Kim oge on literature. Guia on Literature

At the end of 2018, the OGE in literature has become less popular among selective examination tests for graduates of basic school. In 2018 - 2019 academic year ninth-graders will have to pass five exams, including two compulsory (mathematics and Russian) and three optional. Is it worth choosing the OGE in literature, is it difficult to prepare for it? These and other questions concern students and their parents.

GIA for literature in grade 9 is preferable for children wishing to continue their education in classes of a philological profile. Exam success is determined by:

• knowledge of biographies of poets and writers,
• knowledge of the content of works included in the school curriculum,
• the ability to analyze texts and compare them,
• the ability to compose portraits of heroes and evaluate their actions,
• possession of lexical expressiveness and literacy of the language,
• the ability to rationally use the time on the exam (3 hours 55 minutes).

Where to start preparing?

1. Get acquainted with the demo, specification and codifier for the subject.
2. Read works of art from the list approved by FIPI.
3. While reading, write out the main points that will be necessary for the answers.
4. Practice solving problems.

The CKnow Knowledge Base will help you to complete the second and third points. Be sure to check it out! And you can start practicing solving tasks that you may meet on a real exam on this page. Below is a demo and training options.

KIM OGE in literature consists of two parts and differs from other subjects in that they do not test questions when you can choose the correct answer from the available options. The examination paper in literature consists only of tasks to which it is necessary to give detailed answers.
In the first part, you will be presented with a choice of two options. Important! Only one option should be followed. The volume of answers to the first three tasks of the first part is 3 - 5 sentences. Do not use too complex speech structures. Be succinct and at the same time make sure your text has deep meaning.
The second part is an essay. Don't be intimidated by him. You will be allowed to use the full text of the artwork. This task offers four works, from which you must choose one and write an essay of at least 150 words. An essay of 200 words is optimal.
"I will solve the OGE in literature" online - the ability to effectively prepare for the exam by completing tests on various topics.

31.12.2020 - At the site's forum, work has ended on writing essays 9.3 on the collection of tests for the OGE 2020, edited by I.P. Tsybulko. "

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20.10.2019 - At the site's forum, work has begun on writing essays 9.3 on the collection of tests for the OGE 2020, edited by I.P. Tsybulko.

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20.10.2019 - Friends, many materials on our site are borrowed from the books of the Samara methodologist Svetlana Yurievna Ivanova. From this year on, all of her books can be ordered and received by mail. She sends collections to all parts of the country. All you have to do is call 89198030991.

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22.09.2019 - Friends, please note that the texts of the statements at the OGE 2020 will remain the same

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07.01.2019 - Dear visitors! In the VIP section of the site, we have opened a new subsection, which will interest those of you who are in a hurry to check (finish writing, clean up) your essay. We will try to check quickly (within 3-4 hours).

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16.04.2017 - On the site, the work on writing a new block of essays based on the OBZ texts has ended.

25.02 2017 - The site has begun work on writing essays on the texts of OB Z. Essays on the topic "What is good?" you can already watch.

28.01.2017 - On the site there are ready-made succinct expositions according to the texts of OBZ FIPI,

And they are also thinking about which disciplines are better to take as an elective subject. Among the options for passing the OGE is literature.

Most often, it is taken by children who in the future wish to become philologists or linguists. This subject does not cause difficulties for schoolchildren who have devoted enough time to studying domestic and foreign classics. And before passing the OGE, it will not be superfluous to find out what innovations await you in the structure and filling of tickets, what the exam schedule will be, and what requirements the commission puts forward for ninth grade graduates!

Demonstration version of the OGE-2018

Dates of the OGE in literature

When preparing for the OGE, it is important for students to know in advance in what order and in what dates they will have to take this or that subject. For the exam in literature, Rosobrnadzor allocated the following dates:

• April 27, 2018 (Friday) - the date of early submission of the literary OGE. The reserve date for this period is May 7, 2018 (Monday);
• June 7, 2018 (Thursday) - main exam for graduates high school... June 22, 2018 (Friday) - reserve;
• September 12, 2018 (Wednesday) - the day of the additional examination. The reserve became September 20, 2018 (Thursday).

Changes in the OGE-2018 for literature

The profile commission considered that several clarifications should be made to this CMM.

1. The instructions for work have been improved and formulated so that the student clearly and clearly understands the logic of the tasks and criterion requirements.
2. The criteria by which tasks with a detailed answer will be evaluated have changed.
3. The score that can be obtained for the KIM solution in 2018 will be increased by 6 and will be 29 points.

The structure and content of the CMM

The main purpose of the literature exam is to assess the level of preparation of students educational institutions on this subject. The results obtained will be used to enroll schoolchildren in specialized classes. An important point: Literature exam is different from other subjects - in this ticket, students should not rely on tasks with short answers.

The literary OGE, in contrast, is not aimed at testing basic linguistic knowledge. Your ability to provide reasoned answers to the questions posed will demonstrate how well you understand terminology. The main goal of the OGE is to test the analytical thinking of schoolchildren, their ability to interpret literary texts, the ability to compare facts and reason logically. At the same time, the ticket is built so that the student can solve it according to his reading preferences.

On the exam, you have to complete 4 literary tasks in 235 minutes

KIM for literature was created on the principle of absolute variability - students have the right to choose tasks from several proposed options. To get the highest score for the work, the student will have to:

• master the literary text and analyze it;
• highlight the main semantic parts in the text;
• determine the genre and genre of a work of art;
• understand and formulate the main idea or problem underlying the work;
• to characterize the main characters of the work, its plot features, composition and expressive means used by the author;
• to conduct a comparative analysis of literary texts;
• express a personal position in relation to the read work;
• paraphrase and give feedback in writing.

The compilers of KIMs paid attention to the main theoretical and literary terms and conceptual apparatus, Russian folklore, Old Russian literary works, Russian literature of the 18th, 19th, 20th – 21st centuries, as well as classics of foreign literature. Now let's consider the structure of the work in a little more detail. In KIM you will find two components and 10 tasks, of which you will need to choose 4 (3 tasks from the first part and 1 from the second).

• The first part of the work is tasks in which students have to analyze a fragment of a work of an artistic nature. This part is presented in two options - the student can choose the passage that best suits his level of preparation. Option number 1 - an excerpt from an epic, dramatic or lyric-epic work. In option number 2, you will find an analysis of a poem or a fable. In each option, you will need to cope with three tasks that will show whether you can perceive texts, express value judgments and understand the author's idea. A detailed answer to questions No. 1 and No. 2 should consist of 3-5 sentences. Each assignment will bring you up to 5 points. In task number 3, the student must not only write his thoughts about the text read, but also make a comparison with another text passage or work. The answer must be filled out in the form of 5-8 sentences, for which you can get another 6 points;
• The second part of the work is an essay on one of four topics. This part of the OGE has a relationship with the options from the first part. Topic # 1 refers to a piece of art, # 2 - to a fable or poem. However, the student can choose topics 3 or 4 - they relate to Old Russian literature, the literary heritage of the 18th century or the classics of the 19th and 20th centuries. When solving this part of the ticket, it is imperative to comply with the norm - the essay must contain at least 200 words. If the student could not write more than 150 words, then the task is considered unfulfilled and is estimated at 0 points. The maximum given for an essay is 13 points.

Maximum primary points for the literary OGE is 29 points.

Criteria for evaluating the OGE in literature

The guarantee of a high score is an acquaintance with the classics of Russian and world literature

When evaluating works, members of the commission will be guided by the following criteria:

• the first part of the ticket evaluates how well the answer matches the task. In addition, the commission will give points for the argumentation and connection of the answer with the author's text, the accuracy of the facts and the consistency of statements;
• when evaluating an essay, the commission takes into account seven criteria. The student must: write an essay that matches the chosen topic; argue your thought by attracting quotes; rely on literary concepts; observe compositional integrity; do not break the logic of the story; be accurate in facts; comply with all literary standards. The first criterion can give you 1 point, the rest - 2 points each. In this case, the first criterion is the most important - if the examiner puts 0 for it, then the entire essay will be evaluated at 0 points.

Regulations and features of the literary OGE

Graduates of ninth grade will receive 235 minutes to work with a ticket. The profile commission recommends to correctly distribute the time allotted to the CMM:

• up to 120 minutes - for tasks from the first part of the ticket;
• up to 115 minutes for composition.

You should save your pockets in advance from unnecessary things that can be cheating tools. Do not bring smartphones or smartwatches into class, where you can download answers or essay texts, otherwise you may be kicked out of the classroom and your exam results canceled.

It is worth saying that it will be easier for ninth graders than for eleventh graders, because they are allowed to use the texts of literary works and lyric collections when working with a ticket. Of course, all students will not be given a set of books - they will be on a separate table, to which each student being examined will have free access.

How does the OGE score affect the school certificate?

The mark received for the OGE in literature can correct your grade for the subject. The scale for converting points is as follows:

• from 0 to 9 points - the student is given a "two" for the OGE;
• from 10 to 17 points - the student receives a "three";
• from 18 to 24 points - a ninth-grader wrote the OGE for the "four";
• from 25 to 29 points - the mark for the examination is identical to the "five".

If a student wants to continue his studies in a specialized class or college, he will need to score at least 19 points for the OGE.

Practice putting your thoughts down on paper so you don't miss

How to prepare for the OGE in literature?

When preparing and writing a literary OGE, students can use the following tips and tricks:

• focus on the school curriculum and make sure that you have a set of reading books on literature for all years of study;
• check out the demo version of the OGE for 2018 to understand which topics and tasks are problematic for you. In addition, the demo will help you practice filling out the form;
• make a schedule for reading literary works submitted to the OGE. The array of information on this subject is so great that you will definitely not be able to cope with it in a couple of nights;
• read not only the full text of the work, but also the reviews of critics - this will help you argue your thoughts in the essay. Tickets for 2018 may include works by M.V. Lomonosov, D.I. Fonvizin, G.R. Derzhavin, N.M. Karamzina, I.A. Krylova, V.A. Zhukovsky, A.S. Griboyedov, A.S. Pushkin, M. Yu. Lermontov, N.V. Gogol, A.N. Ostrovsky, F.I. Tyutcheva, A.A. Feta, N.A. Nekrasov, M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, F.M. Dostoevsky, L.N. Tolstoy, A.P. Chekhov, I.A. Bunin, A.A. Blok, V.V. Mayakovsky, S.A. Yesenin, M.A. Sholokhova, A.T. Tvardovsky, V.M. Shukshina, A.I. Solzhenitsyn, B.N. Strugatsky and others (a list of specific works is in the codifier, which can be downloaded at the beginning of the article);
• do not grab onto the first proposed topic - read the entire ticket to understand which tasks are closer to you;
• do not write the full text of an essay on a draft form, wasting precious minutes - it is better to use a draft for the abstract presentation of thoughts, recording quotes and main arguments.

M.Yu. Lermontov The main motives of the lyrics Mishchenko S.N.

Open tasks. Assignment of choice Lyric 1) The image of the lyrical hero of poetry M.Yu. Lermontov. (On the example of two or three poems of your choice.) 2) What is the originality of the lyrical hero of poetry M.Yu. Lermontov? (For example, at least two poems of your choice.) 3) How are they related in poetry by M.Yu. Lermontov's reflections on creativity and the theme of loneliness? (For example, at least 2 poems of the student's choice.) 4) What is the originality of the patriotism of M.Yu. Lermontov? (For example, at least 2 poems of the student's choice.) 5) As in the lyrics of M.Yu. Lermontov, the tragedy of his worldview is manifested? (On the example of at least two poems of your choice.) 6) How the theme of the appointment of a poet is revealed in the lyrics of M.Yu. Lermontov? (On the example of two or three poems of your choice.) 7) As in the lyrics of M.Yu. Lermontov, the poet's attitude to God is manifested? (For example, at least 2 poems of the student's choice.) 8) The image of the lyrical hero of poetry M.Yu. Lermontov. (On the example of two or three poems of your choice.) 9) As in the lyrics of M.Yu. Lermontov, are the theme of love and the motive of loneliness connected? 10. Compare the poem by M.Yu. Lermontov "No, I do not love you so ardently ..." with the poem given below by A.K. Tolstoy "With a gun on his shoulders, alone, in the moonlight ...". What motives and images do these poems bring together? 11. Compare the poem of A.S. Pushkin "To Chaadaev" with a poem by M.Yu. Lermontov “Goodbye, unwashed Russia... ". Where do you see the differences in the mood of the lyrical heroes of these works? 12. Compare the poems of M.Yu. Lermontov's "Death of a Poet" and F.I. Tyutchev "January 29, 1837", dedicated to the death of A.S. Pushkin. What is the difference between the two poets' understanding of the essence of the tragedy that happened?

Poems: "Sail", "Death of the Poet", "Borodino", "When the yellowing cornfield is worried ..." "Prayer" ("In a difficult moment of life ..."), "And boring and sad", "No, I do not love you so fervently ...", "Motherland", "Prophet", "Clouds", "Leaf "," Angel "

The motive of freedom and will "July 10, 1830" "Desire" Freedom and will are the central motives of Lermontov's lyrics, obligatory conditions for the existence of a personality. These closely related concepts are not synonyms for the poet. The theme of freedom is political. Initially, it appears on the basis of Pushkin's freedom-loving poetry. In the 1930s, the concept of "freedom" has a social meaning: Again you, the proud ones, rebelled for the independence of the country. … There is an earthly judgment for kings. "July 10, 1830" Lermontov put the will above all the blessings: Give me time for life and freedom, As for a share alien to me, Look closer to me. "A wish".

Farewell, unwashed Russia, Country of slaves, country of masters, And you, blue uniforms, And you, obedient people to them. Perhaps behind the ridge of the Caucasus I will hide from your kings, From their all-seeing eyes, From their all-hearing ears. "Goodbye, unwashed Russia ..." is one of Lermontov's sharpest political speeches. For the first time in Russian literature, there was a condemnation, rejection not of any individual aspects of Russian reality, but of the whole of Nicholas Russia - the "unwashed country" of "slaves" and "masters". Let's try to figure out what the epithet "unwashed" means to the name of the motherland, which the poet loved. The word contains a historical characteristic that contains the backwardness, underdevelopment, uncivilization of the contemporary poet of Russia. In this country, power and people are opposed, which is conveyed through an antithesis, which is detailed in the second and third lines: "blue uniforms" (designation of gendarmes, metonymy) are opposed to "devoted people" ("given to power, placed at the disposal of someone." ). The second stanza from the theme of Russia and political freedom turns the conversation into a subjective plane, to the theme of personality. From spiritual slavery in Russia - to escape "beyond the wall of the Caucasus" - to freedom. Do you think M.Yu. Lermontov in his angry pathos for himself - the author of "Borodin" and "Songs about ... the merchant Kalashnikov"? Justify your answer. Prove that the bitterness in this poem does not deny the poet's love for the Fatherland, but emphasizes it with his pain.

What should be remembered when comparing the lyrics of Pushkin and Lermontov? Comparing the two poems, we can see the differences in the worldview of the two great Russian poets of the first half of the 19th century. But behind the difference in poetic worlds lies the difference between the two generations of the noble intelligentsia and, more broadly, the difference between the two historical eras. The Pushkin generation is, in the words of Y. Tynyanov, a generation of people "with a jumping gait], people whose distinctive feature was" impatience of the soul "and readiness for a feat. We find a portrait of the Lermontov generation in the poem" Duma. " to action, to deed (“Before danger shamefully faint-hearted / and despicable slaves before power”), since his will is paralyzed by “knowledge and doubt.” We find a variant of such a doubt in his abilities in the poem “The Prisoner.” Pushkin's generation, absorbed into the spirit of victory in 1812, lived with a sense of the infinity of human capabilities, and no vicissitudes of fate could break his spirit.Lermontovskoe, after December 14, 1825, lost faith in its capabilities, inner freedom became an unattainable ideal for him. Lermontov's "Farewell, unwashed Russia ..." freedom for the fugitive-exiled is also illusory (is it possible to hide from the "all-seeing eye" and "in hearing the ears of the "royal" pasha?), as in "The Prisoner". Pushkin, without a shadow of doubt about his own right to freedom, wrote in his poem "To the Poet": You are the king: live alone. On the free path \ Go, where the free mind leads you, Improving the fruits of your favorite thoughts, \ Without demanding rewards for a noble feat. \ They are in you. ... For Pushkin, if social freedom is an unrealizable ideal, then "secret freedom", freedom of creativity is the natural norm of the poet's existence. Lermontov, on the other hand, is a "captive knight", a "prisoner" in the grip of time and society, challenging fate. As F. Bodenstedt, who knew him, wrote: “Lermontov…. Could not resist the fate that pursued him, but at the same time did not want to submit to her. He was too weak to overcome her; but also too proud to allow himself to be overcome.

Two "Prisoners" A.S. Pushkin. Prisoner I am sitting behind bars in a damp dungeon. A young eagle fed in captivity, My sad companion, flapping its wing. He pecks bloody food under the window, Pecks, and throws, and looks out the window, As if he was planning one thing with me; Calls me with his gaze and shout And wants to utter: "Let's fly away! We are free birds; it's time, brother, it's time! There, where the mountain turns white behind the cloud, There, where the sea edges turn blue, There, where only the wind is walking ... yes I am ! .. 1822 M.Yu. Lermontov Prisoner Open my dungeon, Give me the radiance of the day, Black-eyed girl, Black-maned horse! , The door is heavy with a lock; Black-eyed is far away, In its lush mansion, A good horse in a green field Without a bridle, alone, at will Rides, merry and playful, Dissolving his tail in the wind. lamps With a dying fire; Only audible: behind the doors With sonorous steps Walking in the silence of the night Unrequited sentry. 1837

Two "Prisoners" of two great poets give us the opportunity to detect "shifts in time" in the first half of the 19th century with exceptional clarity and relief. For a poet, any restriction of freedom is unbearable. In stanza I of Pushkin's "The Prisoner" we see that the prisoner is deprived of freedom of movement ("I sit"), limited in space ("behind bars"), deprived of light ("in dungeon") and, moreover, is in conditions that are not suitable for life ("in a damp dungeon"). The initial situation in itself gives rise to a feeling of hopelessness. However, Pushkin reinforces this feeling, emphasizing the depressing unnaturalness of what is happening, the tragedy of lack of freedom. The eagle is also imprisoned ("fed in captivity"). The picture of the world in the first stanza is drawn as a distortion of the real norm of life. The lyrical hero and the character of the poem the eagle - "comrades" in misfortune. The second stanza reflects - the thirst for freedom and flight, a protest against fate is ripening here, because outside this world there is another, where the eagle calls the prisoner ("Let's fly away!"). In III stanza space opens up to infinity. We see that in the poem two planes of being coexist, external and internal, physical and spiritual. Physically, the lyric hero of Pushkin is enslaved - spiritually absolutely free. The poem describes the process of spiritual liberation of man, the triumph of the spirit over external circumstances. Desire Lermontov borrowed the theme of the poem from A.S. Pushkin, but revealed it in a completely different way. With his "Prisoner" he refutes his predecessor and idol. Pushkin is the antithesis of the name, and Lermontov's poem is a confirmation of his absolute correctness. lyrical plot... In Pushkin: I stanza: hopelessness; II stanza: hope; III stanza: the joy of life. Lermontov: I stanza: the joy of life; Stanza II: loss of hope; III stanza: hopelessness. The lyrical hero of Lermontov, to the same extent as the lyric hero of Pushkin, is overwhelmed with a thirst for freedom, but, unlike him, he does not believe in the feasibility of his desires, and he does not know "secret freedom". His freedom is will as an infinity of possibilities ("like the wind, I will fly away"). He is deprived of this will, which is always associated with freedom of movement in space and freedom of action, and he does not know the other.

The turning point in the mentality of society was clearly expressed in yet another poem, inheriting Pushkin's plot, this poem by FI Tyutchev "A kite rose from a clearing ...": A kite rose from a clearing He soared high into the sky; Higher and higher, far away he winds - And now he went into the sky! Mother Nature gave him Two powerful, two living wings - And I am here in sweat and dust, I, the king of the earth, have grown to the earth! M.Yu. Lermontov? Which lines in this poem would you call Pushkin's in spirit, and which Lermontov's? The movement of time reveals itself not only in the style and nature of government, in the way of life and priority values ​​of society - in what we call historical facts and events, it permeates the worldview of a person. Poetry is one of the best ways in world culture to capture this attitude. The development of Pushkin's plot by F.I. Tyutchev and M.Yu. Lermontov is the clearest confirmation of this. Rethinking a poetic plot is an accessible and natural way for an artist to self-knowledge and cognition of the era, since new accents are placed not only by the poet, but also by time. The reader, while comparing, can see what the most detailed historical chronicle does not always preserve in the cultural memory and cannot always preserve it. The poem was written in 1835. For F. I. Tyutchev, man is as much a mystery as nature. The poet is faced with the question of the relationship between nature and man. Man is a thinking creature. Due to the fact that he is endowed with intelligence, he is separated from nature. In the poem "From the glade a kite rose up" human thought irresistibly strives to comprehend the unknown, but it is in no way possible for it to go beyond the "earthly circle". For the human mind, there is a boundary, predetermined and inevitable. The sight of a kite that rose from the field and disappeared in the sky leads the poet to such thoughts: “Mother Nature gave him / Two powerful, two living wings - And I am here in sweat and dust, I, the king of the earth, rooted to the earth!

The theme of the homeland Lermontov has been developing this theme all his life. Initially, it sounds in a traditional way: love for the land that gave life, the first joys and first sorrows (“I saw a shadow of bliss ...” chains ".

The theme of the Motherland in the lyrics of Lermontov "Motherland", "Borodino", "Two Giants", VII. HOMELAND I love my homeland, but strange love! My mind will not conquer her. Neither the glory, bought with blood, nor the peace full of proud confidence, Nor the cherished traditions of the dark antiquity Do not stir in me a joyful dream. But I love - for what, I don't know myself - Her cold silence of the steppes, Her boundless swaying forests, Her rivers floods, like seas; I love to ride on a country road in a cart And, with a slow gaze piercing the night shadow, To meet on the sides, sighing for a lodging for the night, Trembling lights of sad villages; I love the smoke of a burnt stubble, In the steppe, a wagon train, And on a hill in the middle of a yellow field To a couple of whitening birches. With joy, unfamiliar to many, I see a full threshing floor, Hut, covered with thatch, Window with carved shutters; And on a holiday, in the dewy evening, Watch until midnight is ready To dance with stamping and whistling Under the talk of drunken peasants. (M.Yu. Lermontov, 1841) 2. What is the image of the Motherland in Lermontov's poem? 4. Why does the poet call his love for the motherland "strange"? 5. What is the originality of the composition of the poem? 6. For what purpose is the anaphora used in the first stanza of the poem? RUSSIA Again, as in the golden years, Three worn out strings are fluttering, And painted knitting needles get stuck In loose ruts ... Russia, impoverished Russia, Your gray huts are for me, Your songs are windy to me, - Like the first tears of love! I do not know how to pity you And I carefully carry my cross ... To whatever sorcerer you want Give the robber's beauty! Let it lure and deceive, - You will not be lost, you will not perish, And only care will cloud Your beautiful features ... Well? One more concern - One tear the river is noisier And you are still the same - the forest, and the field, Yes, patterned to the eyebrows ... And the impossible is possible, The road is long easy, When the road shines in the distance Instant gaze from under the handkerchief, When it rings with melancholy cautious Deaf song of the driver! .. (AABlok, 1908) 3. Compare the poem of M.Yu. Lermontov's "Homeland" with the poem given below by A.A. Bloc "Russia". What brings these works together?

"Homeland" Time of creation. The poem "Motherland" was written in 1841, when Lermontov had just returned to Russia from the Caucasus. The theme is love for the homeland. Main thought (idea) The poet opposes his love for the homeland to official, state patriotism. He speaks of his deep connection with Russian nature, with the people, the sorrows and joys of his life. The genre of the poem is an elegy. The poetic meter is a seven-meter and five-meter iambic, a rhyme system. - cross. Compositionally, the poem is divided into two parts - this is due to the duality of love for the homeland, which he speaks of as "strange love". The first part of the poem deals with the "inexplicability" of the lyrical hero's feelings for the homeland, the impossibility of an unambiguous attitude towards it. The poem begins with the statement: "I love my homeland ..." - and then the lyrical hero makes a reservation: "but with a strange love." And then there are oppositions that speak of the contradictory feelings of the poet for his homeland: “glory” in the third line - as if an argument from the side of reason - is immediately reduced by “blood”, “weighted” with the epithet “bought”. But at the same time, "dark antiquity" becomes the source of "cherished legends." An important role in the second part of the poem is played by the space described by the poet. Through these descriptions, not a "rational" feeling is expressed, but coming from the depths of the soul. The poet from the image of large-scale paintings ("boundless swaying" of forests, "sea-like" floods of rivers) proceeds to examining, "snatching" from the general picture of specific, private details: "a couple of whitening birches", "a hut covered with straw", a window "with carved shutters. " Lermontov's image of the Motherland is far from romantic. Most of the epithets in the second part are extremely accurate and specific, devoid of metaphor: "country road", "burnt stubble", "yellow" cornfield, "white" birches, "dewy" evening. In the finale of the poem, there is, as it were, a synthesis of the natural and folk world, in which the lyrical hero is also included. The inexplicability of the hero's love for his homeland is emphasized. This feeling does not embellish reality. But it is she, this unadorned reality, that is worthy of love. She is the essence of the homeland.

Variant of answer to the question. 3. Compare the poem by M.Yu. Lermontov's "Homeland" with the poem given below by A.A. Bloc "Russia". What brings these works together? At the beginning of the poem, Lermontov notes that he loves his homeland "with a strange love." His feelings are inexplicable, because, as the author himself says, he likes in her not only the richness of landscape colors and the beauty of Russian nature, but also the poverty, the routine of village life. ... His gaze is turned to peasant Russia, the lyrical hero of this poem is a man who looks at the Motherland through the eyes of a peasant. At the same time, Lermontov uses everyday vocabulary, using words such as "gallop", "dance", "peasants", "stomping", "whistle". The topic of Russia is clearly highlighted by the Bloc as well. Blok's love is also peculiar, strange, because, like Lermontov, he turns his gaze to the poverty, poverty and everyday life of his native land. What he sees in front of him, his homeland, although gray, full of sorrow, is very important to the poet: Russia, impoverished Russia, Your gray huts are for me, Your wind songs are like the first tears of love! But in this village life, he managed to find something light and beautiful, which adorns and makes his homeland richer: painted knitting needles, patterned dress, beautiful features. Blok's images are truly beautiful and wonderful. In this poem, Blok animates Russia by painting it as a mysterious woman. This woman in herself is gentle and sweet, despite her simplicity, but since the "golden years" have passed, she has become noticeably impoverished. The poet writes that in spite of everything, his homeland will not disappear. The points of view of Lermontov and Blok are very similar. Poets paint a realistic Russia, praising its simplicity and routine. But, unlike Lermontov, Blok uses beautiful images in his poem, compares Russia with the tears of his first love. Lermontov only depicts his Motherland, draws its image, and Blok tells us that his Motherland, although “poor Russia”, will never disappear and will not succumb to “magicians”.

Borodino Borodino became a true literary discovery. For the first time in Russian literature, the greatest historical event seen through the eyes of an ordinary participant, perceived and transmitted from the point of view of the people. All the best in Russia, according to the poet, is in the past. The heroes who defended and defended the country in the war of 1812 are opposed to Lermontov's contemporaries. All of Russia is called to remember "Borodin's Day" as one of the most heroic and greatest days. In the present, according to the poet, nothing is worthy of the memory of the people. Time of creation The poem was written in 1837. Theme The image of the heroic deed of the people in the Patriotic War of 1812. Reflections on the fate of the people in history. Main thought (idea) The poet affirms the idea of ​​the people as the main figure in history. According to VG Belinsky, the key thought of Borodino is “a complaint about the present generation, dormant in inaction, envy of the great past, full of glory and great deeds”. Poetics The genre of the poem is a historical ballad. The poetic meter is an alternation of pentameter and tricycle iambic. An ordinary soldier tells about the heroic deed of the people, about the great historical battle, his story has amazing integrity. The soldier was able to see in his story not just the battery on which he was, and not only one section of the battle. He sees history, but not from the command post and not from the top of eternity, but from his battery. The simple "I" of the narrator grows into "we": I hammered the shell into the cannon tightly, \ And I thought: I'll treat my friend! Wait, brother, musyu! \ At that very second, the "I" of the narrator merged with the mass of attackers: Let us go to break the wall, Let us stand with our heads For our homeland!

In one word, the poet reflects the entire psychology of the Napoleonic soldier, accustomed and accustomed to easy victories and quick seizure of other people's property: ... And it was heard until dawn, How the French rejoiced ... last: But our bivouac was quiet open: Who cleaned the shako all over the beaten, Who sharpened the bayonet, grumbling angrily, Biting a long mustache. From the details, the poet created a picture of the psychological tension of the soldiers before a mortal, inevitable battle. Lermontov chooses a fabulous manner of battle narration - his hero describes the events in the usual folk language. Also important is the refrain, which is key to understanding the poem: Yes, there were people in our time, Not that the current tribe, the Heroes are not you! The poet emphasizes the contrast between the glorious heroic past and the modern world, in which disappointment and emptiness deprive a person of strength. We can say that the folk spirit of the poem "Borodino" is the embodiment of real service to a high ideal, in search of which the lyric hero of Lermontov is.

1.2.3. Compare the poem of M.Yu. Lermontov "Homeland" with the poem of S.А. Yesenin "Goy you, Russia, my dear ...". Where do you see the closeness of the positions of the two poets? *** Goy you, Russia, my dear, Huts - in the vestments of the image ... Do not see the end and the edge - Only the blue sucks the eyes. Like a visiting pilgrim, I watch your fields. And near the low outskirts, poplars are withering away. It smells of apple and honey. Your meek Savior in the churches. And hums behind the korogod In the meadows, a merry dance. I will run along a crumpled stitch To the freedom of green lech, I will meet, like earrings, A girlish laugh will ring. If the holy army shouts: "Throw you Rus, live in paradise!" I will say: "No need for paradise, Give me my homeland." (S.A. Yesenin. 1914)

E Erokhin. Why does Lermontov call his love for his homeland "strange"? (according to the lyrics of M.Yu. Lermontov) Love for the motherland is a special feeling, it is inherent in every person, but at the same time it is very individual. Is it possible to consider it "strange"? It seems to me that it is rather a question of how the poet, who spoke about the “unusualness” of his love for the homeland, perceives “ordinary” patriotism, that is, the desire to see the dignity, positive features inherent in his country and people. To a certain extent, Lermontov's romantic outlook also predetermined his "strange love" for his homeland. After all, a romantic always opposes the world around him, not finding a positive ideal in reality. Lermontov's words about his homeland in the poem "Farewell, unwashed Russia ..." sound like a verdict. It is a "land of slaves, a land of masters", a land of "blue uniforms" and a people devoted to them. The generalized portrait of his generation, drawn in the poem "Duma", is also merciless. The fate of the country is in the hands of those who "squandered" what constituted the glory of Russia, and they have nothing to offer to the future. Maybe now this assessment seems too harsh to us - after all, both Lermontov himself and many other outstanding Russian people belonged to this generation. But it becomes clearer why the person who expressed it called his love for the motherland “strange”. This also explains why Lermontov, not finding an ideal in modern times, in search of what really allows him to be proud of his country and its people, turns to the past. That is why the poem "Borodino", which tells about the feat of Russian soldiers, is built as a dialogue between the "past" and the "present": "Yes, there were people in our time, / Not that the current tribe: / Heroes are not you!" National character is revealed here through the monologue of a simple Russian soldier, whose love for his homeland is absolute and disinterested. It is significant that this poem is not romantic, it is extremely realistic.

The most fully mature view of Lermontov on the nature of patriotic feelings is reflected in one of the last poems, meaningfully titled "Motherland". The poet still denies the traditional understanding of what a person can love his homeland for: "Neither glory bought with blood, / Neither peace full of proud confidence, / Neither dark antiquity cherished traditions ...". Instead of all this, he will repeat three times another, the most important idea for him - his love for his homeland is “strange”. This word becomes the key: I love my homeland, but with a strange love! My mind will not win her ... But I love - why, I don't know myself ... Patriotism cannot be explained in a rational way, but it can be expressed through those pictures home country, which are especially close to the poet's heart. Before his mind's eye sweep the endless expanses of Russia, with its country roads and "sad" villages. These paintings are devoid of pathos, but they are beautiful in their simplicity, like the usual signs of village life, with which the poet feels his inextricable inner connection: shuttered window ... ". Only such a complete immersion in the life of the people makes it possible to understand the author's true attitude to his homeland. Of course, for a romantic poet, an aristocrat, it is strange that this is how he feels love for his homeland. But maybe the point is not only in him, but in this very mysterious country about which another great poet, a contemporary of Lermontov, then say: "The mind cannot understand Russia ..."? In my opinion, it is difficult to argue with this, as well as with the fact that true patriotism does not require any special proof and is often not explainable at all.

Anti-war theme "Valerik" Once - it was under the Gikhi, We passed a dark forest; Breathing fire, the azure-bright vault of heaven blazed above us. We were promised a fierce battle. From the mountains of distant Ichkeria Already in Chechnya daredevils flocked to the brotherly call of the Crowd. Above the antediluvian forests, lighthouses flickered around; And their smoke then curled in a pillar, Then spread out in clouds; And the forests revived; Voices echoed wildly Beneath their green tents. As soon as the convoy got out Into the clearing, the case began; Chu! they ask for guns in the rearguard; Here are guns from the bushes [you] are carrying, Here are they dragging people by the feet And they are calling out loud doctors; And here on the left, from the edge of the forest, Suddenly they rushed with a boom to the cannons; And the detachment is showered with a hail of bullets from the tops of the trees. Ahead Everything is quiet - there was a stream running between the bushes. Come closer. Several grenades were fired; Still advanced; are silent; But over the logs of the heap, Ruggier seemed to shine; Then two hats flashed; And again everything was hidden in the grass. That was a terrible silence, It did not last long, But [in] this strange expectation Not one heart beat. Suddenly a volley ... we look: lie in rows, What needs? local regiments A tried and tested people ... With bayonets, Amicable! echoed behind us. Blood ignited in my chest! All the officers are in front ... On horseback rushed to the rubble Who did not have time to jump off the horse ... Hurray - and fell silent. - There are daggers, In the butts! - and the massacre began. And the battle lasted two hours in the streams of the stream. They were slaughtered cruelly Like animals, silently, with their breasts, The stream was filled with bodies. I wanted to scoop up water ... (And the heat and battle tired Me), but the turbid wave Was warm, it was red. (…) And there, in the distance, a discordant ridge, But always proud and calm, The mountains stretched - and Kazbek Shone with a pointed head. And with a secret and hearty sadness I thought: a pitiful person. What does he want! .. the sky is clear, There is a lot of space for everyone under the sky, But incessantly and in vain One is at enmity - why?

C3. Prove that one of the peculiarities of the poetics of the poem "Valerik" is the mixture of genres. C4. What is the originality of the problem of "war and humanity" in M.Yu. Lermontov, and in which works of Russian literature did his famous philosophical meditation on this matter continue and develop further? The work of M.Yu. Lermontov "Valerik" (1840) is a synthesis of genre forms. The appeal of the lyric "I" to the beloved in the introduction suggests that we are dealing with the genre of the message widespread in the poetry of the 19th century. The hero's confession could well have belonged to Lermontov's Pechorin, who had lost hope for love and was reconciled with fate: I don’t ask God for happiness \ And I endure evil in silence. But a story about a brutal battle in the mountains of Ichkeria on the Valerik River, whose name - "the river of death" - has since then acquired a symbolic meaning: "They were slaughtered cruelly, / Like animals, silently, with a breast ..." The author's philosophical reflections sum up the bitter results of the military tragedy: I ​​thought: a pitiful person. \ What does he want! .. the sky is clear, There is a lot of space for everyone under the sky, \ But incessantly and in vain \ One is at enmity - why? The pacifist position of M.Yu. Lermontov, reflected in the poem "Valerik", affirms the idea of ​​the senselessness of war. The heroic pathos of songs of praise about the valor of Russian arms is becoming a thing of the past. C4. The pacifist position of M.Yu. Lermontov, reflected in the poem "Valerik", affirms the idea of ​​the senselessness of war. The heroic pathos of songs of praise about the valor of Russian arms is becoming a thing of the past. In Leo Tolstoy's "Sevastopol Tales" the author's concept of war is formed - "in blood, in suffering, in death." For the narrator and the soldier, war is madness; the reader becomes a witness of how the moral consciousness of the narrator is born in agony. NA Nekrasov's elegy "Attending to the horrors of war ..." (1856) is also dedicated to the events of the Crimean campaign. A mother's tears are opposed to the grief of a friend and wife. The grief of mothers does not subside over the years, and therefore evokes the sympathy of the poet: They will not see their children, \ Those who died in the bloody field. In the poem of the 20th century poet AT Tvardovsky "I know, no fault of mine ..." there is a latent feeling of pain expressed in the figure of silence: "This is not about that, but still, nevertheless, nevertheless ..." The main conflict of the work becomes contrasting the living and the dead, to whom we are indebted.

Tragedy of a generation

DUMA I look sadly at our generation! Its future - il empty, il dark, Meanwhile, under the burden of knowledge and doubt, In inaction it will grow old. We are rich, barely out of the cradle, By the mistakes of our fathers and their late minds, And life is wearying us, like a straight path without a goal, Like a feast at a stranger's holiday. Good and evil are shamefully indifferent, At the beginning of the field we fade without a fight; Before danger they are shamefully faint-hearted And before power - despicable slaves. So a skinny fruit, ripe before the time, Neither our taste pleases, nor the eyes, Hangs between flowers, an orphaned stranger, And the hour of their beauty - his hour of fall! We have dried up the mind with fruitless science, Tye enviously from neighbors and friends of Hope the best and a noble voice With unbelief of ridiculed passions. 1.2.1 Why does the lyric hero condemn the generation of his day? 1.2.2 How does the title of a poem reflect its content? 1.2.3.How and why does the tone of Lermontov's "Duma" change from beginning to end? We barely touched the cup of pleasure, But we did not save our youthful strength; From every joy, fearing satiety, We have extracted the best juice forever. Dreams of poetry, the creation of art With delight sweet our minds do not stir; We greedily cherish in our bosom the remainder of the feeling - Buried with avarice and useless treasure. And we hate, and we love by chance, Without sacrificing either malice or love, And some kind of secret cold reigns in the soul, When the fire boils in the blood. And our ancestors are bored with luxurious amusements, Their conscientious, childish debauchery; And we hurry to the grave without happiness and without glory, Looking back mockingly. In a gloomy and soon forgotten crowd We will pass over the world without noise and without a trace, Without abandoning a fertile thought for centuries, Not the genius of the work begun. And our ashes, with the severity of a judge and a citizen, The descendant will offend with a contemptuous verse, Bitter mockery of a deceived son Above a squandered father. (M.Yu. Lermontov)

Lermontov's work reflects the thoughts and moods of the epoch of the 30s of the XIX century, the time of political reaction. In the mature lyrics of Lermontov, reflections on the fate of his generation appear, the motives of disappointment and loneliness intensify. At the same time, criticism of the lack of spirituality of secular society becomes even more harsh, the poet seeks balance and harmony with the world around him and does not find them. The pain for the fate of his generation, doomed to live in timelessness, an inert generation, Lermontov most fully comprehended in "Duma". The poem is a mixture of elegy and satire. The first property is expressed in the form of the work itself, its size and volume. The second is in the content, since the author not only evaluates his generation, but also criticizes it with his characteristic sarcasm. "Duma" is a look at a generation both from within and from outside. Lermontov emphasizes this with pronouns: "our generation", "life is already tormenting us", "we fade without a struggle." And on the other hand: "his future", "it will grow old in inaction." The author appears in the poem not as an angry denouncer, but as a person who feels all the sin of his generation on himself. His denunciations are very much about himself. In the poem, a conversation is conducted not with enemies, but with those who are able to hear the poet, to share his spiritual quest. Not only life is to blame for the hero's troubles, but he himself did not fulfill his destiny. “Indifference”, a feeling of emptiness and meaninglessness of existence permeates all spheres of intellectual and spiritual life, becomes all-embracing and comprehended at different levels: - on the philosophical (the absence of the future and the ghostly value of the past); - worldview (cognition and doubt are thought of as a burden due to their uselessness); - moral (indifference to good and evil); - psychological (cowardice, inability to fight). However, the fact that the “dull elegy” takes on the features of satire indicates the peculiarities of the author's position. He is indignant, ridiculed, but thereby “asserts a certain positive ideal. The ending of the poem contains the theme of the future - the coming fair trial. And then bitter mockery becomes the only possible expression of the attitude of descendants towards him.

1.2.3 Compare the poem by M.Yu. Lermontov's "Duma" with the poem of the same name given below by N.A. Nekrasov. What conclusions did this comparison lead you to? THOUGHT About what melancholy and contrition, What is the daily sadness, Murmurs, tears, regret - What are we spending, what are we sorry for? Is it possible that the misfortune of a short life is the most painful for us, And happiness is so full and sweet, What is it worth crying without it? ... Swimmers of the moment in a stormy sea Earthly happiness is incomplete, And to overcome the earthly sorrow Enough strength is given to us. Our suffering, our torment, When we endure them with prayer, For lasting happiness, a guarantee In a friend's house, in a holy land; The world is not eternal, people are not eternal ... We will leave the minute house, The soul will fly out of our chest as an ethereal moth, - And all tears will become pearls Shine in the rays of her crown, And let suffering, softer than a rose, Pave her way into her father's house. Do we not often walk with courage Through the swampy tundra and mountains, When even the world is one good Find behind them it seems to us? Why murmur about suffering, why on a dark path Of rebellious life without murmuring, Do not go with the same courage; When, sometimes just as difficult, From everyday troubles and worries That path does not lead to momentary joy, To eternal bliss? (N.A. Nekrasov)

"How often, surrounded by a motley crowd" (1840) January 1 How often, surrounded by a motley crowd, When in front of me, as if through a dream, With the noise of music and dance, With a wild whisper of recited speeches, Images of soulless people flicker, Decency strapped masks, When they touch my cold hands With careless courage of city beauties For a long time fearless hands, Outwardly plunging into their shine and vanity, I caress an old dream in my soul, Holy sounds of the lost years. And if somehow for a moment I manage to forget, - in memory of recent antiquity I fly a free, free bird; And I see myself as a child; and all around Native all places: a high manor house And a garden with a ruined greenhouse; A sleeping pond is covered with a green net of grasses, And beyond the pond the village is smoking - and in the distance fogs rise above the fields. I enter the dark alley; through the bushes The evening ray looks, and yellow leaves Rustle under timid steps. And a strange longing cramped my chest already: I ​​think about it, I cry and love, I love my dream creation With eyes full of azure fire, With a pink smile, like a young day Behind the grove is the first radiance. So the wondrous kingdom of the omnipotent master - I sat alone for long hours, And their memory is still alive Under the storm of painful doubts and passions, Like a fresh island harmlessly among the seas Blossoms on their wet desert. When, having come to my senses, I will recognize the deception, And the noise of the crowd of people will frighten off my dream, On a holiday, an uninvited guest, Oh, how I want to embarrass their gaiety, And boldly throw an iron verse in their eyes, Drenched in bitterness and anger! .. Dual world is a distinctive trait of romanticism. And in this sense, we have before us a textbook example of the opposition of the real world - a hypocritical, soulless, alien to the lyrical hero - and the world of a beautiful dream, where he is free and happy. Speaking about the real world, alien to the lyrical hero and created in the first stanzas, it is important to remember the image of the masquerade - the deceit, the hypocrisy of the “light”. True feelings are impossible in him: hands are “fearless”, which means that love is false. “Sounds” turn into “noise of music and dance”, “wild whisper of recited speeches”. This world creates a sense of diversity. Glitter is the only color used in the real world. Real world filled with “soulless” people. In contrast, the ideal world is purely the world of the “soul” of the lyric hero. His wonderful dream.

Involvement in the “other” world, the world of dreams, as well as the rejection of the lies and hypocrisy of reality, is the reason for the loneliness of the lyrical hero. In this regard, the most relevant are the motive of exile and the motive of loneliness in the human crowd, unable to understand and appreciate the lyrical hero ("January 1831"). The poem has two parts. This poem raises the same theme as in "Duma" - analysis modern society... The first part is devoted to the depiction of the haughty, spiritually poor people of the “big world”. In the "motley crowd", "recited speeches" are heard, "images of soulless people are flickering." The poet is spiritually alien to these "propriety masks pulled together." Lermontov is disgusting and deceitful and insincere relations between a man and a woman in the world. There is no real love here, everything is decided by money and ranks. To forget, to take a break from the "glitter and bustle", the poet plunges into memories of the time of childhood and adolescence close to his heart. Here satire gives way to elegy. Lermontov is convinced that it is impossible to live by one attachment to "recent antiquity." Pleasant dreams of the past are deception, or rather, self-deception. That is why Lermontov exclaims: "... having come to my senses, I recognize the deception ...". The poem ends with an angry challenge to the world of hypocrisy and evil, a protest against the soulless "light".

The motive of loneliness, exile, wandering

The motive of loneliness, exile, wandering The theme of loneliness is one of the leading in Lermontov's lyrics. Lermontov is a romantic poet, therefore, the lyrical hero of his poems is often a lonely, proud person who opposes the society with which she is in an insoluble conflict. He does not have a friend who can support him "in a moment of mental adversity", he has no beloved. He is alone in the crowd, and at times his loneliness reaches a universal scale. "Cliff" (1841), "Face in the North ..." (1841), "Leaf" (1841) In these verses, the motive of loneliness is expressed either in unrequited love or in the fragility of human ties. "How often, surrounded by a motley crowd ..." (1840) The hero is bored at the ball among the "motley crowd", "the wild whisper of recited speeches", among the "images of soulless people", "by the decency of strapped masks." The poet has a desire to challenge this soulless kingdom of masks. "And it's boring and sad ..." (1840) The lyric hero finds happiness neither in love, nor in friendship, he loses confidence in himself and in life, his hope for the fulfillment of desires disappears: "... that it is in vain and forever to desire ? .. ". "I go out alone on the road ..." (1841) Here the lyrical hero is alone in front of the whole world, in front of the universe. The motives of the lonely wandering sound distinctly. mental emptiness, dreary despair. The ballad "Airship" (1840) The poet refers to the image of Napoleon, drawing the traditional image of a romantic hero, whose tragedy is that he does not find a place for himself in the world of people. Napoleon is opposed to the whole world (he has no rest even after death). The airship in the poem is a vivid symbol of loneliness. The motive of exile and the motive close to it of wandering, wandering, homelessness (in "Clouds" "eternal wanderers", "clouds of heaven" are likened to an exile, a lyrical hero) is naturally associated with the motive of loneliness. The motive of loneliness is associated with the motive of the tragic being chosen.

Sail A lonely sail whitens In the blue mist of the sea! ... What is he looking for in a distant country? What did he throw in his native land? ... The waves play - the wind whistles, And the mast bends and skips ... Alas, - he is not looking for happiness And he is not running out of happiness! Under him is a stream of brighter azure, Above him is a golden ray of sun ... And he, rebellious, asks for a storm, As if there is peace in the storms! (M.Yu. Lermontov, 1832) The search for happiness in Lermontov's poetry is often associated with an escape from him. In his early poem"Parus", written back in 1832, Lermontov promotes the idea of ​​the unity of opposing principles. It combines storm and calm, the search for the meaning of life and eternal dissatisfaction with what was found. More significant in the poem is the search for the meaning of life and the expression of the contradictory freedom of the human spirit, its eternal search for harmony. There are no clear pictures in the poem, but vague, not completely definite images are given. We do not see the white sail. He only "turns white" somewhere far away, "in the fog of the blue sea." Further, only a series of questions. Where is he sailing, what is he looking for, what is he striving for? There is no answer to them. And the sea, and the sky, and the space, and the haze of fog - all this evokes a feeling of delight, but also an aching feeling of loneliness, the inaccessibility of something beautiful. it philosophical poem about the eternal dissatisfaction of a person, his search for the meaning of life, struggle.

I go out alone on the road I go out alone on the road; Through the fog, the siliceous path glistens; The night is quiet. The desert listens to God, And the star speaks with the star. It is solemn and wonderful in heaven! The earth sleeps in blue radiance ... Why is it so painful for me and so difficult? I'm waiting for what? Do I regret what? I do not expect anything from life, And I do not regret the past at all; I am looking for freedom and peace! I would like to forget and fall asleep! But not that cold sleep of the grave ... I would have wished to fall asleep forever, So that the strength of the life dozed in my chest, So that my chest heaved quietly while breathing; So that all night, all day cherishing my hearing, A sweet voice sang about love to me, Above me so that the dark oak is always greening, leaning and making noise. Internal state the lyrical hero, marked by mental discord, is contrasted with the peace and goodness that reign in a universe filled with communication and harmony. In the first line, the bearer of the lyric voice - "I" appears and speaks of his loneliness. The lyrical narrator is in an open, wide-open world. In front of him is an endless road directed into the distance, above him is an open sky. The hero is a person immersed in the open and free element of nature. In the first stanza, the hero is mentioned only in the first verse, and the next three are devoted to the natural world. The real landscape of the poem takes us to the Caucasus. The desert here has two semantic features: firstly, this is a space opposing the city and the whole world of the social evil created by man; secondly, it is an open space. For Lermontov, the desert has a sign of endlessness. If the word "road" includes the meaning of infinite length, then the desert is an immense expanse. In this poem, the sky is not silent, it "speaks", and the earth "hears" it. The hero hears the inaudible, sees the invisible, he is endowed with the abilities of subtle, sensual understanding. The second stanza is devoted to the relationship that arises between the poet and the surrounding land. It is said about the world around him that he is beautiful: “In the heavens it is solemn and wonderful.” How does a lyric hero feel in this world? What kind of relationships develop between them? They are opposed. There is no harmony in the poet's soul, he is “painful and difficult.” He is deep dissatisfied, he doubts the future ("I'm waiting for what?") and with bitterness recalls the past ("Do I regret what?") Third stanza. Here we see the hero's aspiration to escape from the temporary world. I "- rejection of the future," And I do not regret the past at all "- rejection of the past. Instead, the poet would like to join the eternal world of nature and join her full of strength sleep. Stanzas four and five reveal in detail this ideal, new for Lermontov's hero. The dream he dreams of is not the "cold sleep of the grave," but the fullness of vitality. The last (fifth) stanza connects the hope for love ("a sweet voice sang to me about love"), that is, the achievement of personal happiness, and merging with the images of mythological and cosmic life. The oak, at the roots of which the poet would like to plunge into his sleep full of life, is a cosmic image of the world tree connecting heaven and earth, known to many mythological systems.

How is the theme of loneliness revealed in Lermontov's poem "I go out on the road alone"? The poem belongs to the late period of the poet's work, it combines the main motives of Lermontov's lyrics (loneliness, disappointment, grief, death). The first line speaks of the loneliness of the lyrical hero; the mood is emphasized by the lexemes "one", "flint way", "desert": the hero goes out into an open, wide-open world. The words "road", "path" refer to the philosophical concept of "life's journey" - a difficult one, traversed by the hero alone. In the second stanza, using the opposition of the external world and the internal sensation of the hero, the contrast between the calm, harmonious world of nature ("In the heavens solemnly and wonderfully", "... the earth is sleeping") and the deep dissatisfaction of the lyrical hero, striving to join the world inner loneliness, in which "painful" and "difficult". This desire is emphasized by the exclamatory intonations of the third stanza ("I am looking for freedom and peace!", "I would like to forget and fall asleep!"). The concept of freedom in this poem differs from that which Lermontov put into this word in early lyrics. Then freedom meant rebellion, equated to struggle (as in the poem "Sail"), but now freedom is equivalent to peace, harmony with nature. In addition, the syntax of 1 - 3 stanzas suggests the idea of ​​disharmony between the internal and external world: one thought is constantly divided into several sentences using a semicolon; in the second stanza nervous state the hero makes him ask three questions, expressing one state: Why is it so painful for me and so difficult? I'm waiting for what? Do I regret what? In 4 - 5 stanzas, the lyrical hero creates an ideal, imaginary world: he no longer asks God for death (as in the poem "Gratitude"), but longs to stay alive ("... So that the strength of life sleeps in his chest"), but reassured and no longer responsive to earthly passions. At the end of the poem, there is the theme of the meaning of life: the poet calls nature and love the highest values.

M.Yu. Lermontov "Angel" The Angel flew across the midnight sky, And he sang a quiet song; And the month, and the stars, and the clouds in a crowd They listened to that holy song. He sang about the bliss of sinless spirits Under the bushes of the Gardens of Eden; He sang about God the Great, and His praise was unfeigned. He carried a young soul in his arms For the world of sorrow and tears. And the sound of his song in the young soul Remained - without words, but alive. And for a long time in the world she languished, Full of wonderful desire, And the sounds of heaven could not replace Her boring songs of the earth. 1831 1.2.1 How the earthly and heavenly worlds relate in the poem by M.Yu. Lermontov's "Angel"? Prove that the poem is based on the romantic principle of "double world". 1.2.3. Compare the poem by M.Yu. Lermontov's "Angel" with a poem by A.K. Tolstoy "The soul flew quietly from the heavens above ..." What are the similarities and differences between these works? What pictorial and expressive means are used in these poems? What are their functions? A.K. Tolstoy "Above the soul quietly flew to heaven ..." Above quietly flew the soul to heaven, Sad down she lowered her eyelashes; Tears, falling stars in space from them, Light and long twisted a line behind her. Oncoming people quietly asked her luminaries: “What is so sad? And what are these tears about? " She answered them: “I have not forgotten the land, I have left a lot of suffering and grief there. Here I only heed the faces of bliss and joy, Righteous souls know neither sorrow nor malice - Oh, let me go again, Creator, to earth, There would be someone to regret and comfort anyone. " 1858 g.

IMAGE OF ANGEL "Angel" M. Yu. Lermontov The Angel flew across the midnight sky And he sang a quiet song. And the month, and the stars, and the clouds in a crowd listened to that holy song. He sang about the bliss of sinless spirits Under the bushes of the Gardens of Eden. He sang about God the Great, and His praise was unfeigned. He carried the young soul in his arms For the world of sorrow and tears, And the sound of his song in the young soul Remained without words, but alive, And for a long time in the world she languished With a wonderful desire, And the sounds of heaven could not replace Her boring songs of the earth. Christian motives in the work of M.Yu. Lermontov is a very deep and multifaceted topic. It includes religious, biblical, God-fighting and demonic themes. "Angel" is the most mysterious poem written by Lermontov at the age of sixteen, in 1831. It tells the story of the birth of a new person, whose soul is carried by an angel in order to reunite it with the body even before the child is born. During this mysterious night journey, the angel sings an amazingly beautiful song in which he praises the virtues of a righteous life and promises eternal paradise to the still sinless soul of a baby. However, the realities of earthly life are very far from heavenly bliss; a child from childhood will have to face pain and humiliation, sadness and tears. But the echo of the magic song of an angel forever remained in the soul of a person, and he carried it through his entire long life... It seems that the image of the angel sung in the poem is the image of Lermontov's soul, which is looking for the embodiment of his dreams and ideals. Using the opposition of heavenly and earthly life, Mikhail Lermontov managed to achieve an amazing contrast, which, nevertheless, is distinguished by softness and lightness. However, in the poem itself, the line is very clearly drawn between the two worlds, which intersect only during the birth and death of a person. If we consider this work from a philosophical point of view, it becomes obvious that the young Lermontov is an idealist. He is convinced that a person comes to this world in order to suffer, and by this he purifies his own soul. Only in this case can she return to where the angel brought her from, finding eternal peace. And in order for a person to strive to live according to God's laws, in his soul, like an enchanting obsession, there remains a memory of the song of an angel, which gives him a feeling of joy and infinity of being. It is noteworthy that the poem "Angel" begins with the word "heaven", which is identified with something divine and sublime, and ends with the word "earth", symbolizing not only the frailty of existence, but also the end of human life. At the same time, a kind of refrain in the form of the last line of each quatrain seems to remind that a person's stay on earth in a bodily shell is only a temporary phenomenon, and death should be treated with ease, without fear and sadness. After all, the life of the soul is eternal, and no one is able to change this order of things.

A. Block "Angel foil" At the decorated Christmas tree And at the playing children The foil angel looks through the crack of the tightly closed doors. And the nanny stokes the stove in the nursery, The fire bursts, it burns light ... But the angel melts. He is German. He is not hurt and warm. First, the wings of the crumbs melt, The head falls back, The sugar legs are broken And lie in a sweet puddle ... Then the puddle dried up. The mistress is looking for - he is not ... And the old nanny has gone deaf, Grumbles, does not remember anything ... Break down, melt and die, Creations of fragile dreams, Under the bright flame of events, Under the hum of everyday vanity! So! Die! What's the use of you? Let it only once, breathing bygone, cry For you on the sly Minx girl - the soul ... The poem by A. Blok “Tinsel Angel” is a poetic response to L. Andreev’s story “Angel”, it symbolically sounds the image of an angel. The central motive is that a person is elevated above earthly everyday life by a dream, an impulse to the sublime. However, the image of a melting angel emphasizes the tragic hopelessness of earthly existence. There is nothing left of the angel, embodying everything pure and beautiful - as soon as the soul will keep memories of this, let the rest trample all fragile dreams Alexander Pushkin In the doorway of Eden, a gentle angel shone with his head drooping, And a dark and rebellious demon flew over the hellish abyss. The spirit of denial, the spirit of doubt Looked at the pure spirit And the involuntary heat of tenderness For the first time vaguely cognized. "Forgive me," he of the rivers, "I saw you, And it was not for nothing that you shone to me: I did not hate everything in the sky, I did not despise everything in the world. The plot is based on an antithesis. Pushkin opposes a gentle angel and a dark demon. First, an image appears before us. An angel with a drooping head. Immediately a rebellious demon appears, flying over the hellish abyss. The angel is compared with a pure spirit, and the demon with the spirit of denial and doubt. This is a lyric poem related to romanticism. If at the beginning of the work there is a comparison of two images, then in in the end, the demon asks the angel for forgiveness. He says that in fact he is not as evil as everyone imagines him. The demon did not despise and hate everything. As a result, good still triumphed and even the "dark demon" could not resist " a gentle angel. "

And BORING AND SAD And boring and sad, and there is no one to lend a hand In a moment of mental adversity ... Desires! To love ... but whom? Will you look into yourself? - there is not a trace of the past: Both joy and torment, and everything is insignificant ... What is passion? - after all, sooner or later, their sweet ailment Will disappear at the word of reason; And life, as you look around with cold attention, - Such an empty and stupid joke ... (M.Yu. Lermontov) 1.2.1.How is the theme of time revealed in the poem? 1.2.2. What are the features of the composition of the poem? 1.2.3. Why does the lyrical hero not find spiritual support in the values ​​that are named in the poem? 1.2.4. Compare the poem by M.Yu. Lermontov "And boring and sad" with the poem given below by A.S. Pushkin's "A vain gift, an accidental gift ..." What conclusions did this comparison lead you to? *** Gift in vain, random gift, Life, why are you given to me? Or why are you condemned to execution by a secret fate? Who called me with a hostile power Out of insignificance, filled my soul with passion, agitated my mind with doubt? (A.S. Pushkin)

THE POVERTY At the gates of the saint's monastery stood a begging for alms Poor man withered, barely alive From gladness, thirst and suffering. He only asked for a piece of bread, And his gaze showed living flour, And someone put a stone In his outstretched hand. So I prayed for your love With bitter tears, with longing; So my best feelings Are deceived forever by you! (M.Yu. Lermontov, 1830) 1. What is the originality of the composition of this poem? 2. Why does the lyric hero of the poem compare himself with a beggar? 3. Compare the poems of M.Yu. Lermontov "Beggar" and N.А. Nekrasov "Thief". What is the difference between the problems of these poems? A THIEF Hurrying to a banquet along a dirty street, Yesterday I was struck by an ugly scene: Torgash, from whom the roll was stolen, Shuddering and turning pale, suddenly raised a howl and weeping And, rushing from the tray, shouted: "Stop the thief!" And the thief was surrounded and stopped soon. The eaten loaf trembled in his hand; He was without boots, in a hooded sert; The face showed a trace of a recent illness, Shame, despair, prayer and fright ... The policeman came, called in the helper, Selected the interrogation point by point, it was superbly strict, And the thief was solemnly taken to the quarter. I shouted to the coachman: "I went my own way!" - And he hastened to bring a prayer to God For what I have hereditary ... (N.A.Nekrasov, 1850)

1.2.1. What is the symbolic meaning of the title of this poem - "The Beggar"? The direct meaning of the word "beggar" is associated with the designation of a poor man asking for a "piece of bread" "at the gates of the holy monastery." This is precisely the meaning of the term "beggar" in the first two stanzas. A synonym for the word "beggar" is the expression "begging beggar." However, in the last stanza the meaning of the word "beggar!" acquires a subjective and author's connotation. The lyric hero compares himself with the "beggar". The ambiguity of the concept of "beggar" is also manifested in the fact that the lyrical "I" is not just a person deprived of love. This is the one who “prayed for love”, but was deceived in his best feelings, like a poor man asking for bread and receiving a stone in return. The words "bread" and "stone" as symbols of life and death bring together poetic world poems with a biblical context. Therefore, for the lyrical "I" the absence of love ("bread") and its replacement with a "stone" become tantamount to death and enhance the dramatic pathos of the poem.

1.2.1 Describe the mood of the lyric hero of the poem by A.S. Pushkin. 1.2.2 What is the originality of the composition of the poem "Cloud"? 1.2.3 How do the natural world and the human world compare in Pushkin's "Tucha"? 1.2.4 Compare the poem of A.S. Pushkin's "Cloud" with the following poem by M.Yu. Lermontov's "Clouds". What conclusions did this comparison lead you to? CLOUD The last cloud of the scattered storm! Alone you rush along the clear azure, Alone you bring a dull shadow, Alone you sadden a jubilant day. You recently wrapped around the sky, And the lightning wrapped menacingly around you; And you uttered a mysterious thunder And watered the greedy land with rain. Enough, hide! The time has passed, the Earth has refreshed, and the storm swept by, And the wind, caressing the leaves of the trees, Drives you from the reassured heavens. (AS Pushkin) CLOUDS Heavenly clouds, eternal wanderers! Azure steppe, pearl chain You rush like me, exiles From the sweet north to the south. Who drives you: is it fate's decision? Is envy secret? Is the anger open? Or are you burdened with crime? Or is your friends poisonous slander? No, you are bored with barren fields ... Passions are alien to you and sufferings are alien to you; Eternally cold, eternally free, You have no homeland, you have no exile. (M.Yu. Lermontov)

Lermontov Clouds. The topic of wandering is the most important topic in the history of world literature. Wandering is an irreversible abandonment of everything worldly, a life of alms and a constant journey from one holy place to another. The poet himself was also aware of himself as a "wanderer". Written in the form of addressing the clouds, the poem reflects the psychological parallelism of the images of the lyrical hero and the clouds. Three stanzas express the dynamics in the thoughts of the lyrical hero and the change in his emotional state: from comparing oneself with the clouds, which are driven by the wind, to expressing bitterness from parting with the Motherland and opposing oneself to the clouds. The clouds are cold, free, impassive, indifferent; the lyrical hero is deeply suffering from persecution and exile, not free. The use of book means (exiles, fate, decision, gravitation, crime, slander, boredom, barren fields, exile) and emotional-evaluative vocabulary [azure (steppe), pearl (chain), dear (north), poisonous slander, barren (fields ), open (anger), secret envy, crime) reflects the high ideological orientation of the poem and its agitated emotional tonality. The poetic text is characterized by the use of various pictorial and expressive means: personifications (clouds are eternal wanderers), epithets (azure, pearl, poisonous, etc.), comparisons (you rush like me, exiles ...), figurative paraphrases (dear north - Petersburg, south side - Caucasus, azure steppe - sky, pearl chain - clouds), rhetorical questions and syntactic parallelism (Who is persecuting you? Is it fateful, is it a secret envy? Is it open anger? Or is a crime burdens you? Or is your friends poisonous slander?); reception of repetition: alien (2), forever (2), no (2). All this serves as a means of emotional and semantic enhancement of the author's individual aesthetic vision of the world, allows the reader to join him. ... The monologue of the lyrical hero, addressed to the clouds, makes it possible to convey in an artistic form the emotional state of the author thanks to the method of psychological parallelism, characteristic of the poetry of M.Yu. Lermontov.

CLICHE for comparison 1. Works (poems, fragments, excerpts) are united by a motive (theme) ... 2. The same theme in two works (poems, fragments, excerpts) is revealed in completely different ways and develops in opposite aspects. 3. For both works (poems, fragments, excerpts) another feature is characteristic. 4. One more significant dissimilarity should be noted ... 5. Differences in poems are expressed not only in emotional coloring, in pathos, but also in the structure and form of the works. 6. The rhythmic sound of the poems is also contrasted. The poetic dimensions that the poets choose convey ... (dynamism, movement; smoothness, melodiousness) 7. Unlike the first, the second poem has ... .: love and falling in love). The differences in these feelings are due to the differences in the lyrical characters. 9. Poems ... seemingly about the same thing, but how differently the position of the lyrical hero and completely different moods are presented in them. 10. It seems to me that the following conclusion can be drawn from the comparison of both works (poems, fragments, excerpts).

There are speeches - the meaning is Dark il insignificant, But it is impossible for them to listen without excitement. How full their sounds are with the Madness of desire! There are tears of separation in them, In them the thrill of a goodbye. Will not meet an answer Amid the noise of the world From flame and light the Born word; But in the temple, in the midst of the battle And wherever I am, Hearing him, I Recognize him everywhere. Without finishing the prayer, I will answer that sound, And I will throw myself out of the battle to meet Him. (M.Yu. Lermontov) The work is not included in the KIM GIA for graduates of the 9th grade, in the manual it is given for training. 1.2.1 What is the role in the poem of M.Yu. Lermontov's "There are speeches - meaning ..." is the technique of contrast playing? 1.2.2 What “word” does the poet sing? 1.2.3 What is the lyrical hero of M.Yu. Lermontov? 4Compare the poem by M.Yu. Lermontov "There are speeches - meaning ..." with the poem given by A.A. Feta "With one push to drive the boat alive ..." What conclusions did this comparison lead you to? With one push, drive away a living boat From the smoothed sands of the ebb, One wave to rise into another life, Smell the wind from the flowering shores, Interrupt a dreary dream with a single sound, Get drunk suddenly with the unknown, relatives, Give life a sigh, give sweetness to secret torments, Feel the alien in a moment as your own, Whisper about what the tongue grows dumb to, To intensify the battle of fearless hearts - This is what only the chosen singer owns, This is his sign and crown! (AA. Fet)

Compare the poem by M.Yu. Lermontov's "Poet" with the poem given below by F.I. Tyutchev's "Poetry". What is the difference between the ideas of the authors about the purpose of the poet and poetry? POET My dagger shines with gold trim; The blade is reliable, without blemish; Bulat keeps a mysterious temper - the legacy of the abusive east. He served a rider in the mountains for many years, Not knowing the payment for the service; He made a terrible trail not on one breast, And he broke through more than one chain mail. Amusements he shared more obediently slave, Ranged in response to offensive speeches. In those days, there would have been a rich carving for him, an outfit alien and shameful. He was taken behind the Terek by a brave Cossack On the cold corpse of the gentleman, And for a long time he lay abandoned afterwards In the Armenian marching shop. Now the native nojon, beaten in the war, Deprived of the hero's poor companion, He shines with a golden toy on the wall - Alas, inglorious and harmless! No one with his usual, caring hand cleans him, does not caress him, And his inscriptions, praying before dawn, No one reads with zeal ... ------------------- In our age pampered, aren't you, poet, Lost your purpose, exchanging for gold the power that the light listened to in mute reverence? Sometimes, the measured sound of your mighty words Ignited a fighter for battle, The crowd needed him, like a bowl for feasts, Like incense during prayer hours. Your verse, like a divine spirit, was hovering over the crowd; And, the echo of noble thoughts, Sounded like a bell on a veche tower, In the days of celebrations and people's troubles. But your simple and proud language is boring to us, Glitter and deceptions amuse us; Like an old beauty, our old world is used to hiding wrinkles under blush ... Will you wake up again, ridiculed prophet? Or never, in response to the voice of vengeance, Will you tear your blade out of the golden scabbard, Covered with the rust of contempt? .. (M.Yu. Lermontov, 1839)

POETRY Among thunders, among fires, Among seething passions, In spontaneous, fiery discord, She flies from Heaven to us - Heavenly to the Earthly Sons, With azure clarity in her gaze - And on the rebellious Sea Pours conciliatory oil. (FI Tyutchev, 1850) 1-3. Let's single out in the wording of the task the words "differ", "the authors' representations". Let us recall literary concepts. "Representations of the Authors" - the author's position: what is the purpose of the poet and poetry. The author's position is the author's attitude to a particular topic or a particular problem of the text, the author's proposed solution to a particular problem. The author's position on the main topic and the main problem of the text usually represents the main idea of ​​the text, its main conclusion and coincides with the idea of ​​the text. To understand the idea of ​​a poem, it is necessary to analyze its figurative structure, composition, expressive means, etc. Artistic image- any phenomenon creatively recreated by the author in a work of art. It is the result of the artist's understanding of a phenomenon, a process. 4. The grounds for comparison are named in the wording of the assignment: on the appointment of the poet and poetry.

Key words Lermontov Poet is compared to a dagger isn't it you, poet, You have lost your purpose The purpose of a poet: ... the measured sound of your mighty words Ignited a fighter for battle; ... the echo of noble thoughts, Sounded like a bell on a veche tower, During the days of celebrations and people's troubles; ... the power to which the light Hearkened in mute reverence. Key words Tyutchev Heavenly is opposed to Earthly. On the ground - thunder, seething passions, fiery discord, rioting Sea. She flies from Heaven to us - Heavenly; With azure clarity in sight; Pours conciliatory oil.

Let's compose a coherent answer. 1st paragraph - states general theme... 2nd paragraph - Lermontov's presentation. 3rd paragraph - Tyutchev's presentation. 4th paragraph - conclusion. Rate the essay. The ideas of Lermontov and Tyutchev about the purpose of the poet and poetry are completely different. Lermontov's poem "The Poet" is built on the comparison of poetry with a dagger: like a military weapon that has turned into an "inglorious and harmless toy," poetry has lost its social purpose. The poet is a "ridiculed prophet" who exchanged power over the crowd for gold. Denouncing the poet of the "pampered age", Lermontov calls on the poet to become, as before, the spokesman for the people's thoughts, when his "mighty words", "simple and proud language" "ignited a fighter for battle" and were like a bell "on the tower of the veche on the days of celebrations and the poor of the people. " Tyutchev has a completely different idea of ​​the role of poetry and the place of the poet in society. F. Tyutchev's poem "Poetry" is built on the contrast between the earthly and the heavenly. The earthly picture is created by the images of a thunderstorm ("seething passions", "fiery discord") and a "rebellious sea", symbolizing the life of mankind. Poetry, according to Tyutchev, has a divine origin: “Heavenly flies down to us from heaven”, it brings “azure clarity” to the human world of passions, “pours conciliatory oil”. Thus, Lermontov affirms the high ideal of civic poetry, and Tyutchev believes that the role of poetry is to give harmony and peace to humanity.

"Poets death". The poet is dead! - a slave of honor - Fallen, slandered by rumor, With lead in his chest and a thirst for revenge, Dropping his proud head! .. The poet's soul could not bear Shame of petty insults, He rose up against the opinions of the world Alone, as before ... and was killed! Killed! The fate has come true! Didn't you at first so viciously persecute His free, courageous gift And fanned a slightly hidden fire for fun? Well? have fun ... '' he could not bear the torment of the Last: Faded like a torch, a marvelous genius, A solemn wreath withered. His killer in cold blood Directed a blow ... there is no salvation: An empty heart beats evenly. The pistol did not flinch in his hand. And what a miracle?., From afar, Similar to hundreds of fugitives, To catch happiness and ranks Thrown to us by the will of fate; Laughing, he impudently despised the Earth's foreign language and manners; He could not spare our glory; Could not understand at this bloody moment, To what he raised his hand! .. And he was killed - and taken by the grave, Struck down, like him, by a ruthless hand. Why, from peaceful neglect and simple-hearted friendship, He entered this light, envious and stifling For a heart of free and fiery passions? Why did he give his hand to the insignificant slanderers, Why did he believe the words and false caresses, He, from a young age, comprehended people? .. And having removed the previous wreath, they put a crown of thorns, entwined with laurels, on him: But secret needles harshly wound a glorious brow; His last moments are poisoned By the insidious whisper of mocking ignoramuses, And he died - with a vain thirst for revenge, With the vexation of the secret of deceived hopes. The sounds of wonderful songs fell silent, Do not be heard again: The singer's shelter is gloomy and cramped, And on his lips there is a seal. And you, the haughty descendants of the famous villainy of the glorified fathers, Fifth slavishly trampled the wreckage by the Game of happiness of offended families! You, a greedy crowd standing at the throne, Freedom, Genius and Glory executioners! You are hiding under the shade of the law, Before you is the judgment and the truth - keep quiet! .. But there is also God's judgment, confidants of debauchery! There is a formidable judgment: it is waiting; He is not available to the ringing of gold, And he knows thoughts and deeds in advance. Then in vain will you resort to backbiting! It will not help you again, And you will not wash away the righteous blood with all your black blood of the Poet!

The main themes here are the conflict between the poet and the crowd, the divine gift and doom to perish. The next part of the poem (23 lines) is an elegy. The second part is filled with antitheses illustrating the impossibility of understanding between the poet and the “light”, the crowd. The last sixteen lines, written, as contemporaries recall, a little later, are associated with the problems raised in Pushkin's "My Genealogy". The words "Freedom, Genius and Glory" used with a capital letter bring the poem closer to the tradition of Pushkin's "Liberty" and "Village", with the Decembrist poetry. It is also important to note the theme of a fair trial, connected in Lermontov's view with the future: “God's”, “formidable”, incorruptible court that cannot be deceived.

JANUARY 29th, 1837 From whose hand the deadly lead has torn the poet's heart? Who destroyed this divine phial like a meager vessel? Whether he is right or guilty Before our earthly righteousness, Forever he is branded with the highest hand In the "regicide". But you, into the timeless darkness Suddenly absorbed from the light, Peace, peace to you, oh shadow of the poet, Peace be to your dust! .. In spite of human fiction Great and holy was your lot! .. You were a living organ of the gods, But with blood in your veins ... sultry blood. And with this noble blood You quenched your thirst for honor - And the overshadowed one slept with the Banner of the people's sorrow. Let him judge your enmity, Who hears the shed blood ... Well, the heart will not forget you, as the first love, Russia! .. (FI Tyutchev, 1837) 3. Compare the poems of M.Yu. Lermontov's "Death of a Poet" and F.I. Tyutchev "January 29, 1837", dedicated to the death of A.S. Pushkin. What is the difference between the two poets' understanding of the essence of the tragedy that happened? The two poets' understanding of one event is completely different. Lermontov found those responsible for the death of Pushkin, and this list does not end with Dantes. Lermontov blamed society, the authorities, while Tyutchev, on the contrary, blamed Dantes and paid tribute to Pushkin, but he does not blame society.

Benchmarking examples. Compare the poem of M. Yu. Lermontov with the above poem by A. K. Tolstoy. What motives bring these poems together? No, I do not love you so ardently, Not for me your beauty shine: I love in you the past suffering And my lost youth. When sometimes I look at you, Into your eyes, penetrating with a long gaze: Mysterious I'm busy talking, But I'm not talking to you with my heart. I'm talking to a friend young days In your features I am looking for other features, In the lips of the living, lips have long been dumb, In the eyes, the fire of extinguished eyes. M. Yu. Lermontov. 1841 With a gun on my shoulders, alone, in the moonlight, I am riding across the field on a good horse. I have thrown the reins, I am thinking about her, Go, my horse, more merrily on the grass! I think so quietly, so sweetly, but now an unknown companion sticks to me, He is dressed, like me, on the same horse, The gun shines behind his shoulders in the moonlight. "You, satellite, tell me, tell me who you are? Your features seem to be familiar to me. Tell me, what brought you to this hour? Why are you laughing so bitterly and evil?" - "I laugh, comrade, at your dreams, I laugh that you are ruining the future; Do you think that you really love her? Why do you really love her yourself? It's funny to me, it's funny that, loving her so passionately, you don't love her, but You love yourself. Come to your senses! Your impulses are not the same, It is no longer a secret for you, You accidentally came together in the bustle of the world, you will disperse with it by chance. I laugh bitterly, I laugh evil That you sigh so hard. " Everything is quiet, enveloped in silence and sleep, My comrade disappeared in the night fog, In heavy meditation, alone, by the moon, I am riding a good horse across the field ... A. K. Tolstoy. 1851

Lermontov. "No, I do not love you so ardently ..." The most important motives: inner freedom; the transience of love; knightly service and devaluation of his betrayal; romantic pride - inner strength in the struggle with oneself; the inevitability of recollection (“we know each other too much to forget each other” is a formula that appears more than once in Lermontov's lyrics); the desire to forget, to get away from mental pain by means of "pleasure" and deception - embodied more in prosaic than in lyric works of Lermontov. The theme of "angelic", sublime, ideal love, which the hero of this poem expected and did not find, is also indicative. The poem is written in the genre of a message, which immediately refers us to the Pushkin tradition. But unlike poems that sing about love and talk about it as a feeling that gives creative strength, "I will not humiliate myself before you ..." speaks of love as a feeling that is impossible for the hero, and therefore not only does not give him the joy of being , creative forces, but also depriving them. The hero is lonely and even embittered. None of the poets before Lermontov would dare to use oratorical intonations and oratorical pathos in a message to a woman they once loved. Meanwhile, Lermontov saturates his monologue with emotions to the utmost: the text contains both reproachful, bitter exclamations, and angry, furious questions. The lyrical hero of intimate lyrics, who has not found salvation in the world of poetry, in poetry, is unhappy in love. She brings him only grief and suffering, just like the hated secular society, the world-masquerade. The tragedy of the perception of the world is intensified by the fact that socio-philosophical generalizations about a person's place in the world, about his right to happiness, about his romantic dream associated with the search for universal harmony of being and the human personality penetrate into intimate lyrics that speak of purely personal feelings.

Rate the essay. The poems of M. Yu. Lermontov and A. K. Tolstoy are similar in motives and images. So, for example, in both poems there is a motive of lost love. In Lermontov it is expressed in the words: “No, I do not love you so ardently, Your glitter is not for me. I love in you the past suffering and my lost youth ... ". In Tolstoy it sounds like this: “You don’t love her, but you love yourself.” And also in both poems there is a motive of inner duality. The lyrical heroes are brought together in these two motives. These are disappointed egoists who could not keep a bright feeling. K 1 - K 2 - K 3 - MOTIVE - a stable semantic element of a literary text, repeated in folklore and literary and artistic works.Often the motive contains distinct elements of symbolization (the road at N.V. Gogol, garden at A.P. Chekhov, blizzard at A. S. Pushkin and Russian Symbolists, a card game in Russian literature of the 19th century) The term "motive" is also used in a different sense: themes and problems of the writer's work are often called motives (for example, the moral revival of man; illogism of human existence).

Compare the poem of M. Yu. Lermontov with the above poem by A. K. Tolstoy. What motives bring these poems together? No, I do not love you so ardently, Not for me your beauty shine: I love in you the past suffering And my lost youth. When sometimes I look at you, Into your eyes, penetrating with a long gaze: Mysterious I'm busy talking, But I'm not talking to you with my heart. I speak with a friend of young days, In your features I am looking for other features, In the lips of the living, lips have long been dumb, In the eyes, the fire of extinguished eyes. M. Yu. Lermontov. 1841 Rate the essay. The poems of M. Yu. Lermontov and A. K. Tolstoy are similar in motives and images. So, for example, in both poems there is a motive of lost love. In Lermontov it is expressed in the words: “No, I do not love you so ardently, Your glitter is not for me. I love in you the past suffering and my lost youth ... ". In Tolstoy it sounds like this: “You don’t love her, but you love yourself.” And also in both poems there is a motive of inner duality. The lyrical heroes are brought together in these two motives. These are disappointed egoists who could not keep a bright feeling. , alone, by the moon, I am riding a good horse across the field. I threw the reins, I think about her, Go, my horse, it is more cheerful on the grass! I think so quietly, so sweetly, but now an unknown companion sticks to me, Dressed he, like me, on the same horse, The gun shines behind his shoulders in the moonlight. "You, satellite, tell me, tell me, who are you? Your features seem to be familiar to me. Tell me, what brought you to this hour? Why are you laughing so bitterly and evil? "-" I laugh, comrade, at your dreams, I laugh that you are ruining the future; Do you think that you really love her? That you really love her yourself? It's funny to me, it's funny that, loving so ardently, You don't love Her, but love yourself. Come to your senses! Your impulses are not the same, It is not a secret for you, Accidentally you got along in the bustle of the world, You will disperse with it by accident. I laugh bitterly, I laugh evil To the fact that you sigh so hard. "Everything is quiet, enveloped in silence and sleep, My comrade disappeared in the night fog, In heavy meditation, alone, by the moon, I am riding across the field on a good horse ... A. K. Tolstoy. 1851.

"Cliff". A golden cloud spent the night On the chest of a giant cliff; In the morning on the road, she rushed off early, Playing merrily across the azure; But there was a wet trail in the crease of the Old Cliff. Alone He stands, thought deeply And he cries quietly in the desert. In Lermontov's lyrics, love is a high, light, poetic feeling, but always undivided or lost. In the poem "Cliff" the poet talks about the fragility human relations... The cliff suffers from loneliness, which is why it is so dear to him to visit the cloud that rushed away in the morning. The image of a cloud - "golden", "rushed away", "playing merrily over the azure" is contrasted with the cliff: he is "giant", but "a wet trace in the wrinkle", "thought deeply" and "he cries in the desert." This opposition is called antithesis.

We parted, but I keep your portrait on my chest: Like a pale ghost of better years, He pleases my soul. And, devoted to new passions, I could not stop loving him: So the temple left - the whole temple, the defeated idol - everything is God! 1837 1.2.3. What other poems about the confrontation between the hero and the world, about loneliness do you know and how do they resonate with the poem of M. Lermontov? Other poems by Lermontov himself are suitable for comparison ("Cliff", "In the wild north it is lonely ...", "Leaf", "No, I am not Byron ..." like “To the Poet” or “From Pindemonti.” I don’t want the world to recognize My mysterious story: How I loved, for what I suffered, - Only God and conscience are the judge! .. Their heart will give an account of their feelings, They will ask for regret ; And let the One who invented my torment punish me. The reproach of the ignorant, the reproach of the people of the High Soul does not grieve, - Let the wave of the seas rustle, The granite cliff will not tumble down; His brow is between the clouds, He is a gloomy lodger of two elements, And, except for the storm and thunder , He will not entrust his thoughts to anyone ... 1837 1.2.1. Why this poem can be called romantic? There are many signs of romanticism in this poem. For example, the opposition of a lonely, misunderstood hero to the world, the presence of "double world" dolny - and the world of "storms and thunders.") The hero of the poem wants to hide his secret from everyone; o suffered and felt in the past. Now his lot is torment, gloom; he must endure and be silent. But his soul is “high”. The inability to get off the ground and, at the same time, the inability not to strive for the sky, "torn apart" between the two elements is also an important sign of a romantic hero. The images used in the poem (for example, natural ones) and the style itself are romantically sublime.

Prayer In a difficult moment of life Is sadness cramped in my heart: I repeat one wonderful prayer by heart. There is a grace-filled power In the consonance of the words of the living, And an incomprehensible, Holy delight breathes in them. From the soul as a burden rolls down, Doubt is far away - And it is believed, and weeps, And so easily, easily ... 1839 1.2.1. Why, from your point of view, does the poem end with an ellipsis? 1.2.2. What poems by Lermontov would you call contrasting in relation to this poem? This is a rather rare case for the author of a "light", harmonious poem. Only “a minute” is called “difficult”, “doubt is far away,” the soul in prayer is freed from the burden. It is not for nothing that the prayer is called “wonderful”: this liberation of a person happens as if by itself (it is believed, weeps, it is easy, easy - impersonal sentences). The words of the prayer act as if apart from their meaning - by their consonance, by the life contained in this consonance, incomprehensible, holy delight. However, the ellipsis (and the repetition of words at the end of the last line) can be interpreted as the emerging intonation of uncertainty: the hero feels that liberation has come for a short time, that sadness will return - and he wants to prolong the prayer in order to postpone this minute (because he experiences such a state of lightness only in prayer). In contrast to this poem, many of Lermontov's program poems may look, in which the motives of struggle or doubt, disappointment are strong.

When the yellowing cornfield is agitated When the yellowing cornfield is agitated And the fresh forest rustles at the sound of the breeze, And a crimson plum hides in the garden Under the shade of a sweet green leaf; When the dew is sprinkled with fragrant, On a rosy evening or in the morning at golden hour, From under a bush, a silvery lily of the valley nods its head; When the icy key plays along the ravine And, plunging the thought into some kind of vague dream, He whispers to me a mysterious saga About the peaceful land from which he rushes, - Then my soul is humbled by anxiety, Then the wrinkles on my brow disperse, - And I can comprehend happiness on earth And in heaven I see God ... How landscape sketches are related to main thought poems? What kind artistic means used by M.Yu. Lermontov to create images of wildlife? This poem bewitches with its rhythm, which is set in the first three stanzas by the repetition of the word "when", and in the fourth by the word "then". The first three quatrains are the conditions necessary for a lyrical hero in order to comprehend happiness on earth, and happiness for him is to see God in heaven, that is, to receive the blessing of the Creator. But what are these conditions? The poet enumerates them, giving these enumerations a poetic formula. To create it, the poet uses very beautiful epithets, the magic of which bewitches: “fresh forest,“ sweet shadow ”,“ fragrant dew ”,“ rosy evening ”,“ golden hour ”,“ silver lily of the valley ”,“ icy key ”,“ mysterious sagu "," peaceful land "," vague dream ". The harmony created by poetic means, hidden in nature, seen by him, felt, - these are the conditions for life on Earth.

Compare the poem by M.Yu. Lermontov "When the yellowing cornfield is worried ..." with the poem given below by I.A. Bunin "And flowers, and bumblebees, and grass, and ears ...". What ideas and images do these poems bring together? *** And flowers, and bumblebees, and grass, and ears, And azure, and midday heat ... The time will come - the Lord of the prodigal son will ask: "Have you been happy in earthly life?" And I will forget everything - I will only remember these Field paths between ears and grasses - And I will not have time to answer from sweet tears, I crouched to the merciful knees. (I.A.Bunin, July 14, 1918)

“I am lonely - there is no consolation ...” (The motive of loneliness in the lyrics of Lermontov) “Loneliness” is a familiar state of a romantic lyric hero. “Initiated” into the secrets of the ideal world, misunderstood by the crowd, exiled or wandering, seeking and thirsting for freedom, he usually appears before the reader alone. This is one of the most stable and constant motives of Lermontov's work, reflected in most of his works. 1. Comparison of the poems "The Prisoner" by Pushkin and Lermontov: the motive of the joylessness of loneliness, the hopelessness of striving for freedom in the latter. “A damp dungeon” (almost a folklore image) and a lattice are opposed by Pushkin to the image of the free world (with all the attributes of freedom - “mountains”, “sea”, “wind”), the embodiment of which is an eagle - a bird with the instinct of freedom. Some doubt in the realization of the hope is caused only by the fact that the eagle, like the lyrical hero, is “tied” to the prison - “fed” in it. However, the openness of the ending of the poem allows for ambiguity of interpretation. Lermontov's world of freedom (whose symbols retain some features of "earthly" happiness and pleasure), filled with colors, light ("radiance" of the day, "black-eyed" girl, "black-maned" horse, "magnificent" tower, "green" field), movement, is replaced by a picture of the prison world, where the light is dim, “dying”, the sentry is “unanswered” and his steps fill the world with a monotonous sound. 2. The motive of loneliness in Lermontov becomes central and all-embracing, acquires not only a biographical, psychological, but also a philosophical meaning: it is a fruitless search for the purpose and meaning of being. If in youthful lyrics loneliness is both a source of suffering and an object of aspirations, emphasizing the chosenness, then in later poems loneliness no longer promises any satisfaction for the lyric hero, it “appears as a natural inevitable general result of being” The poem “And boring and sad ... ”, where there is no feeling of lofty, solemn tragedy, rather fatigue and despair. This poem, built on an antithesis, reflects a look at the most important worldview concepts: desire, love, passion are fleeting and pitiful against the background of eternity, reason is the “burden of knowledge and doubt” of the entire generation (“Duma”). The lyrical hero is cut off from the space of “peace and joy” associated with faith (“The Branch of Palestine”), in most cases his desire to find harmony with nature is not embodied (the only exception is the poem “The Prophet”, where nature, embodying the divine will, nevertheless, he cannot become the only possible world for the lyric hero, for by the will of God he must fulfill the prophetic mission precisely in human society). Loneliness in "I go out alone on the road ..." takes on a universal scale.

In 2018, the Ministry of Education is not planning radical changes in the structure of testing in literature for ninth-graders.

The school administration can leave the student for the second year if he refused to pass the final state certification. Without passing the test, a certificate for grade 9 will not be issued. Also, ninth graders will receive three attempts to pass the exams.

GIA for Literature 2018 one of those items school curriculum, which is not very popular among schoolchildren. Literature is not a compulsory subject for the exam, but students may well choose a discipline as an additional exam.

The examination results are not included in the certificate for the nine-year education.

The test procedure will change quite seriously. Now all schoolchildren will have to take exams after nine grades. Also, it will be allowed to choose for the examination any disciplines from the list approved by the Ministry of Education. It is noteworthy that life safety and physical education will be included in this list.

Next year, it is planned to leave the Russian language and mathematics as compulsory exams, and the student himself must decide on the subjects of the remaining tests. Those students who became winners in the Olympiads or took a prize place are exempted from the GIA in this discipline.

In addition, amendments will be made regarding obtaining a certificate. If earlier the document was issued to schoolchildren only upon successful passing of all state exams, now it will be enough to pass the compulsory subjects to the mark “satisfactory”.

The system for evaluating work performed will also change significantly. For this, a new federal scale of points will be developed, which will be unified.

The structure of the tasks of the GIA 2018 for literature

GIA for literature occupies a special place among the examinations in other disciplines. The peculiarity is that KIMs on the subject contain only four questions, which are divided into two parts.

The main group of tasks consists of 3 questions, and the answers to them include the analysis of a poem or a passage of your choice.

The second group is represented by one question, in which it is necessary to write an essay in volume at least two hundred words on one of the four topics provided. Topics are selected based on the school curriculum.

Composition GIA 2018

The last KIM's literature assignment requires writing an essay. It is extremely important to cope with the task, since it is for it that the maximum number of points is awarded.

To write an essay the way you need it, it's worth getting to know typical mistakes that students admit.

First of all, you should avoid retelling and presenting unnecessary information. The text should be clearly structured and the arguments presented to support the point of view should be reasoned. The student should adhere to the following essay plan:

• introduction - formulation of the problem;
• the main part - argumentation of their point of view regarding the problem of writing;
• conclusion - a short conclusion from the text.

Categories of applicants for GIA in literature

Next year, all schoolchildren will be required to take the state exam after the ninth grade. With regard to literature, this discipline will remain solely for the students to choose.

At the disposal of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation, categories of adolescents are determined who can register for the state exam. These may be students who have not achieved a passing grade in past years. Also, those students who have marks not lower than "satisfactory" in all disciplines have the right to apply.

According to the order, those students who have a mark "unsatisfactory" in one subject of the school curriculum are admitted to the examination, but this subject is included in the list of state exams to be taken.

At the moment, the schedule for the examination has not yet been approved. We follow the latest news.

How to become a member of the GIA 2018

In order to become a participant in the final test, a student must register. To do this, a teenager must personally fill out and personally submit an application in a unified form to the commission at the place of his study.

The application is submitted in writing and it contains all the data of the student and the list of subjects that will be taken. The document must be submitted and registered until February 1.

In the event that there are reasons why the student is not able to take any subject, then he has the right to submit an additional document indicating these reasons, as well as attach to the application the relevant medical certificates or other official acts justifying the re-application.

Such an application must be submitted no later than per month before the state examination.

Early submission of the GIA for literature in 2018

Several years ago, only those students who had good reason... These schoolchildren included: adolescents who participated in sports at the federal level; children who have had serious illnesses and are being treated; students who went to study abroad.

This option for passing the test made it possible to pass all the exam on time and get free time in the future, in order to pay more attention to admission to further education (if such is included in the plans).

The disadvantage is also quite significant. An early examination can negatively affect the results of the GIA in literature. This is due to the fact that schoolchildren will have to combine schooling with preparation for the exam, which will become an additional burden on the child's body.

GIA Literature Demo 2018

Enough good stuff to prepare for the exam, it is considered demo version of GIA for literature 2018 FIPI. This manual represents the tasks that were presented at the state examination of the past time periods. It is worth noting that the assignments do not fully coincide with the exam assignments. As a rule, the demo version includes options for questions that contain data similar to those that will be on state certification.

In order for this manual to make it possible to carry out high-quality training, the codifiers of the KIMs of the official tasks of the state examination were taken as the basis for the demonstration options.

On our website you can download the latest demos to prepare for the literature exam.

Additional information about GIA 2018

As with all disciplines, you must take your passport, pen, registration form and answer form for literature. If necessary, it is allowed to bring medicines and food with you. All other personal items, for example, cell phones, are left in a place specially designated for this purpose.

Also, it is not allowed to use various reference books, except for the permitted ones.

On literature, the student has the right to use the full texts works of art and collections of poetry. List of works approved in accordance with the course of the school curriculum.

In order for the results of the literature exam to be counted, the student must type not less than 7 points, which equates to a triple. For a score of "5" you should get at least 23 points.

The student has the right to appeal against the results of the GIA. This is possible in two cases. First of all, a student has such a right when he does not agree with the results of the examination. For this, in four days, the student must write an appeal and apply to the conflict commission with a request to re-check his work.

In the second case, the student has the right to appeal if the organizers violated the examination procedure itself and the student did not get the opportunity to fully pass the exam. In this case, the complaint is filed after the fact, namely, without leaving the audience.

The conflict commission may refuse to appeal on the grounds that the student himself was a participant in violations in the exam or the complaint contains claims regarding the form and content of the tasks.

How to prepare for GIA 2018 by literature

Preparation for the GIA on literature 2018 requires not only the application of certain efforts, but also drawing up a plan. It is these factors that determine how successfully the state exam will be passed. It is extremely important to decide on what materials will be used in the preparation. Here, specially designed manuals such as the demo version of the GIA or online tests GIA for literature. Also, you can take into account the following list of references:

1. Preparation for the OGE in 2016. Literature. Diagnostic work... FSES, 2016 Novikova L.V. - the manual is compiled in order to help the student develop practical skills when working with exam questions.
2. OGE 2016. Literature. Typical test tasks, 2016 Kuzanova O.A. - the brochure includes 12 tasks with answers necessary to prepare for the GIA in literature.
3. OGE 2015. Literature, 2016 Erokhina E.L. - a set of standard tasks for literature.
4. OGE-2016. Literature. 20 variants examination papers to prepare for the main state exam in the 9th grade, 2015 - Zinina E.A., Fedorov A.V. - a manual for preparing for the GIA, contains 20 tasks in literature.

All of these manuals and brochures can be purchased at any specialized store or download the book on the official website.

Also, a demo version of the GIA for literature can be downloaded on the official website of FIPI in Open bank assignments. This bank contains all the tasks for the GIA for previous years, and any schoolchild can download all the necessary materials there.

It is imperative to prepare for the exam psychologically. Undoubtedly, for any teenager, passing exams is a serious stress. To avoid difficulties during the exam, the student is required to tune his brain to a positive outcome of the test and to believe in himself.

Parents will need maximum support, creating the necessary conditions for preparing, and monitoring their child's sleep and nutrition.

Statistics for passing the GIA on literature over the past years

Statistical data for past years show that about a quarter of students were able to write works at the maximum mark, and about 36% ... About 8% schoolchildren could not get a passing grade.

Exam Schedule