Trap problems on the exam in mathematics. Four "traps" on the exam in the Russian language Kapkany exam and oge

It is believed that with the test part of the exam you can do it successfully if you remember basic rules and regularly perform typical tasks. Indeed, many skills are easily brought to automatism. However, it is still not worth completing test tasks “on the machine”: you can fall into a “trap” and lose precious points. Conclusion: with every single one test tasks need to work consciously... “Automatism” will not help here, and “coaching” is useless.

Let's dwell on the most common "traps" and try not to fall into them. In the end, forewarned is forearmed.

Checked unstressed vowels at the root.

In order not to be mistaken in their spelling, it is necessary to choose a test word (the same root word and the form of the word) so that the stress begins to fall: tr ... va - trAvy - tr a wa... This rule is familiar even to first graders. But still…

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"Trap" 1.

Verbs with suffixes -ИВА-, -ИВА- cannot be test words!

Try to find a test word for a word oops ... post... Alas, for some of us, insidious intuition will tell the forms of the verb op A goodbye, oops A is waiting etc. However, related words will be the test. NS O last, NS O good- which means, at the root of the word op O to build written O.

Why can't the word be late be a test, while other similar verbs are successfully used for this purpose? Let's remember: pre ... dit - pre O dit, p ... sat - p AND Shet.

Attention, correct answer: word be late the suffix -YVA- prevents you from being a verification one. The fact is that when the forms of verbs with the suffixes -YVA- AND -IVA- are formed, O and A alternate in the root. Therefore, it is not worth checking vowels in roots with such verbs.

So, remember: verb with the suffix -YVA- or -IVA- cannot be a test word!

Op O post: check word - NS O last(but not op a bld yva be),

cutting O read: test word cr O th(but not cutting a willow be),

crust O yat: check word crust O th(but not crust a willow be).

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"Trap" 2.

When choosing a test word, consider the meaning!

Words can sound exactly the same, but they can be spelled differently. It all depends on the meaning.

Compare: cn ... sew (text from the board) and cn ... sew (for a lesson)... In both words, the same vowel sound is heard at the place of the gap - the middle between [and] and [e]. However, we select different test words and insert different letters in place of the blanks: cn and sew in the first case and cn e sew- in the second.

In USE tests, such words are written with a mark in parentheses. For example, is developing (in the wind) or is developing (child) ... Do not neglect such markings. They mean that a word can be spelled differently depending on its meaning. Of course, you have already picked up the test words and you know that in the first case you need to insert a letter e (the test word is v e yat), and in the second - and (the test word is raz and tie).

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Unchecked unstressed vowels at the root.

It would seem, what "traps" can there be in words with unverifiable vowels? Teach them, try to remember as much as possible and as best as possible - and you will be happy. But it was not there! There are plenty of "traps" here too.

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"Trap" 3.

Do not check the spelling of vowels with words that do not exist!

One of the most common mistakes is that unverifiable vowels are often confused with checked ones and even try to match test words to them.

You cannot check the emphasis on the highlighted vowels in words: ign O bed, extra e small, morning a mbat, nav a waiting. These are words with unverifiable vowels!

Vowel O in the word ign O stage cannot be verified with a word ignore if only for the reason that the word ignore is jargon and is not yet in the literary language.

Letter e in the word extra e minor cannot be verified with a word extra and m... These words came to our language in different ways. It just so happens that the noun extreme borrowed from of English language quite recently, much later than the word extra e minor(from French extreme).

Word mornings a mbat has nothing to do with tr O mbom... This means that it is not worth checking it with this word. Word tamp came to our language at the beginning of the 19th century from Polish, where tr a mbować means Trample, and in Russian it is unverifiable.

Word nav a waiting has nothing to do with v O waiting, therefore the vowels in the roots of these words are written differently - a and O respectively. Moreover, the vowel at the root of the word nav a waiting unverifiable, but in a word v O waiting- checked (check word - drives). Word obsession came into Russian from Old Church Slavonic - from nav a diti, that is "Cheat".

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Alternating unstressed vowels at the root.

Each alternating root has a strictly assigned meaning - try not to forget about this when repeating the rules.

"Trap" 4.

Roots can be homonymous!

What means homonymous roots? Just like homonymous words, these roots sound and even spelled the same, but they have completely different meanings.

Root gar // gor associated with burning, burning, burning: G O roar, sr O host, welcome O roar, zag a R etc. Root mountains is also present in words with a different meaning, but it is no longer alternating in them. In the word G O gray unstressed O at the root of the testable (the test word is G O ry); in the word G O bellow- about in the root is also checked - by word G O re.

Alternating root meaning grow // grow // grow – "What is associated with growth, vegetation": R a steenia, adult a schenny, vodor O if... In the word R O sa root vowel testable ( R O sy).

Alternating root ter // shooting associated with friction, abrasion: you are t e p, zat and host. Vowel e at the root of the word sweat e pry verifiable (sweat e rya).

Alternating root kas // kos means "touch, touch": touch, touch. Vowel O in the word To O sa (in any meaning) verifiable (To O sy)... Checked by stress and O at the root of the word To O soi (to O co).

Very often schoolchildren confuse an alternating root with homonymous roots world // mer that matters "Dying, fading"... Do not forget that the vowels in the roots of words are testable, not alternating vowels:

approx and fierce (enemies)- check with a word peace,

approx e ryat (costume)- check with a word fitting,

cm and rush- check with a word cm and ny.

Of course, these are not all "traps" that the compilers of the USE tests place for you. "The exam is like a minefield," admitted one of the graduates ... Perhaps he is right. But neither "mines" nor "traps" are terrible for those who are conscientiously preparing for the exam.

Check how well you are ready for assignment 8 on the Unified State Exam in Russian:

Hello dear graduates! Sad fact - all problems with a short answer on the exam itself ( profile level) is unmistakably solved by only a small part of the examiners, namely about 25 percent of schoolchildren. Unfortunately, for some reason, it was not possible to find statistics for Russia, maybe you have accurate data or an official analysis, you can write in the comments.

But the fact remains, and yet unpleasant. Yes! Sometimes, immediately after the exam, an insight comes - the same mistakes are recognized and you want to hit the tree next to it with indignation, but what's the point. Precious points have already been lost to no talent ...

Even trained guys make "funny" mistakes, or lose an unreasonable amount of time using a simple example. Why? As they say - there are reasons and nuances.

Let's analyze several "tricky" tasks. Of course, in fact, the task compilers did not plan any traps for you, they just call them that in everyday life.

This article focuses on some of them separately. They are simple, but for some reason the guys often make mistakes when making decisions. So!

26644. Income tax is 13% of wages. After withholding income tax, Maria Konstantinovna received 9,570 rubles. How many rubles is Maria Konstantinovna's salary?

Please note that 9,570 rubles is a salary after withholding 13%. So, dividing 9570 by 87, we find out how many rubles correspond to 1 percent, then it remains to multiply the result by 100, and we will determine the salary before deduction:

Many are accustomed to solving through proportioning.

The entire salary (and we do not know it) is NS rubles are taken as 100%. 9570 rubles is a salary after withholding and it corresponds to 87 percent. Proportion:

9570 rubles - 87%

NS rubles - 100%

We calculate:

Answer: 11000

* What is the mistake and why?

Many are very accustomed to the type of tasks where the value given in the condition is exactly the one that needs to be taken as 100 percent. And they begin to "invent" such proportions as:

9570 rubles - 100%

NS rubles - 87%

As a result, a value less than 9570 is obtained and recorded as a response. Just estimate initially - if it is said that this is a salary after withholding, then it is clear that in the end we should get a number greater than 9750.

77349. In September, 1 kg of grapes cost 60 rubles, in October the price for grapes increased by 25%, and in November by another 20%. How many rubles did 1 kg of grapes cost after the rise in price in November?

25 percent of 60 is:

So in October, grapes began to cost 60 + 15 = 75 rubles.

20 percent of 75 is:

So in November it began to cost 75 + 15 = 90 rubles.

* Can be solved using the following form of entry (essence is the same):

Let's determine the price of a kilogram after the first rise in price:

We will determine the price after the second rise in price, and we will calculate it relative to the price of 75 rubles:

* What is the mistake?

After the first rise in price, it is believed that the second rise in price occurs relative to the initial price of 60 rubles. And they get that the second time the price went up by

As a result, they get 75 + 12 = 87 rubles.

Guys, forget the starting price! That's it: the second rise in price is relative to 75 rubles. This seems to be understandable, but for some reason we are starting to freak out.

77368. Solve the equation

We use the formula for the square of the sum (difference) of two numbers (expressions):

We calculate:

Examination:

Answer: -1.5

*What to say?…

After the example has appeared in front of my eyes, I just want to equate the expressions under the signs of the squares (and some do it):

What do we get? No solution! How not? This does not happen ... And we begin to think - how can this be? Maybe the authors of the assignments were wrong? And then the panic begins.

If you see that you have squares of expressions, then immediately apply the abbreviated multiplication formulas.

By the way, such a mistake is fraught. For example, you will have a task:

Solve (2x + 5) 2 = (6x + 1) 2. If your equation has more than one root, indicate the smaller one in your answer.

If you equate the expressions under the roots and get 1. And the correct answer is a completely different number.

** There is another solution. You can move the expression on the right to the left and use the difference of squares formula:

77382. Solve the equation log x – 5 49 = 2. If your equation has more than one root, indicate the smaller one in your answer.

Everything seems to be simple. By the property of the logarithm:

We solve the quadratic equation:

* It was possible to immediately determine that the expression under the square sign is 7 or –7, since only these two numbers, when squared, give 49 and it could be solved like this:

roots are 12 and –2.

Important! Note that at x = –2, the base of the logarithm is negative (it is known that its base must be positive). If you just choose a smaller root without checking it against the condition of determining the logarithm, then write down the answer incorrect. The solution is root 12.

* What is the mistake? Roots are not checked for compliance with the logarithm condition. We got two roots and chose the smaller one, and the error turned out.

27437. In the parallelogram ABCD sin A = (√21) / 5. Find cos B.

It is known that the sines of adjacent angles are equal. This means that the sines of any two adjacent angles of a parallelogram are equal, that is:

Now from the main trigonometric identity it remains to find cos B. From sin 2 B+ cos 2 B=1 follows that

* We put a "-" sign in front of the root. Why?

It can be seen from the figure that the angle B is obtuse (it is more than 90 degrees). And the cosine of an angle from 90 to 180 degrees is negative (see trigonometric circle).

* What is the mistake?

The minus sign is omitted before the root, and you get positive number... This is due to the fact that the basic trigonometric identity is often used when solving a right-angled triangle and we get so used to it that we have a plus in front of the root, which apparently somehow gets imprinted in the mind.

** It is clear in right triangle the angles are acute, therefore the values ​​of the trigonometric functions of the angles are positive. But you remember! When expressing the number (expression) of the square under the sign of the square in front of the root there will always be "±" and as for the trigonometric identity, we get:

That is, immediately when reading the condition, look at which trigonometric function of which angle (acute or obtuse) you need to find.

If it is an obtuse angle, then the cosine, tangent and cotangent should turn out to be negative.

If it's an acute angle, then everything trigonometric functions must be positive.

* Another way of solving

Answer: -0.4

There are no tricks in the next task, but it raises questions. Do not panic! Remember that almost everything logarithmic equations are solved through the application of the basic properties of the logarithm.

315121. Find the root of the equation

Tell me, which of you is familiar with the property:

If familiar, then great! You can use it boldly:

* Just do not forget that the expression under the logarithm sign is greater than zero, that is, check the root.

But what if you do not know this property? We solve in steps using the "usual" properties (they should be familiar to you):

Let's check the expression under the logarithm sign:

There are also a number of tasks without any "tricks" there. And the likelihood that you will get them on the exam is small, but it is. These formulas are rarely used in the school course, so keep them in mind.

27923. The sides of an isosceles triangle are 40, the base is 48. Find the radius of the circumscribed circle of this triangle.

But you need to remember the formulas below!

1. Area of ​​a triangle (Heron's formula):

2. Formula for the radius of the circumscribed circle:

3. Formula for the radius of the inscribed circle:

These tasks are included in the book "The most cunning USE objectives mathematics". There are collected more than 180 tasks, which should be given special attention. We recommend to study!

1. Where to start writing on the exam.

1) Do not sign the sheet in any way. Write strictly according to the proposed text, and for this you should read with a pen, delving into the content of the text, noting the problems raised by the author, pay attention to the full name of the author. author, brief. article about him.

2) Write strictly according to the plan, each paragraph from the paragraph, indent 2 cm.)

2. Introduction (2-4 sentences) is the topic of the text. Sample intros, such as about lonely old age

a) interrogative sentence: Why are there so many single elderly people nowadays? Who is to blame for this? What needs to be done to change this situation?

b) acceptance of default. Lonely old age ... How painful it is to watch ...

c) reception of gradation: Childhood. Youth. Old age.

d) quotation from the text, e) nominative sentence; f) rows of homogeneous members; g) proverbs and sayings. As you know ... As one of the greats said ...

h) rhetorical question

3. The wording of the problems raised in the text by the author.

In the text ... full name important ... (actual, topical) problems of our time (our time, our society) are raised. Problem ..., ..., ... Why? .. How to explain? .. Could it? .. The author asks these difficult (complicated) questions and tries to find an answer to them .To correctly identify the problem, you need to answer the question: What did the author of the text want to say. For example, if, after reading the text, we say that the author wanted to show how much, unselfishly parents love their children, then the problem is in the text: the power of parental love

4. Commentary on the problem. To comment is to pass the text through yourself. (What made the author think about it?)

In order for us to understand how important the issues raised in the text are, the author tells us about ... (which made the author think about ...)

Thanks to this, we see (understand) how important it was for the author to convey his thoughts to us.

5.Author's position - the author's attitude to the problem, the answer to the question of the topic, it is advisable to repeat the full name and surname. the author, you can use quotation (Talking about ..., the author draws our attention to ..., calls us to ..., makes us think about ... It is important for him ...)

6. Own position on the problem- you need to agree or disagree with the atator (The text (full name of the author) cannot leave anyone indifferent, and I fully share the position of the author. The author is certainly right, believing that ... because ... , At first,...

1. First, examine the criteria for judging a succinct presentation.

2. Secondly, remember that the volume of presentation should not be less than 70 words, and the number of micro themes should correspond to the number of paragraphs (there are always three of them).
3. Third, learn how to compress text.
-Exception: details, secondary facts, fragments with descriptions, repetitions, synonyms, clarifying constructions, etc. can be excluded.
-Generalization: when generalizing, should replace homogeneous members sentences with a general word, etc.
-Simplification: when simplifying, replace difficult sentence simple, combine several sentences, break a complex sentence into simple ones, replace direct speech with indirect speech.
In each paragraph, you should apply one or more methods of compressing the text.
4. Fourthly, read the 35th texts from the FIPI website. One of these texts will come across to you on the real OGE in 2018.

35 texts to write a concise summary.

# 1 About friendship

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Friendship always faces challenges. The main one today is a changed way of life, a change in the image and routine of life. With the acceleration of the pace of life, with the desire to quickly realize oneself, an understanding of the importance of time came. Previously, it was impossible to imagine, for example, that the hosts were burdened by guests. Now that time is the price of achieving your goal, relaxation and hospitality are no longer important. Frequent meetings and leisurely conversations are no longer indispensable companions of friendship. Due to the fact that we live in different rhythms, meetings of friends are becoming rare.

But here's the paradox: earlier the social circle was limited, today a person is oppressed by the redundancy of forced communication. This is especially noticeable in cities with a high population density. We strive to isolate ourselves, choose a secluded place in the subway, in a cafe, in the reading room of the library.

# 2 About friendship

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What is friendship? How do you become friends? You will meet friends most often among people with a common destiny, one profession, common thoughts. And yet, one cannot say with confidence that such a community determines friendship, because people of different professions can make friends.

Can two opposite characters be friends? Of course! Friendship is equality and similarity. But at the same time, friendship is inequality and dissimilarity. Friends always need each other, but friends do not always get equal benefits from friendship. One is friends and gives his experience, the other in friendship is enriched with experience. One, helping a weak, inexperienced, young friend, learns his strength, maturity. The other, weak, recognizes in a friend his ideal, strength, experience, maturity. So, one in friendship gives, the other rejoices in gifts. Friendship is based on similarities, but manifests itself in differences, contradictions, and dissimilarities.

A friend is the one who claims your rightness, talent, merit. A friend is the one who lovingly exposes you of your weaknesses, shortcomings and vices.

# 3 About friendship

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Friendship is not something external. Friendship lies deep in the heart. You cannot force yourself to be a friend to someone or force someone to be your friend.

A lot is needed for friendship, above all mutual respect. What does it mean to respect your friend? It means to reckon with his opinion and recognize him. positive features... Respect is shown in words and deeds. A respected friend feels valued as a person, respected for his dignity, and not only out of duty alone. In friendship, trust is important, that is, confidence in the sincerity of a friend, that he will not betray or deceive. Of course, a friend can make mistakes. But we are all imperfect. These are the two main and main conditions for friendship. In addition, common moral values ​​are important for friendship, for example. People who have different views of what is good and what is evil will find it difficult to be friends. The reason is simple: will we be able to show our friend deep respect and, possibly, trust if we see that he does things that are unacceptable, in our opinion, and considers it the norm. Strengthen friendships and common interests or hobbies. However, for a friendship that has existed for a long time and has been tested by time, this does not matter.

Friendly feelings do not depend on age. They can be very powerful and bring a lot of experiences to a person. But life is unthinkable without friendship.

№ 4 About friendship

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When I was in school, it seemed to me that my adult life would take place in some other environment, as if in a different world, and other people would surround me. But in fact, everything turned out differently. My peers stayed with me. Friends of youth turned out to be the most loyal. The circle of acquaintances has grown enormously. But real friends, old, real friends, are made in youth. Youth is a time of rapprochement.

Therefore, take care of youth to a ripe old age. Appreciate all the good things that you gained in your youth, do not lose your friends. Nothing that was acquired in youth passes without a trace. Good youthful skills make life easier. The bad ones will complicate it and make it difficult. Remember the Russian proverb: "Take care of your honor from your youth"? All actions committed in youth remain in the memory. The good ones will delight. The bad ones won't let you sleep.

# 5 About friendship

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What does this seemingly familiar concept of friendship really consist of? Scientifically speaking, friendship is a disinterested relationship between people, which is based on common sympathies, interests and hobbies. A true friend is always there, whether we feel bad or good. He will never try to take advantage of your weakness for his own purposes and will always come to the rescue when he is so needed. He will not only help in trouble, but will sincerely rejoice in moments of happiness with you.

But, unfortunately, this relationship is gradually fading away. Selfless friendship is slowly becoming a relic of the past. Friends now for us are people who can help in a particular issue, or those with whom you can have a good time. In fact, if one of the supposedly close friends has a crisis, the friends evaporate somewhere until this crisis passes. This situation is familiar to almost everyone. In short, beneficial friendship is rapidly replacing disinterested friendship.

We must remember that many seemingly daunting and daunting problems do not special labor can be decided if there are reliable friends nearby. Friendship gives confidence tomorrow... It makes a person bolder, freer and more optimistic, and his life is warmer, more interesting and multifaceted. True friendship spiritually unites people, contributing to the development in them of the desire for creation, and not destruction.

№ 6 About friendship

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There are values ​​that change, are lost, disappear, becoming the dust of time. But no matter how society changes, all the same, for millennia, there remain eternal values ​​that have great importance for people of all generations and cultures. One of these eternal values definitely is friendship.

People very often use this word in their language, they call certain people their friends, but few can articulate what friendship is, who is a real friend, what he should be. All definitions of friendship are similar in one thing: friendship is a relationship based on mutual openness of people, complete trust and constant readiness to come to each other's aid at any time.

The main thing is that friends have the same life values, similar spiritual guidelines. Then they will be able to be friends, even if their attitudes to certain phenomena of life are different. And then real friendship is not affected by time and distance. People can talk to each other only occasionally, be apart for many years, but still remain very close friends. Such constancy - distinctive feature real friendship.

№7 About toys

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Each of us once had our favorite toys. Perhaps each person has bright and tender memories associated with them, which he carefully keeps in his heart. A favorite toy is the most vivid childhood memory of every person.

In the age of computer technology, real toys no longer attract such attention as virtual ones, but despite all the emerging new items, such as telephones and computer equipment, the toy still remains unique and irreplaceable in its own way. After all, nothing teaches and develops a child like a toy with which he can communicate, play and even gain life experience.

The toy is the key to consciousness little man... To develop and strengthen in him positive traits, to make him mentally healthy, to instill love for others, to form correct understanding good and evil, it is necessary to carefully choose a toy, remembering that it will bring into his world not only its own image, but also behavior, attributes, as well as a system of values ​​and worldviews. It is impossible to raise a full-fledged person with the help of negative toys.

№8 About books

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When I was ten years old, someone's caring hand planted a volume of "Animal Heroes" on me. I consider it my "alarm clock". I know from other people that for them the "alarm clock" for the sense of nature was a month spent in the summer in the village, a walk in the forest with a man who "opened his eyes to everything," the first trip with a backpack. There is no need to enumerate everything that can awaken in human childhood interest and reverence for the great mystery of life.

Growing up, a person must comprehend with his mind how difficult everything in the living world is intertwined, interconnected, how this world is strong and at the same time vulnerable, how everything in our life depends on the wealth of the earth, on the health of living nature. This school must be there.

And yet, at the beginning of everything, there is Love. Awakened in time, she makes the knowledge of the world interesting and exciting. With her, a person also gains a certain point of support, an important starting point for all the values ​​of life. Love for everything that turns green, breathes, makes sounds, sparkles with colors - and there is love that brings a person closer to happiness.

№9 About precious books

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No matter how interesting homework and school life child, do not read precious books - he is deprived. Such losses are irreplaceable. Adults can read a book today or in a year - the difference is small. In childhood, time is counted differently, here every day there are discoveries. And the acuity of perception in the days of childhood is such that early impressions can then affect the whole life.

Childhood impressions are the most vivid and lasting impressions. This is the foundation of the future spiritual life, the golden fund. Seeds are sown in childhood. Not everyone will sprout, not everyone will blossom. But the biography of the human soul is the gradual germination of seeds sown in childhood.

Subsequent life is complex and varied. It consists of millions of actions that are determined by many character traits and, in turn, shape this character. But if you trace and find the connection between phenomena, it will become obvious that every character trait of an adult, every quality of his soul and, perhaps, even every deed of his were sown in childhood, since then they have had their own embryo, their own seed.

№10 About books

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What good book? First, the book must be fun and interesting. After reading the first pages, you shouldn't feel like putting it on the shelf. We are talking about books that make us think, express emotions. Second, the book must be written in rich language. Thirdly, it must carry a deep meaning. Original and unusual ideas also make the book useful.

You should not get carried away with any one genre or kind of literature. So, a hobby only for the fantasy genre can turn young readers into goblins and elves who know the way to Avalon much better than the way home.

If you have not read books from school curriculum or read them in abbreviated form, you should start with them. Classical literature is an obligatory base for every person. Great works have disappointment and joy, love and pain, tragedy and comedy. They will teach you to be empathetic, emotional, help you see the beauty of the world, understand yourself and people. Naturally, read popular science literature. It will broaden your horizons, form knowledge about the world, help you determine your path in life, and give you the opportunity for self-development. We hope that these reasons for reading will make the book your best friend.

№11 About literature

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It only seems to us that when something happens to us, it is a unique phenomenon, one of a kind. In fact, there is not a single problem that has not already been reflected in world literature. Love, fidelity, jealousy, betrayal, cowardice, the search for the meaning of life - all this has already been experienced by someone, changed his mind, reasons, answers have been found and captured on the pages fiction... The matter is small: take it and read it and you will find everything in the book.

Literature, opening the world with the help of words, works a miracle, doubles, triples our inner experience, infinitely expands our outlook on life, on a person, makes our perception thinner. In childhood, we read fairy tales and adventures in order to survive the excitement of search, intrigue. But the hour comes when we feel the need to open the book in order to go deeper into ourselves with its help. This is the hour of growing up. We are looking for an interlocutor in the book who enlightens, ennobles, teaches.

So we picked up a book. What is happening in our soul? With each book we read, opening up the storerooms of thoughts and feelings before us, we become different. With the help of literature, man becomes man. It is no coincidence that the book is called a teacher and a textbook of life.

No. 12 About reading

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What is the use of reading? Is it true that reading is helpful? Why do so many keep reading? After all, not only to relax or take free time.

The benefits of reading books are obvious. Books broaden a person's horizons, enrich his inner world, make him smarter. It's also important to read books because it increases vocabulary a person, develops clear and clear thinking. Everyone can be convinced of this by their own example. One has only to thoughtfully read some classical work, and you will notice how it has become easier with the help of speech to express your own thoughts, to choose the right words. The reading person speaks more competently. Reading serious works makes us constantly think, it develops logical thinking... Don't believe me? And you read something from the classics of the detective genre, for example, "The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes" by Conan Doyle. After reading, you will think faster, your mind will become sharper and you will understand that reading is useful and beneficial.

It is also useful to read books because they have a significant impact on our moral guidelines and on our spiritual development... After reading this or that classic work, people sometimes begin to change for the better.

№13 About education

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We often talk about the difficulties associated with raising a person who is starting life. And the biggest problem is the weakening of family ties, a decrease in the importance of the family in raising a child. And if in early years the family did not put anything solid in the moral sense into a person, then then society will have a lot of trouble with this citizen.

The other extreme is overprotective parenting of the child. This is also a consequence of the weakening family origin... Parents did not give their child warmth and, feeling this guilt, they strive in the future to pay their inner spiritual debt with belated petty care and material benefits.

The world is changing, becoming different. But if the parents were unable to establish internal contact with the child, shifting the main concerns onto the grandparents, or public organizations, then one should not be surprised that another child so early acquires cynicism and disbelief in unselfishness that his life becomes impoverished, becomes flat and dry.

No. 14 About the family

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Having a family and children is as necessary and natural as it is necessary and natural to work. The family has long been held together by the moral authority of the father, who has traditionally been considered the head. The children respected and obeyed their father. He was engaged in agricultural work, construction, logging and firewood. All the burden of peasant labor was shared by his adult sons.

Household management was in the hands of the wife and mother. She was in charge of everything in the house: she looked after the cattle, took care of food, about clothes. She did not do all these works alone: ​​even the children, having barely learned to walk, little by little, along with the game, began to do something useful.

Kindness, tolerance, mutual forgiveness of grievances grew into mutual love in a good family. Grumpiness and quarrelsomeness were considered a punishment of fate and aroused pity for their carriers. You had to be able to give in, forget the insult, respond kindly or keep silent. Love and harmony between relatives gave rise to love outside the home. It is difficult to expect respect for other people from a person who does not love and respect his relatives.

№ 15 About finding yourself

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Each person is looking for a place in life, trying to assert his self. It is natural. But how does he find his place? What ways does it go to it? What moral values ​​have weight in his eyes? The question is extremely important.

Many of us cannot admit to ourselves that because of a falsely understood, inflated sense of our own dignity, because of our unwillingness to appear worse, we sometimes make rash steps, we do not act very right: we won’t ask again, we don’t say “I don’t know”. , "I can not" - no words. Self-lovers evoke feelings of condemnation. However, those who exchange their dignity like a small coin are no better. In the life of every person, there are probably moments when he is simply obliged to show his pride, to assert his self. And, of course, this is not always easy to do.

Sooner or later, the true value of a person will be revealed anyway. And the higher this price, the more people loves not so much himself as others. Leo Tolstoy emphasized that each of us, the so-called little ordinary person, is in fact a historical person who is responsible for the fate of the whole world.

№ 16 About sincerity

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Many people think that being sincere means openly and directly saying what you think and doing what you say. But here's the bad luck: a person who immediately voices what the first took into his head runs the risk of being branded not only natural, but also ill-mannered, and even stupid. Rather sincere and natural man the one who knows how to be himself: take off the masks, get out of the usual roles and show his true face.

The main problem is that we do not know ourselves well, we are chasing illusory goals, money, fashion. Few consider it important and necessary to direct the vector of attention to their inner world. You need to look into your heart, stop and analyze your thoughts, desires and plans in order to understand what is truly mine, and what is imposed, dictated by friends, parents, society. Otherwise, you risk spending your whole life on goals that you really don't need at all.

If you look into yourself, you will see the whole world, endless and multifaceted. You will discover your characteristics and talents. You just need to study. And, of course, it will not become easier and easier for you, but it will become more interesting. You will find your path in life. The only way to become sincere is to know yourself.

No. 17 About growing up

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Some people believe that a person grows up at a certain age, for example, at the age of 18, when he becomes an adult. But there are people who remain children at an older age. What does it mean to be an adult?

Adulthood means independence, that is, the ability to do without anyone's help, guardianship. A person with this quality does everything himself and does not expect support from others. He understands that he must overcome his difficulties himself. Of course, there are situations when a person cannot cope alone. Then you have to ask for help from friends, relatives and acquaintances. But in general, it is not typical for an independent, adult person to rely on others.

There is such an expression: the hand should expect help only from the shoulder. An independent person knows how to be responsible for himself, his deeds and actions. He plans his life and evaluates himself, not relying on someone else's opinion. He understands that much in life depends on himself. Being an adult means taking responsibility for someone else. But for this you also need to become independent, to be able to make decisions. Adulthood does not depend on age, but on life experience, from the desire to live life without nannies.

№ 18 About childhood and growing up

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In childhood, a person is happy, as they say now, by default. By nature, a child is a creature instinctively predisposed to happiness. No matter how difficult and even tragic his life may be, he still rejoices and constantly finds more and more new reasons for this. Perhaps because there is nothing to compare life with yet. He still does not suspect that it could be somehow different, but most likely, all the same, because the soul has not yet had time to be covered with a shell and is more open to goodness and hope than the soul of an adult.

And with age, everything seems to be turned inside out. No matter how calmly and safely life develops, we will not rest until we find in it some kind of splinter, awkwardness, malfunction, cling to it and feel deeply unhappy. And we believe in the drama we have invented, sincerely complain about it to our friends, spend time, health, and mental strength on experiences.

It is only when a truly real tragedy occurs that we realize how absurd the invented suffering is and how trivial the reason for it is. Then we grab our heads and say to ourselves: “Lord, what a fool I was when I suffered because of some nonsense. No, to live in your own pleasure and enjoy every minute. "

No. 19 About the choice

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There is simply no universal recipe for how to choose the correct, the only correct path in life intended only for you, and there simply cannot be. And the final choice always remains with the person. We make this choice already in childhood, when we choose friends, learn to build relationships with peers, and play.

But most of the most important decisions that determine the path of life, we still make in our youth. According to scientists, the second half of the second decade of life is the most crucial period. It is at this time that a person, as a rule, chooses the most important thing for life: a close friend, a circle of basic interests, a profession.

It is clear that such a choice is a responsible business. It cannot be dismissed, it cannot be postponed for later. Do not hope that the mistake can be corrected afterwards: it will be in time, the whole life is ahead! Something, of course, can be corrected, changed, but not all. And the wrong decisions will not remain without consequences. After all, success comes to those who know what they want, decisively make a choice, believe in themselves and stubbornly achieve their goals.

№20 About a cultured person

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What does it mean to be a cultured person? A cultured person can be considered an educated, well-mannered, responsible person. He respects himself and those around him. A cultured person is also distinguished by creative work, striving for the high, the ability to be grateful, love for nature and homeland, compassion and sympathy for others, goodwill.

A cultured person will never lie. He will maintain composure and dignity in all situations of life. He has a clearly defined goal and achieves it. The main goal of such a person is to increase goodness in the world, to strive to ensure that all people are happy. Genuine humanity is the ideal of a cultured person.

In our time, people devote too little time to culture. And many do not even think about it throughout their lives. It is good if a person has a process of familiarizing himself with culture from childhood. The child gets acquainted with the traditions passed from generation to generation, absorbs the positive experience of the family and his homeland, learns cultural values. As an adult, he can be useful to society.

№ 21 About culture

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The word "culture" is multifaceted. What is true culture in the first place? She carries the concept of spirituality, light, knowledge and true beauty. And if people understand this, then our country will become prosperous. That is why it would be very good if every city and village had its own center of culture, a center of creativity not only for children, but also for people of all ages.

True culture is always aimed at upbringing and education. And at the head of such centers should be people who understand well what a real culture is, what it is composed of, what is its meaning.

The key note of culture can be such concepts as peace, truth, beauty. It would be nice if people who were honest and disinterested, selflessly devoted to their work, respecting each other, were engaged in culture. Culture is a huge ocean of creativity, there is enough space for everyone, there is something for everyone. And if we all together begin to participate in its creation and strengthening, then our entire planet will become more beautiful.

№22 About morality

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One person was told that an acquaintance of his spoke of him in unflattering terms. "Are you kidding! the man exclaimed. - I didn’t do anything good for him ... ”. Here it is, the algorithm of black ingratitude, when good is answered with evil. In life, one must assume, this man has met more than once with people who have confused the landmarks on the compass of morality.

Morality is a guide to life. And if you deviate from the road, you may well wander into a windbreak, a thorny bush, or even drown altogether. That is, if you behave ungratefully towards others, then people have the right to behave towards you in the same way.

How to relate to this phenomenon? Be philosophical. Do good and know that it will surely pay off. I assure you that you yourself will enjoy doing good. That is, you will be happy. And this is the goal in life - to live it happily. And remember: elevated natures do good.

№23 About youthful love

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Times are changing, new generations are coming, for which, it would seem, everything is not the same as the previous ones: tastes, interests, life goals... But intractable personal questions meanwhile for some reason remain unchanged. Today's adolescents, like their parents at one time, are worried about the same thing: how to attract the attention of someone you like? How to distinguish infatuation from true love?

The youthful dream of love is, no matter what they say, first of all, the dream of mutual understanding. After all, a teenager definitely needs to realize himself in communication with peers: to show his ability to sympathy, empathy. And just show your qualities and abilities in front of those who are disposed towards him kindly, who are ready to understand him.

Love is the unconditional and unlimited trust of two to each other. Trust, which reveals in everyone all the best that a person is only capable of. True love certainly includes friendships, but is not limited to them. It is always more than friendship, because only in love do we recognize for another person the full right to everything that makes up our world.

№24 About self-doubt

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Self-doubt is an ancient problem, but it attracted the attention of doctors, educators and psychologists relatively recently - in the middle of the 20th century. It was then that it became clear: the ever-increasing self-doubt can cause a lot of trouble - up to serious illness, not to mention everyday problems.

And what about psychological problems? After all, self-doubt can serve as a basis for constant dependence on someone else's opinion. Imagine how uncomfortable it is to feel dependent: other people's assessments seem to him more important and significant than his own. He sees each of his actions primarily through the eyes of those around him. And most importantly, he wants approval from everyone: from loved ones to passengers on the tram. Such a person becomes indecisive and cannot correctly assess the life situation.

How to overcome self-doubt? Some scientists are looking for an answer to this question based on physiological processes, others are based on psychology. One thing is clear: to overcome self-doubt is possible only if a person is able to correctly set goals, correlate them with external circumstances and positively assess their results.

No. 25 About power

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The essence of the concept of "power" lies in the ability of one person to force another to do what he would not voluntarily do. The tree, if not disturbed, grows straight up. But even if it does not manage to grow evenly, it, bending under the obstacles, tries to get out from under them and again reach up. So is the person. Sooner or later, he will want to get out of obedience. Submissive people usually suffer, but if once they managed to throw off their "burden", then they often turn into tyrants themselves.

If you command everyone and everywhere, then loneliness awaits a person as the finale of life. Such a person will always be alone. After all, he does not know how to communicate on equal terms. Inside he has a dull, sometimes unconscious anxiety. And he feels calm only when people follow his orders unquestioningly. The commanders themselves are unhappy people, and they breed unhappiness, even if they achieve good results.

Commanding and controlling people are two different things. The one who manages knows how to take responsibility for actions. This approach preserves the mental health of both the person himself and those around him.

№26 About art

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Can one comprehensive formula define what art is? Of course not. Art is charm and witchcraft, it is the revelation of the funny and the tragic, it is morality and immorality, it is the knowledge of the world and man. In art, a person creates his image as something separate, capable of existing outside himself and remaining after him as his trace in history.

The moment a person turns to creativity is perhaps the greatest discovery that has no equal in history. After all, through art, each individual person and nation as a whole comprehends their own characteristics, their life, their place in the world. Art allows you to get in touch with individuals, peoples and civilizations that are distant from us in time and space. And not just to touch, but to recognize and understand them, because the language of art is universal, and it is this language that makes it possible for humanity to feel itself as a whole.

That is why, since ancient times, an attitude to art has been formed not as entertainment or fun, but as a mighty force capable of not only capturing the image of time and man, but also transmitting it to descendants.

№27 About art

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V modern world there is no person who does not come into contact with art. Its significance in our life is great. Book, cinema, television, theater, music, painting have become part of our life and have a huge impact on it. But fiction has a particularly strong effect on a person.

Contact with the world of art gives us joy and disinterested pleasure. But it would be wrong to see in the works of writers, composers, artists only a means of obtaining pleasure. Of course, we often go to the cinema, sit down to the TV, pick up a book to relax and have fun. And the artists, writers and composers themselves build their works in such a way in order to support and develop the interest and curiosity of spectators, readers, listeners. But the importance of art in our life is much more serious. It helps a person to see and understand better. the world and myself.

Art is able to preserve specific traits epoch, to give people the opportunity to communicate with each other through decades and centuries, becoming a kind of repository of memory for future generations. It imperceptibly shapes the views and feelings, character, tastes of a person, awakens love for beauty. That is why in difficult minutes life, people often turn to works of art, which become a source of spiritual strength and courage.

The place of the mother in our life is special, exclusive. We always bring our joy and pain to her and find understanding. Mother's love inspires, gives strength, inspires to exploits. In difficult life circumstances, we always remember our mother, and at this moment we only need her. A man calls his mother and believes that wherever she is, she hears him, is compassionate and hurries to help. The word "mother" becomes equivalent to the word life.

How many artists, composers, poets have created wonderful works about the mother. "Take care of mothers!" - proclaimed in his poem famous poet Rasul Gamzatov. Unfortunately, we realize too late that we forgot to say a lot of good and kind words to our mothers. To prevent this from happening, you need to give them joy every day and hour, because grateful children are the best gift for them.

№31 About mutual assistance and mutual assistance

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In a society where the idea of ​​individualism is cultivated, many have forgotten about such things as mutual assistance and mutual assistance. And human society was just formed, and continues to exist thanks to common cause and helping the weak, thanks to the fact that each of us complements each other. And how can we now support the absolutely opposite point of view, which says that there are no interests other than our own?

And it's not even that it sounds selfish. The fact is that it is in this issue that personal and public interests are intertwined. Do you see how much deeper this is than it seems? After all, individualism destroys society, and, therefore, weakens us. And only mutual support can preserve and strengthen society.

And experience confirms that good feelings should be rooted in childhood. If they are not brought up in childhood, you will never bring them up, because they are assimilated simultaneously with the knowledge of the first and most important truths, the main of which is the value of life, someone else's, your own, life of the animal world and plants. Humanity, kindness, benevolence are born in excitement, joy and sorrow.

Good feelings, emotional culture is the focus of humanity. Today, when there is enough evil in the world, we should be more tolerant, attentive and kind in relation to each other, in relation to the surrounding living world and to perform the most daring deeds in the name of good. Following the path of good is the most acceptable and only path for a person. He is tested, he is faithful, he is useful both to a person alone and to society as a whole.

The dream is needed not only for children, but also for adults. It evokes excitement, a source of high feelings. She does not let us calm down and always shows new sparkling distances, a different life. It disturbs and makes you passionately desire this life. This is its value.

Only a hypocrite can say that it is necessary to calm down on what has been achieved and stop. To fight for the future, you need to be able to dream passionately, deeply and effectively. You need to cultivate in yourself a continuous desire for meaningful and beautiful things.

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