and summarized by Russian ambassadors. Interesting information About China and the border areas of Siberia collected Ambassador N. Spafarium.

Russian pioneers: Semen Ivanovich Dezhnev at the end of the 30s began the development of Eastern Siberia and the Far North. In 1647. In 1648, he took swimming along the banks of Chukotka, first opening the shed between Asia and America.

Russian pioneers: Vasily Danilovich Poyarkov in 1643-1646. He led an expedition studying Aurur, first made swimming in the Pacific Ocean.

Russian pioneers: Yenisei Cossack Mikhail Vasilyevich Stadukhin organized a campaign on the River Oymyakon and Anadyr, went to the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk. Northeast Siberia - Studyhina Studyhina Research District

Literature: New phenomena took place in the literature. She stopped to be only church, the first secular works appeared. In the 17th century, outstanding works of oral creativity, proverbs, songs, conspiracies began to be recorded.

Literature: The first product in the form of an autobiographical story was the "Life" of the Avakum Protopopa, the value of which consists not only in the work of the leader of the leader of the Old Believers, but also in the image formation of the language, the impact of social injustice, etc.

Literature: Avvakum Petrov or Avvakým Petrovich (November 25 (December 5) 1620, Grigorovo, Nizhny Novgorod County - 14 (24), 1682, Pulloversk) - prominent Russian church and public figure of the XVII century, Russian priest orthodox church, Protopop, author of numerous polemical writings.

Architecture: One of the brightest monuments of the epoch was the terman Palace of the Moscow Kremlin, created in 1635-1636 for Mikhail Fedorovich by architects B. Ogurztsov, A. Konstantinov, T. Stewinin, L. Ushakov. The palace was richly decorated with multi-color tips, carved white-eyed platbands, gilded roof, colorful patterns. All this attached to him a fabulous look.

Architecture: Another outstanding architectural monument was the country summer wooden palace Alexei Mikhailovich in the village of Kolomna near Moscow. He was distinguished not only with his size (one windows there were three thousand), but also the beauty of the decoration, the strife of the Russian folk ornament in the design of windows, platbands, doors, roofs.

Architecture: At the end of the XVII century, a new style appeared in the development of Russian architecture, called Naryshkinsky or Moscow Baroque. His distinguishing features were multi-tiered, the aspiration of the swell, multicolor rich finish of buildings. The most vivid examples of the Moscow Baroque were the bell tower of the Novodevichy Monastery and the Church of the Intercession in Fil.

Painting: Picturesque works in the XVII century, as before, are mainly represented by icons. New was that the desire to portrait not only religious plots, but also daily life of people.

Painting: Art Centers have developed, the most famous of which was the Armory of the Chamber in Moscow. An outstanding mastery of painting was Simon Ushakov (1626-1686). The central place in his work occupied an image of a human face. The most famous work, repeatedly repeated by the author, was "saved the unpretentious" Simon Ushakov

Painting: A new phenomenon in Russian painting in the XVII century was the emergence and development of portrait painting. If in the first half of the XVII century, portraits (parswas) were written in the old icon-painted manner (egg paints on the board), then in the second half of the century they were created in a different key - oil paints on canvas.

Theater: New for Russian culture was the discovery in 1672 at the court of Alexei Mikhailovich first in Russia theater. Prior to this, theatrical action was played only in fair days of crumbs and mortgages for the crowd. The main character of these ideas was Parsley, who spoken by a popular language with all his roughness and raylooks.

Theater: Now the king requested the pastor of the Lutheran Church Gottfried Gregory to create a court theater for elected in the western pattern. The pastor gathered a troupe of 60 foreigners (mostly Germans), in the execution of which made a staging of plays on biblical topics. Some performances were put on german language. At the ideas, the king was usually attended, his closest entourage, relatives.

Theater: Johann (Yagan) Gottfried Gregory (it. Johann Gottfried Gregory; 1631, Merzeburg - 1675) - Parish teacher in the Lutheran Church of St. Michael, in 1670-1675 - Pastor community community. Peter and Paul in the Moscow German Sloboda, one of the organizers and directors of the First Court Theater in Russia.

Total: Thus, the main distinctive feature The development of the Russian culture of the XVII century became the beginning of the process of reducing the dependence of the domestic culture from the church.

Sources of information: 1. https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ 2. http: //xn--24-6kct3an.xn--p1ai/

At the time of Vasily III, Ivan the Terrible, Fedor Ivanovich competent could be found mainly among the persons of the spiritual or ordinary class; In the XVII century They are already a lot among the nobles and landing people. Even among the peasants of the protein vehicle, partly among the serfs and even among the horses there were literacy - the elders and toddles, clerks and scribes. But, of course, the overwhelming mass of the peasants - people illiterate.

In general, the percentage of competent country, although slowly, increased. Even in the first half of the century, many urban governors due to illiteracy or low literacy, the step could not stand without Dyakov and the attain, their subordinates in the Voivodskoye is the center of the county department. The same can be said about many nobles that were sent from Moscow to describe and intersand the land, "reckoning" runaway, whose omissions, crimes, etc. In the second half of the century, people are usually competent; These are primarily representatives of the twum and Moscow ranks. Among the county nobles competent there were few.

There was a lot of literate in the pans. Craft and trade classes, business trains required letters and accounts. Competent people went out of the rich and the poor layers. Quite often, just small wealth stimulated the desire for knowledge, letting. "We said, for example, the inhabitants of Pomeran Yarensk, which people are doing and humiliating, and they do not know how. And which people and literacy can, and those people hammer. " In Vologda, for many impoverished, the ability to write is a way to get the bread pressing: "And feed on Vologda in the writing of the hut with a square letter of Posatsky junk people." In Ustyug, the means of existence of 53 square attainers from local landing people were produced in Ustyug. Tens and hundreds of the same diplomas worked on the squares of other cities. Rogov A.I. School and enlightenment // Essays of Russian culture of the XVI century. M., 1977. Ch. 2.c 70

The literacy of Posal and the peasants studied at the "masters" from the priests and deacons, deacses and the attainers, other competent people. Often, literacy training was built on the basis of the usual handicraft student, according to the "student record", combined with trading trading, any craft. For example, K. Borkova, a boy from Posahan Ustyuga Great, Mother gave (end of a century) for learning a diploma and lace cause D. Shulgin - a majority of the metropolitan seed settler.

Men were trained. Competent women were very few; They are from the royal house and the highest class, like Tsarevna Sophia and some others. They were taught primarily an elementary alphabet on Azbukovniki, printed and handwritten. In 1634, it was published and for a century repeatedly reissued by the V. Burtseva. At the book warehouse of the Moscow Printed Court in the middle of the century there were about 11 thousand copies of the Burtsevsky tank. He cost one penny, or two money, highly cheap at then prices. At the same time, Mikhail Lomonosov studied, Mikhail Lomonosov) was published the grammar. At the end of the century, the Carionan's injection was printed, the monk of the monastery of the Moscow Kremlin monastery, as well as practical guide For an account - a multiplication table - "Consider convenient, with which every person, a mixing or selling, beerly comfortable to exquisition can be the number of things." For the second half of the century, the printed courtyard printed 300 thousand tvsvayvay, 150 thousand educational psalmires and chairs. It happened, thousandth colors of such benefits were bought out for several days. Rogov A.I. Same essay. 71.

Many people studied on handwritten alphabams, recolts and arithmetic; The latter sometimes had very exotic names: "Book of this, the verbal in Elllinski, or in Greek, the arithmetic, and in German algorithms, and in Russian, the cyphic counting wisdom" (algorithm is the name on behalf of al-Khorezmi, Great scientist medieval Central Asiacomes from Khorezm).

Significantly expanded the circle of reading. From the XVII century There are a lot of books, printed and especially handwritten. Among them, along with church, more and more secular: chronicle and chronographs, ages and ledges, all kinds of collections of liturgical, historical, literary, geographical, astronomical, medical and other content. Many had various lands measurement guides, paint manufacturing, devices of all facilities, etc. The kings and noble boyars had libraries with hundreds of books in different languages.

Among thousands of copies of books published by the Moscow Prior Courtyard, more than half were secular. The number of translation writings has increased: in the XVI century. There are only 26 titles; In the XVII century - 153, of which less than four dozen applies to the number of religious and moral. The rest, more than three quarters, secular content.

In the Enlightenment of Russians, scientists and Belarusians played a considerable role. Some of them (I. Gizel, etc.) sent their writings to Moscow, others (S. Polotsky, A. Satanovsky, E. Slavinetsky, etc.) translated, edited books, created their works (Vershi, oration, sermons, etc. .), Many were in Russia teachers. Rogov A.I. The same essay. P.71

I came to Russia a lot of foreign innovations different areas Scientific, technical knowledge. On the outskirts of Moscow, they lived in the German Sloboda, which the metropolitan residents nicknamed cake (cooke): Either because the inhabitants of her dug in cucubuses, it is incomprehensible; Either because on the cookes, i.e. Games (evenings with dancing) are going. They looked at them with greedy curiosity (a lot was unusual for a Russian person: the same dances, smoking, a free manner of men and women) and fear (Latin as-in no way, from sin not far!). Among visitors there were a lot of people knowledgeable and conscientious. But mostly - all sorts of passing, loafers of profit and adventures, poorly knowing their craft, and even illiterate ones. From foreign people, Russian adopted knowledge and skills in the field of architecture and painting, processing gold and silver, military and metallurgical production, in other crafts and art. Learned languages \u200b\u200b- Greek, Latin, Polish, and so on. There

Training with the help of teachers at home or self-education ceased to meet the urgent needs. The question arose about the institution of schools. Young people, especially from the metropolitan, have already laughed at their teachers: "They are rotating, they have nothing to listen to. And the name is not done, they are simply taught; Do not know anything that teach. "

Ocolnichy Fedor Mikhailovich Rtishchev, the favorite of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, a person's influential, in conversations with the king, convinced him to send it to Moscow boys in Kiev: there in the collegium will teach them all scholars. Invited from the Ukrainian capital of scientists of monks. They must teach Russians in the Andreev monastery, they are based on, Slavic and Greek, philosophy and rhetoric, other languages \u200b\u200bverbal. An inquisitive ringtime nights was spent in conversations with the Kiev elders, studied the language of Homer and Aristotle under their leadership. In his own insistence, young nobles passed the course of science at the visitors of professors. Some did it eagerly, from love for knowledge, was studied by Greek and Latin, although the fear had: "There is in that diploma and heretics."

Everything described happened in the 40s. Twenty years later, the parishioners of the Church of John the Theologian in China-town were petitioned with a request to open them at the Church of the School like fraternal schools in Ukraine, and in it "the teachings of various dialects: Greek, Slovenian and Latin." The authorities agreed: raise "gymnation", "Yes, hardworking descendants are rejoicing about the freedom of recovery and free wisdom teachings."

Perhaps then some others appeared, her like schools. It is known that in 1685 existed a "school for teaching children" in Borovsk, near the trading area. Rogov A.I. School and enlightenment // Essays of Russian culture of the XVI century. M., 1977. Ch. 2.S.73

In Moscow, in Nikolskaya Street built a special building for school. Opened it in 1665 at the Saconoscope Monastery (more precisely, the Spassky Monastery behind the trade icon nearby). He headed the very wise Simeon Polotsk. Assembled students from young attainings of different orders. Among them was also Semyon Medvedev from the order of secret cases, afterwards the monk Sylvester, a scientist and writer, the author of excellent historical and journalistic labor on the regency for Sophia. At that time, young Semyon and his companions studied Latin and Russian grammar, for orders needed educated officials - the attain.

Fifteen years later staged a school at a printed courtyard. At the opening of the school there were 30 students taken from different classes and the studied Greek language; Three years later - already 56, another one a year - for a dozen more. And 166 students comprehended wisdom and complexity slavic language. 232 student at school - a lot for the XVII century!

In 1687, the Slavic Greco-Latin School was opened, subsequently called the Academy. According to the "privileges", which gave the program of education, it should have become not only church, but general. Here, "seeds of wisdom" were comprehended from the sciences of civil and church, "science from grammar, pigerties, rhetoric, dialectics, philosophy of intelligent, natural and narrow, even to theology", i.e. All scholastic school wisdom coming from the Middle Ages; The whole school cycle from the lowest to the highest classes, starting with grammar and ending with philosophy (metaphysical and natural), ethics and theology. The school was simultaneously the highest and secondary educational institutions. In accordance with the Charter, the School took people "every rank, sanitary and age." In the future, government positions could only receive graduates of the school, with the exception of the children of "noble": their "breed" was considered a sufficient guarantee of successful service at the state field. Klyuchevsky V.O. Works. At 9 tt. T. 3. Part III. M., 1998. p.54

At the school, or the Academy, there were considerable hopes. And therefore, they were put on money and all sorts of benefits, immunities: professors and students, with the exception of criminal cases, subjugated the court of their own school jurisdiction, "the guardian" the same (rector) - the court of Patriarch. Orders could not enter their housing affairs and misdeed. The school received a library.

The first teachers, professors were the Greeks: Brothers Lichuda, John and Sofronia. Pupils for them took from the school of the printed yard. In the first year there were 28, on the next - 32. They walked here and siblings of the Moscow nobility, and children of ordinary deltsi. Half a dozen students went to the best; Among them - Pyotr Vasilyevich Non., Son of Deca of the Embassy Order, who became a doctor of Medicine of the University of Paduan in Italy.

Lichuda made up textbooks grammar, pigerties, rhetoric, psychology, physics, other items. Themselves taught all sciences, greek and latin languages. After three years, the best pets translated books from both languages. Training went very well. But against the brothers, the influential ill-wisher of the secular formation of the Patriarch of Jerusalem Dosfey was made against the brothers. His intrigues and the novel ended for the lighoms sadly - they were removed from his beloved business. But it was continued by their Russian disciples, especially successfully F. Polikarpov and I.S. Golovin.

Innovations in enlightenment, education raised Moscow and only in part - other cities. Outside the capital, literacy was distributed in Pomorie, the Volga region and some other areas. The fetalty of the main mass of peasants and planted impliteness. Education, like much more, was the privilege of feudal, spiritual rank and rich merchants. Klyuchevsky V. The same essay. With 54.

Literacy and enlightenment in Ancient Russia (IX-XVII century)

Writing W. eastern Slavs. existed even before the adoption of Christianity. About a peculiar pictographic letter - "Russian letters" reported by many sources. Creators slavic ABC ("Glagolites" and "Cyrillic") are considered by the Byzantine monks-missionaries Kirill and Methodius, who lived in the X-20th centuries.

Adoption of Christianity in 988, who became official religion Kievan Rus, contributed to the rapid spread of writing and written culture. A large number of translation literature of religious and secular content appeared in Russia, the first libraries arose with the cathedrals and monasteries. Original Russian literature began to create - religious and secular (chronicles, words, teachings, lives, etc.)

With the introduction of Christianity and the beginning school Education In ancient Russia. The first schools in the Kiev state were created by Prince Vladimir Svyatoslavovich. "She sent him to collect best people Children and give them to the book study, "reported in the chronicle. Prince Yaroslav Vladimirovich, who became the story as a wise, expanded the circle of people who studied a diploma, prescribing the priests "in cities and other places" to teach people, for "the greatness is benefit from the teaching of the book." In Novgorod, they created a school in which 300 children of clergy and church elder were trained. Training in it was conducted on native language, taught reading, writing, basics of Christian creed and account. In ancient Russia there were schools and a higher type that were preparing to state and church activities. In such schools, a philosophy, rhetoric, grammar studied, were studied, rheaten with historical, geographical and natural scientific essays. Special Schools existed for literacy and foreign languages; In 1086, the first female school was opened in Kiev. For the sample of the Kiev and Novgorod, other schools were opened in the courts of Russian princes - for example, in Pereyaslavl, Chernigov, Suzdal schools were created under monasteries.

Schools were not only educational institutions, but also centers of culture, they were transferred to the translations of the ancient and Byzantine authors, the manuscripts were rewritten.

Education in the Kiev period was valued very high. High level Professional skill, with which the most ancient Russian books that have come down to us are fulfilled (first of all, the most ancient - "Ostromiro Gospel", 1057), testifies to the established production of handwritten books already in x in. The chronicle of well educated people called "book men."

A wide dissemination of literacy among the population is evidenced by the Berchian diplomas found by archaeologists in large quantities. They represent private letters, business entries, receipts and educational notebooks. In addition, wooden planks were found, with letters carved on them. Probably such alphabets served as textbooks in teaching children. Written certificates of existence in the XIII-XV centuries of schools for children and teachers - "scribes" are also preserved. Schools existed not only in cities, but also in rural areas. They were trained in reading, writing, church singing and account, i.e. Gave primary education.

Mongol-Tatar invasion had catastrophic consequences for Russian culture. The death of the population, the destruction of cities - foci of literacy and culture, breaking connections with Byzantium and western countriesThe destruction of books led to a decrease in the general cultural level of ancient Russia. Although the traditions of writing and books managed to preserve, the spread of literacy was focused on this period mainly in the hands of the church. In the monasteries and churches, colleges were created, where children were taught by representatives of the clergy. At the same time, the level of literacy of the population of ancient Russia was very low, even among the clergy, for whom literacy was craft. Therefore, in 1551, a decision was made on the precision cathedral: "In the reigning town of Moscow and in all holidays ... Priests, Dyakonov, and Dyachkov, donate in the grant of the School, so that priests and deacons and all Orthodox Christians in the coam - Hrade betrayed their children on The teaching of the diploma and the teaching of the book letter. " The solution of the outline cathedral was not implemented. There were few schools, and the formation in them was limited to the assimilation of elementary diplomas. Still prevailed individual training At home. Teaching benefits There were liturgical books.

In the second half of the XVI century. Special grammar appeared ("Talk about the teaching of a diploma that there is a grades and that the structure, and what is glad to be such a doctrine, and that from a kind of acquisition, and that first of all, take into account") and arithmetic ("Book, Greek Recarm" , and in German algorithms, and in Russian, the zyfire countable wisdom ").

In the middle of the XVI century, the largest event in the history of Russian culture has occurred, which has played a crucial role in the development of literacy and book, - has a typography. On March 1, 1564, the Apostle was released from the Moscow Typography - the first Russian dated printed book. At the head of the state printing house, created on the initiative of Ivan IV and Metropolitan Makariya, Diakon Kremlin Church, Ivan Fedorov and Peter Mstislavtov. Even more increased the need for literacy and enlightenment. Development of urban life, the revival of trade and industrial activities, the complication of the system of the state apparatus, the growth of connections with foreign countries required big number educated people.

The spread of books has acquired a significantly wider scale during this period. Extensive libraries from Russian and translation literature began to be compiled. A printed courtyard worked more intensively, which produced not only religious works, but also the books of secular content. The first printed textbooks appeared. In 1634, the first Russian letter of Vasily Burtseva was released, repeatedly reprinted. In the second half of the XVII century. More than 300 thousand tufts were printed, about 150 thousand educational "psaltirei" and "chairs". In 1648, the printed "grammar" of the route of the portraits, in 1682 - the multiplication table was published. In 1678, in Moscow, the book of Innocent Gizel "Sinopsis" was published, which became the first printed textbook of Russian history. In 1672, the first book shop was opened in Moscow.

From the middle of the XVII century. In Moscow, schools were opened, created according to a model of European grammatical schools and gave both secular and theological education. In 1687, the first higher education institution was opened in Russia - the Slavic Greco-Latin School (Academy), intended to prepare the personnel of the highest clergy and officials public service. Takes to the Academy of People "Every Nine, San and Age". He headed the Academy of Greeks, Sophronia Brothers and John Lichuda. The program of the Slavic-Greco-Latin Academy was built on the sample of Western European educational institutions. The Charter of the Academy envisaged the teaching of civil and spiritual sciences: grammar, rhetoric, logic and physics, dialectics, philosophy, theology, jurisprudence, Latin and greek, other secular sciences.

At this time, important changes in the technique occurred primary learning. The lettering method of learning literacy was changed by sound. Instead of the alphabetic designation of the numbers (the letters of the Cyrillic alphabet), Arabic numbers began to be used. In Buvari, connected texts for reading, for example, psalms. "Azbukovniki" appeared, i.e. intelligent dictionaries For students. The most weak was put up the teaching of mathematics. Only in the XVII century began to appear textbooks with Arabic figures. Of the four arithmetic rules in practice, only addition and subtraction were used, almost did not apply acts with fractions. More or less developed was geometry, or rather, practical land survey. Astronomy was also a purely applied area (preparation of calendars, etc.). In the XII century, astrology spread. Native knowledge was random, non-systematic. Practical medicine has developed (mainly borrowed from the East) and especially pharmaceutics.

education Education Literacy Pedagogical