The history of public administration in Russia. Kulikov - the meaning and origin of the Kulikov surname and the history of public administration electronic

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1. The system of public administration during the formation of the Russian centralized state

prince palace patrimonial centralization

The highest bodies of power and administration. Grand Duke.

Boyar Duma. Overcoming political fragmentation and the creation of centralized states is a natural process in the development of feudalism. It was based, first of all, on socio-economic factors, such as the growth of agricultural production, the inclusion of feudal economy in trade relations and the emergence of new and strengthening of old cities-centers of handicraft and trade. At the end of the XIII-beginning of the XIV century. In Russia, the first signs of the revival of the country's economy, devastated by the Horde invasion, appear: cities are being restored, new territories are being developed, trade ties between individual Russian lands are expanding. The socio-economic prerequisites for the unification of the principalities of North-Eastern Russia are gradually beginning to ripen.

Unlike countries Western Europe, where the unification process was entirely determined by socio-economic factors, in Russia an external factor acted as a powerful catalyst - the need to unite forces to overthrow the Horde yoke. The dominance of political preconditions determined the features of the formation of a unified Russian state:

it took shape long before the birth of bourgeois relations;

the strengthening of the grand-ducal power was due to the subordination of the estates to it;

from the very beginning, the emerging unified state was of a multinational character. Moscow became the center of the unification of Russian lands. The formation of a unified state begins at the turn of the XIII-XIV centuries. and ends at the beginning of the XVI century. He walked simultaneously in three directions:

unification of Russian lands around Moscow;

the formation of national government bodies;

the struggle to overthrow the Horde yoke.

This process is usually divided into four stages. Kulikov, V.I. The history of public administration in Russia: Textbook. manual for stud. higher. study. Establishments. - M .: Publishing Center "Academy", 2003. - 368 p. :

Stage I - the rise of Moscow (first half of the XIV century);

Stage II - the transformation of Moscow into a nationwide center for the struggle against the Mongol-Tatar conquerors (second half of the 14th - early 15th centuries);

Stage III - feudal war in the Grand Duchy of Moscow (second quarter of the 15th century);

Stage IV - the completion of the unification of the Russian lands around Moscow and the overthrow of the Horde yoke (during the reign of Ivan III and Vasily III).

In the XIV-first half of the XV century. the political system of the Moscow principality was no different from the political system prevailing in most of the lands of north-eastern Russia. The Moscow prince possessed the highest judicial and administrative power, was the supreme owner of the entire land. Under him, as in other principalities, there was a Boyar Duma, which included the most noble feudal lords. The head of the Moscow city militia, tysyatsky, continued to play an important role. This position in Moscow was considered hereditary and was abolished under Prince Dmitry Ivanovich in 1373. Local management was concentrated in the hands of the breeders. As part of the Moscow principality, from time to time, appanages were formed, headed by their princes, who, as a rule, were brothers or sons of the Grand Duke. Within the limits of their possessions, they possessed sovereign rights, but were obliged to obey the Grand Duke and carry out his will.

In the process of the completion of the unification of the Russian lands around Moscow, significant changes are taking place in the management system of the Grand Duchy of Moscow. The main change concerns the status of the Grand Duke. From the supreme overlord, which he was in North-Eastern Russia of the specific period, Grand Duke turns into the head of state. Appanage princes and boyars, gradually losing their immunity, become subjects of the Grand Duke. In 1472 Ivan III married the niece of the last Byzantine emperor, Sophia Paleologus. This marriage contributed to the further strengthening of the princely power. At the court, a magnificent and solemn ceremony, borrowed from Byzantium, began to be established, which once again was supposed to emphasize the new position of the Grand Duke, his enormous superiority over the princely boyar aristocracy. After the annexation of Tver to Moscow, Ivan III calls himself in official diplomatic documents "the sovereign of all Russia", and sometimes "tsar" (the latter title was used in relations with the Livonian Order and small German principalities). From the end of the 15th century. a double-headed eagle appears on the seals of the Moscow prince, according to most historians, also borrowed from Byzantium (some scientists - N.P. Likhachev, N.A. Soboleva, G. Alef and others - deny the Byzantine origin of the Russian two-headed eagle, believing that he came to Russia from the Holy Roman Empire). In the political lexicon, the term "autocrat" began to be used. The monarch's high position is ideologically substantiated in the Legends of the Vladimir Princes, in which the genealogy of the Moscow sovereigns was derived from the Roman emperor Augustus, and in the political and religious doctrine “Moscow is the third Rome”, formulated by Philotheus, the elder of the Elizarov Monastery in Pskov. In his letters to the Grand Duke Vasily III, the latter is called "God's chosen, crowned, the most prestigious and all-powerful".

However, the power of the Grand Duke has not yet become strong enough to turn into an unlimited monarchy. Both Ivan III and Vasily III put up with the existence within the Russian state of small appanage principalities belonging to sons and brothers.

The most important place in the system of state administration was occupied by the Boyar Duma, which grew out of the council under the prince. Members of the Boyar Duma were appointed ("complained") by the Grand Duke. At the same time, he had to reckon with the system of parochialism, i.e. to give duma ranks depending on the nobility of origin. The highest place in the parochial hierarchy was occupied by the descendants of the Russian and Lithuanian great and appanage princes - Rurikovich and Gediminovich. The representatives of the old Moscow boyars, who had faithfully served the Moscow princes for many decades, also retained their positions. Boyars held all the most important positions in the state, both military and civil.

At the end of the 15th and beginning of the 16th century. nationwide governing bodies are formed. Initially, these were the Palace and the Treasury that grew out of the palace-patrimonial system of management. The palace ruled over the lands of the Grand Duke, the Treasury was in charge of finances, the state seal and archives. In their depths, special institutions gradually appeared - "paths", responsible for individual groups of affairs and headed by worthy boyars. Later they became known as orders. At the beginning of the XVI century. at least 10 orders functioned. Their activities extended to the entire territory of the state. To manage the lands annexed to Moscow from the end of the 15th century. created "regional" palaces - Tver, Novgorod, Ryazan, etc. The process of forming government bodies stretched for several decades and took the entire first half of the XVI century.

The strengthening of the power of the Grand Duke and state centralization was evidenced by the adoption in 1497 of the Code of Law - a set of all-Russian laws. It established uniform criminal and judicial procedural norms. For the first time on a national scale, the right of peasant transition was limited to two weeks a year, timed to coincide with the autumn St. George's Day. A significant place in the Sudebnik was assigned to the central and local government, as well as to the grand ducal court. System of central and local authorities state power and management in Russian centralized state(XIV - early XVI century) looks like this (Fig. 1)

Rice. 1 The system of public authorities. Moiseev, V.V. History of Russian public administration: tutorial/ V.V. Moiseev. - 2nd ed., Rev. and add. - M .: Direct-Media, 2014 .-- 464 p.

2. Palace and patrimony management system

Continuing to remain an early feudal monarchy, the Muscovite state inherited from the previous period and organs central administration, built according to the palace-patrimonial system. However, the expansion of the territory of the state and the complication of its activities come into collision with the old forms of government, prepare the gradual withering away of the palace-patrimonial system and the emergence of a new, commanding government. The transformation of the old system begins with its complication. It is divided into two parts. One is the administration of the palace, headed by a butler (court), who has at his disposal numerous servants. The butler was in charge of the plowed princely peasants. The other part was formed by the so-called paths that provide for the special needs of the prince and his entourage. Their names speak eloquently about the purpose of the paths: Sokolnichy, Lovchiy, Konyushenny, Stolnichy, Chashnichy. To fulfill their tasks, certain princely villages and entire areas were allocated to the management of the tracks. The routes were not limited to the collection of certain products and all kinds of benefits from the allocated places. They acted both as administrative and judicial bodies. Their leaders were called good boyars.

Following the complication of the system of palace and patrimonial organs, their competence and functions increased. From bodies that served primarily the personal needs of the prince, they increasingly turned into state institutions that performed important tasks in governing the entire state. So, a butler from the 15th century. became, to a certain extent, in charge of issues related to the land tenure of church and secular feudal lords, to exercise general control over the local administration. At the same time, the fulfillment of certain duties in state administration lost the former character of a temporary princely assignment and turned into a permanent service. The increasing complexity of the functions of the palace organs required the creation of a large and ramified apparatus. The officials of the palace - clerks - specialized in a certain range of affairs. From the composition of the palace service, the grand ducal treasury was allocated, which became an independent department. A large palace office with an archive and other subdivisions was created.

All this prepared the way for the transition to a new, command-line management system, which grew out of the previous one. This growth began at the end of the 15th century. But as a system, the order management took shape only in the second half of the 16th century. At the same time, the very term "order" was established. The first institutions of the order type were the Grand Palace, which grew out of the office of the butler, and the State order. The stables path turned into the Stables order, now not only serving the personal needs of the prince, but also associated with the development of the equestrian noble militia. At the beginning of the XVI century. a discharge (discharge order) was formed, which was in charge of accounting for service people, their ranks and positions. The growth of the palace and patrimonial system into an order system was one of the indicators of the centralization of the Russian state, for the palace bodies, which previously were essentially in charge of only the princely domain, now became institutions governing the entire vast Russian state.

3. Local governments. Feeding system

At the turn of the XIII-XIV centuries. North-Eastern Russia was a conglomerate of great and specific, large and small principalities and lands, which were in nominal dependence on the Grand Duke of Vladimir. With the rise of Moscow and the unification of the Russian lands around it, the latter lost the remnants of their former independence and turned into constituent parts of the new state. Administrative device The Grand Duchy of Moscow during the gathering of Russian lands reflected the complexity of this process.

The territory of the Moscow principality consisted of counties, volosts and camps. There was no clear distinction between these concepts. Initially, the volost was the name of the entire territory of a particular principality, later this term began to be used to designate a small rural district that arose on the basis of a peasant community. Several volosts, gravitating towards some center, made up the county. Large independent principalities after their annexation to Moscow became separate counties or divided into several counties. Mills, which appeared not earlier than the XIV century, were usually referred to as volosts located near the county town. Sometimes, relatively large camps were divided into volosts, and volosts, on the contrary, into camps. General local administration was concentrated in the governors and volostels. The governors ruled the cities and suburban camps; the volostel ruled the volosts. The power of governors and volostels extended to various sides local life: they were judges, rulers, collectors of princes' income, with the exception of income of a purely palace origin and tribute; moreover, the governors were the military commanders of the city and county. The governors of the Grand Duke were boyars, and volostels - service people, as a rule, from among the children of the boyars. Both did not receive a salary from the treasury, but according to the old custom they were kept, or, as they said at that time, "fed", at the expense of the population. Initially, "feeding" (ie, levies in favor of governors and volostels) were not limited to anything. Later, in order to centralize local government and increase state revenues, the norms of “feeding” were established, as well as the exact amount of court and trade duties collected by governors and volosts in their favor. The fodder was introduced not by individuals, but by various communities - peasant communities, corporations of merchants and townspeople, etc. Food was given in kind (bread, meat, cloth, handicrafts, etc.). The food consisted of:

* from the "entry feed" issued at the entrance of the governor for feeding (somewhat reminiscent of "lifting" money for resettlement, appointment to a position, etc.);

* periodic: for Christmas, Easter, Peter's day. Much like giving prizes and awards for the holidays in Soviet time;

* trade duties (from nonresident merchants, trade people).

In contrast to feed, duties were paid by individuals. The breeders collected in their favor judicial, customs, wedding, for branding horses and other types of duties. The governors and volostels carried out administrative-police, judicial and military functions on the territory under their jurisdiction. They were assisted by tiuns in charge of the household, judges, closers (persons calling to court), etc. All these officials were, as a rule, courtyard servants of governors and volostels. The feeding system gave rise to arbitrariness and abuse of local authorities, who used their stay in “feeding” positions for personal enrichment. Therefore, from the XV century. Moscow princes began to regulate feeding. The sizes of fodder were determined in special fed (given out to the breeders) and charter (given out to the population of a city or district) letters. The term of office of the nurse was limited to 1-3 years. At the end of the 15th and beginning of the 16th century. natural feed is transferred in cash, and the collection of feed itself is transferred to the elective from the population. In the cities, city clerks appointed by the prince from the local service nobility appear, pushing the governors-nurses at first from the military-administrative, and then from the land, financial and even judicial management. It is also worth noting that local authorities the authorities and administration did not extend their competence to the territory of the boyar estates. The princes and boyars, as before, retained immunity rights in their estates. They were not just landowners, but also administrators and judges in their villages and towns.

City government bodies. City administration in the Moscow state has changed somewhat in comparison with Kiev times. Cities during this period did not have self-government. In the appanage principalities, the management of cities was carried out on a par with the countryside. With the annexation of the appanage principalities to Moscow, the grand dukes, keeping all the lands of the appanages usually for their former owners, always seized the cities from the jurisdiction of the former appanage princes and extended their power directly to them. This was done proceeding from the importance of cities not only as economic centers, but primarily for military reasons. The cities were fortresses. Possession of them ensured the grand princes and the retention of the former inheritance in their hands, and defense against external enemies. Initially, the grand dukes ruled the cities in the same way as before the appanage princes, i.e. without distinguishing them from their other lands. The governors and volostels, leading their uyezd or volost, ruled to the same extent the cities located on their territory.

Later, some special bodies of city government appear. Their emergence is associated with the development of cities, primarily as fortresses. In the middle of the 15th century. there was a post of a small town - a kind of military commandant of the city. He was obliged to monitor the state of the city fortifications, to monitor the performance of the local population's duties related to defense. Already in the XV century. townships were also used for other grand ducal affairs, in particular land. The position of the town dwellers was replaced by local landowners, mainly noblemen and boyar children. The townspeople, who were initially rather insignificant figures in state administration, by the end of the 15th century. began to play a serious role. At first, temporarily, and then permanently, they were assigned broad powers in the land, financial and other branches of government, and not only within the city, but also within the adjacent county. In accordance with the expansion of functions, the names of these officials have also changed. They are beginning to be called city clerks. Being aware of a number of questions of the military-economic and simply economic order, the city clerks were subordinate to the grand-ducal treasurers. Sometimes two or more such clerks were appointed to one city. In the person of city clerks, noblemen and boyar children received their own local government body, and the Grand Duke - reliable guides of the policy of centralization. Separately, it is worth highlighting the role of the church in the political system of the period under consideration. At the beginning of the period, the Russian Orthodox Church was a great force, not only supporting the state, but also competing with it. In the conditions of the Horde yoke, the church managed to maintain its economic and political positions. The Mongol-Tatars were not going to convert Russia to their faith. They preferred to govern it through Orthodoxy, which is familiar to the people. Very soon, the Orthodox metropolitans came to an agreement with the Horde, received labels from the khans, securing the privileges of the church no less than they had from the Russian princes. However, as the movement for the liberation of the Russian people rose, the best forces Orthodox Church took the path of struggle with the Mongol-Tatars. Ordinary monks and church leaders joined the ranks of the fighters for the liberation of Russia. The church, represented by the metropolitan house, episcopal sees, large monasteries and city cathedrals, possessed enormous property, primarily land, acting as a feudal lord. Instead of the tithe, which she was endowed with even during the baptism of Rus, the church in the Moscow state received other sources of income: receipts from certain articles of the prince's income - city trade, customs, court duties. Economic and ideological power allowed the church to feel independent from the state and even to seek priority over it. However, by the end of the period, the Russian princes managed to gain the upper hand. In exchange for keeping her land property intact, the church recognized the supremacy of secular power. The attitude of the church to the centralization of the Russian state was also contradictory. There were forces that impeded this process, but there were also ardent supporters of strengthening the unity of Russia. Organizationally, the church was a complex system. It was headed by the Metropolitan. In 1448, the Russian Church arbitrarily became autocephalous, i.e. independent in relation to the ecumenical patriarch, who was sitting in Byzantium. The entire territory was subdivided into dioceses headed by bishops. Until the XV century. Russian metropolitans were appointed by the Patriarch of Constantinople. Now they began to be elected by a council of Russian bishops, first by agreement with the secular authorities, and then by direct order of the Moscow grand dukes.

Conclusion

The formation of the Russian state was an objective and natural process of the further development of state forms on the territory of the East European Plain. The Mongol-Tatar invasion had an important impact on the formation of Russian statehood, which led, in particular, to changes in the government: the strengthening of monarchical, autocratic principles in the person of princes. Important reasons for the emergence and development of a new state form- a single Russian state brought about economic and social changes, as well as a foreign policy factor: the need for constant defense from enemies. The emergence of a unified Russian state had a great historical meaning... The elimination of partitions on the territory of the country and the end of feudal wars created more favorable conditions for the development of the national economy and for repulsing external enemies.

The united Russian state was based on feudal socio-economic relations. It was a state of feudal lords, secular and spiritual, its development was based primarily on the growth of serfdom in the countryside and the city. The secular and spiritual feudal lords had great independence based on their land ownership and economy, while the nobility and townspeople as estates were still relatively poorly developed. The process of forming the country's economic unity was a matter of the future. By purely feudal methods, the Grand Duke's power sought the unity of the system of government in the country. However, the political unity of the country was also under threat for a long time due to the still far from overcome economic fragmentation of the country, which gave rise to the anti-centralist aspirations of feudal groups. In the struggle against the strengthening of the grand-ducal power, these groups relied on their considerable material forces.

Bibliography

1. Karamzin N.M. History of the Russian State / N.M. Karamzin. - M .: OLMA media group, 2013 .-- 448 p.

2. Klyuchevsky V.O. A short guide to Russian history / V.O. Klyuchevsky. - M .: AIRIS-press, 2007 .-- 239 p.

3. Kulikov V.I. The history of public administration in Russia: Textbook. manual for stud. higher. study. Establishments. - M .: Publishing Center "Academy", 2003. - 368 p.

4. Moiseev, V.V. History of public administration of Russia: textbook / V.V. Moiseev. - 2nd ed., Rev. and add. - M .: Direct-Media, 2014 .-- 464 p.

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Life and work path of S. M. Kulikov// History of VNIIA in persons. T. 3. - 2014. - S. 6-20.

Part 1 Life and work path of S.M. Kulikov

There are people to whom the expression "legendary man" can rightfully be attributed: their personality attracts, their life path amazes with amazing twists of fate, communication with them leaves an indelible mark on the soul. The All-Russian Research Institute of Automation became the second home for such legendary personalities as N.L.Dukhov, A.V. Lyapidevsky, N.I. Pavlov, A.A. Brish. This list of outstanding people can deservedly be continued by the name of Serafim Mikhailovich Kulikov.

He was a selfless person, whose entire professional biography was completely devoted to the most important task - serving the Motherland, protecting its interests and increasing its defensive power. It so happened that a significant part of the life of Serafim Mikhailovich was associated with events that were extremely important for our country and the whole world as a whole. S.M. Kulikov took the most Active participation in these truly historic events, often at the forefront and taking on a colossal burden of responsibility.

He passed away in 2005, but his memory is still alive: it is in the enthusiastic and respectful stories of colleagues, in books and articles on history. atomic project, in a huge number of products tested with his participation, which constituted the nuclear shield of our Motherland. Serafim Mikhailovich is one of those whose many years of work allowed the country to achieve nuclear parity and, ultimately, a peaceful sky overhead.

Among nuclear weapons testers, Serafim Mikhailovich was a truly legendary person. It is difficult in a small essay to reflect all of his eventful biography and vivid nature, so we will only touch on the main points.

The beginning of the life of S.M. Kulikov is in many ways similar to the biographies of his peers: childhood in a large working-class family, studies, war ... He was born on January 19, 1921 in the village of Dubenki, Inzensky District, Ulyanovsk Region, into the family of a railway worker. The father, who came from peasants, the entire working

The activity was carried out on the railway transport at the depot of the Inza station. The mother was a housewife who raised five children, of whom Seraphim was the eldest. All of them grew up worthy people, received an education, were party members, and achieved success in the professional field. Apparently, the foundation laid in them in childhood, in the process of family upbringing - the habit of hard work, decency and willingness to take responsibility for the assigned area of ​​work, was strong and correct.

After graduating from the 10th grade of the Inza secondary school in 1938, Serafim Mikhailovich entered the Leningrad Institute of Civil Air Fleet Engineers. In choosing a university, the spirit of the times was felt - aviation was rapidly developing in the USSR, which required a large number qualified specialists. Work for needs civil aviation S.M. Kulikov did not have to - the war was on the threshold, and in March 1941, by order of the People's Commissariat of Defense, he was enrolled as a student in the 4th year of the Leningrad Air Force Academy. In the first military autumn, in November 1941, Serafim Mikhailovich received a graduate diploma from the faculty of special aircraft equipment with the assignment of the military rank of military technician of the 1st rank and the qualification of an electrical engineer of the Air Force. Then there were four military years, given to the service, first - as part of the aviation units of the 5th reserve aviation brigade, then - in the active army, as part of the 181st aviation division of the 1st Ukrainian Front, where he served as deputy senior engineer for electrical equipment.

The most important result of the war years for the young man was the final choice - life and professional. All his further destiny will be associated with aviation and military equipment. Military youth gave invaluable lessons, enriched with practical experience, revealed those basic qualities that determined the entire future path of Serafim Mikhailovich. For participation in the Great Patriotic War, S.M. Kulikov was awarded the Order of the Red Star in 1945, and in 1985, in honor of the 40th anniversary of Victory, the Order Patriotic War II degree.

The war is over but military service continues. From 1945 to 1947, S.M. Kulikov served as an engineer on the Air Force radio in parts of the Kharkov and Kiev military districts, for six months - the leading

Engineer of the Aviation Testing Department of the Air Force GKNII. Then - in 1947 he returned to study at the Leningrad Air Force Engineering Academy, now at the radar faculty. Further, as Serafim Mikhailovich himself writes in his autobiography, "he was recalled from his studies in connection with the organization of an Air Force test facility in a new direction of the technology industry."

This is a "new direction in the field of technology" - the creation of nuclear weapons, at that time the primary national task. The atomic project, born of a titanic effort in a war-torn country, was an absolute must. After all, the events of the post-war period aroused deep concern among people for the fate of the Motherland.

From the book by A.K. Chernyshev "Nikolai Nikolaevich Semenov - an outstanding scientist and organizer of the atomic project of the USSR" (Sarov, 2012):

“The atomic bombing of Japan heralded a new era to the world. The danger arose of a unilateral diktat, backed up by the possession of nuclear weapons unprecedented in their destructive power.

Our country entered the atomic era in extremely difficult conditions. The hardships of war exhausted people to the limit, the industry and economy of the European part of the USSR were destroyed, tens of millions of our compatriots died in the war.

When the enemy was defeated, the country was devastated and drained of blood. Very soon the "hot" war, in which the USSR and the USA were allies, was replaced by the "cold" war, in which the US monopoly on the atomic bomb posed a real threat to our security. "

In the created KB-11 the best minds countries developed a new weapon - the atomic bomb, while the bomb was designed as an aircraft bomb. “The creation of an atomic bomb with the completion of the required amount of work, of course, could not be carried out only on the basis of KB-11. It was necessary to build a specialized training ground for the final development of nuclear weapons as an object of weapons and nuclear tests... It is quite natural that shortly after the formation of KB-11 in 1947, it was

A decision was made to create a nuclear test site in the Semipalatinsk region and an aviation test site in Crimea to support air nuclear tests - the 71st Air Force test site. The above lines are taken from the book by Serafim Mikhailovich Kulikov “Aviation and Nuclear Tests. Tester's Notes ”, which was published in 1998. This is a wonderful literary work of a courageous and talented person, where for the first time unique information about the role of aviation in the creation of domestic nuclear weapons was covered in the open press. In this book, Serafim Mikhailovich turned to one of the most important periods of his life. In his autobiography in 1986, he writes about this time: “From December 1947 to September 1966 [served] in the test facility of the Air Force - military unit 93851, holding positions from the head of the laboratory to the head of the department. During this period, during the development and testing of new models of equipment, I was lucky to work in cooperation and under the guidance of outstanding scientists I.V. Kurchatov, Yu.B. Khariton, Ya.B. Zeldovich, M.A.Sadovsky, work supervisors A.P. Zavenyagin , NI Pavlov and designers NL Dukhov, VI Alferov, KI Shchelkin, SG Kocharyants ".

These two sentences contain almost twenty years of intense and sometimes heroic work. Serafim Mikhailovich is a participant in more than a hundred air nuclear tests, during which he carried out scientific and technical leadership of the air group. He participated in the formation of the 71st test site as a scientific and testing organization, and was also directly involved in the organization and conduct of critical air nuclear tests at the Semipalatinsk and Novaya Zemlya test sites. His personal contribution to the development and flight tests of the first samples of atomic bombs and aircraft carriers for them is invaluable. The founding fathers of the nuclear industry, its "titans", as E.P. Slavsky aptly put it, respected Serafim Mikhailovich very much and spoke warmly about his work. Igor Vasilievich Kurchatov considered the reports prepared by S.M. Kulikov exemplary and set him up as an example to his fellow scientists: "Let them learn how to account for the tests carried out." And academician Yuliy Borisovich Khariton deservedly considered Serafim Mikhailovich to be a pioneer in the important work on the creation of the nuclear shield of our country.

His work as a tester was highly appreciated by the Motherland - Serafim Mikhailovich was awarded the Orders of Lenin in 1951 and 1954, in 1956 - two Orders of the Red Star, in 1997 (many years later) S.M. Kulikov, as a tester, was awarded the Order of Courage ... For participating in trials hydrogen bomb RDS-6 he was awarded in 1953 the title of laureate of the State Prize, and in 1962 - the title of laureate of the Lenin Prize for participating in the tests of a 50-megaton thermonuclear "superbomb".

We will not dwell in detail on this period of Serafim Mikhailovich's life in a small essay - no one better than himself can tell more fully and in detail about this. In the third part of this publication, we are pleased to present the book by Serafim Mikhailovich "Aviation and Nuclear Tests", which, without a doubt, will not leave anyone indifferent: clearly written, it contains unique information about the first full-scale nuclear tests on behalf of a direct participant in these events of historical significance ... I would also like to draw attention to the fact that in the book of Serafim Mikhailovich a lot of attention is paid to people, and not only to the recognized luminaries of the atomic project, but also to little-known performers-workers. Serafim Mikhailovich treated everyone with great respect, paying tribute to the genius of the former, and to the high professionalism and sense of duty of the latter. They were united by a common dedication to one cause, which gave rise to a deep understanding - human and professional.

S.M. Kulikov writes about himself in this book, showing great modesty, not emphasizing his merits, listing his last name among other testers. Summing up the results of this period of his biography, he says: "Participation in this work allowed me to make an appropriate contribution to the development of an effective weapon with high performance and meeting safety requirements." Serafim Mikhailovich calls his contribution a mite, a small fraction, but people who happened to work with S.M. Kulikov at that time speak of him invariably excellently, giving the highest assessment of his activities. This is what Leonid Fedorovich Klopov, Major General of Aviation, Chief Designer of Nuclear Weapons at VNIITF, then - Deputy Head of the 5th GU MSM, in his

The book "Memories of the Past": "Flight tests at the range and their scientific and technical support were supervised by experienced commanders and engineers (VA Chernorez, SM Kulikov, GT Golubev, etc.). It is especially necessary to note the great organizing role of S.M. Kulikov, who, as a representative of the customer, was directly involved in the preparation of technical specifications for the development of special products, in the consideration of draft designs and in carrying out the main types of tests. " Georgy Alexandrovich Tsyrkov, who for many years headed the 5th Main Directorate of the MSM, in the preface to the first edition of Serafim Mikhailovich's book noted: “Working with S.M. Kulikov has always brought me satisfaction. I remember very much the interaction with him in 1956, when I was for the first time appointed the head of the tests of "product 202", the flight testing of which was carried out in the Crimea at the 71st Air Force training ground together with the unique Tu-95 carrier aircraft, developed in the design bureau A . N. Tupolev. In these tests, Serafim Mikhailovich provided me with unforgettable assistance, and the spent "product 202" and the Tu-95 carrier aircraft were subsequently successfully used in tests of super-powerful nuclear bombs, including superbombs with a capacity of 50 Mt. " Hero of Socialist Labor Igor Sergeevich Seleznev, who for many years was the General Designer of the Raduga State Design Bureau, spoke with respect about Kulikov: “Our communication and interaction have always been successful, we worked together, were equally interested in the result. Life set us serious tasks, sometimes we had to take risks, make important decisions both collectively and take personal responsibility. As the head of a responsible area in work, Serafim Mikhailovich was very competent and knew how to build the correct line of behavior. His extensive testing experience provided him with invaluable support in this. As a talented practitioner, Kulikov quickly grasped the essence of the issue and participated in working out the most correct general solution. " The chief designer of VNIIA, laureate of the State Prize of the Russian Federation and the Prize of the Government of the Russian Federation German Alekseevich Smirnov, who worked closely with Kulikov for a long time, aptly characterized the role of Serafim Mikhailovich as an organizer: “The image of Kulikov in my memory is associated with Marshal Zhukov. Despite the difference

Chie on the scale of the individual, it seems to me, they had common features. The Marshal of Victory always found himself on the most difficult sectors of the fronts of the Great Patriotic War at the most critical time. Thanks to decisive, swift and unconventional actions, he managed to turn the tide military history... Kulikov, an excellent military specialist and courageous man, was, as it is now customary to call, a "crisis manager." He always found himself in the center of important, sometimes dramatic events, he was not afraid to take responsibility. "

On December 25, 1962, with the entry into force of a moratorium on tests in the atmosphere and other environments, the era of air nuclear tests ended. In this regard, the focus of the activities of the 71st Air Force training ground changed - priority was given to research and experimental work. Changes took place in the life of Serafim Mikhailovich - in 1966, as he writes in his autobiography, "by mutual agreement between the departments, he was transferred from the Ministry of Defense to the position of deputy chief designer of the enterprise, p / I A-7451, and remained in the ranks of the Soviet Army." The enterprise p / I A-7451 is one of the many names that in different years were worn by the All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Automation named after V.I. NL Dukhov, and the transfer of Serafim Mikhailovich took place on the initiative of the then director of the enterprise, Hero of Socialist Labor, one of the founding fathers of the nuclear industry, Lieutenant General Nikolai Ivanovich Pavlov. Evgeny Aleksandrovich Sbitnev, who worked for many years as the first deputy chief designer of the institute, recalls how N.I. Pavlov introduced them to a new colleague: “Pavlov highly appreciated Kulikov for working together at the training grounds, and it was he who brought Serafim Mikhailovich to the institute. Introducing him as the new deputy chief designer, Nikolai Ivanovich said that his responsibilities include organizing tests, and Kulikov is an excellent candidate for this position, since he has dealt with these issues a lot. " Valery Nikolayevich Mikhailov, chairman of the Council of Veterans of VNIIA, former deputy director, says this: “NI Pavlov brought Kulikov to the institute. As AF Nikitin told me, during the tests of the superbomb on Novaya Zemlya in 1961, when Pavlov was in charge of the tests, Serafim Mikhailovich was also there.

Pavlov fully appreciated the high business qualities of Kulikov: how clearly everything was organized, how the teams were thought out, how the plans were made and how all this was implemented. And for himself Pavlov Serafim Mikhailovich noted. When Pavlov became the head of the institute in 1964, he invited Kulikov to his work. When some difficult situations arose with representatives of the customer, he always turned to Serafim Mikhailovich, although, of course, Pavlov himself was well versed in the situation, but the opinion of Kulikov as an expert, as a person whom he trusted and appreciated as a very competent specialist. No wonder Kulikov had a colossal experience as a tester. "

This experience and extensive business and comradely ties with representatives of the Ministry of Defense were truly invaluable in his new job Deputy Chief Designer for Testing SBS (Special Warheads) - a euphemism for nuclear weapons. Boris Aleksandrovich Ivanov, a laureate of the USSR State Prize, writes in his memoirs about what was part of the range of Serafim Mikhailovich's professional interests: “The department headed by S.M. Kulikov consisted of three main departments:

- a division for the development of operational documentation, where I was the head. We dealt with all issues related to the operation of the SBS: storage, transportation, control checks, warranty supervision in military units, and so on;

- a military assembly brigade, the main task of which was to conduct flight design, credit, state tests of the SBS, in solving issues of providing any type of test with appropriate equipment, documentation and personnel;

- a laboratory whose tasks included the implementation of checks of the SBS at various stages of preparation, the logistics of testing and participation in external tests.

The solution of the tasks set by these three departments took place with the daily participation of Serafim Mikhailovich Kulikov. "

Everyone who worked with Serafim Mikhailovich notes that his work as deputy chief designer was extremely effective. This, to a large extent, is

She had a clear organization of work in the departments subordinate to him. Laureate of the RF Government Prize Galina Sergeevna Rubtsova recalls: “Demanding and orderliness are the striking characteristics of the work of Serafim Mikhailovich and his employees. Kulikov selected very experienced people for work, they themselves contacted us [the developers], carefully studied the product, so that there were a minimum of questions when work on site had already begun. Serafim Mikhailovich invariably monitored how everything was going, his employees constantly reported to him on the progress of the case, and if any questions arose, a meeting was held quickly, without delay, where an acceptable solution was found during the discussion ”. The above-mentioned Valery Nikolayevich Mikhailov also speaks about this: “I must say that among his military subordinates there were carefully selected people, they were very highly qualified in their field, Serafim Mikhailovich did not need to explain and prove anything to them, since they were excellent” owned the subject. " Kulikov's communication with his subordinates was very clear: he discussed the issue with them and made a decision. It seems to me that in interaction with civilian specialists, he introduced a partly "military" style of communication, which included reports (a kind of reports) on performance, and asked that people not spread like a "mind on the tree", but set out the problem clearly and clearly. He was a demanding boss, but it should be noted that he always demanded the essence of the conversation: are there any difficulties, what is their reason, how to eliminate it and what to do so that it does not repeat itself. Kulikov was fluent in all the documentation, knew all our developments very well. "

An outstanding tester, Kulikov attached great importance to research activities, he can rightfully be called both a theoretician and a practitioner. The head of the research department of VNIIA Anatoly Alekseevich Sviridov, recalling the joint work with Serafim Mikhailovich, said: “Kulikov initiated serious research work in our department. At the same time, he not only carefully studied the reports, got acquainted with the question "on paper", but also personally attended the experiments. He was well versed in many issues, but he was eager to work and research. There are such people (unfortunately, there are few of them): they themselves move forward, and after them everything

It is moving. " He is echoed by the head of the VNIIA research laboratory, retired colonel Oleg Ivanovich Krainov: “Speaking about Kulikov, I would like to note his unusually high scientific and technical potential. He consistently demanded from us, the testers, to use the methods of scientific analysis of tests: so that we not only prepare the product, launch it and record the results, but there should be a serious analysis involving mathematical calculations, statistics were collected and scientific research conclusions were drawn. " Gennady Abramovich Novikov, who repeatedly contacted S.M. Kulikov during his work at RFNC-VNIITF and the Ministry of Atomic Energy of the Russian Federation, notes: “In the dialogue with him, there were always clearly visible notes of questioning interest in what the interlocutor thinks on the topic under discussion. This is the scientist's curiosity. It is not for nothing that in 1969 Serafim Mikhailovich became a candidate of technical sciences, and the position of deputy chief designer of nuclear weapons clearly gravitates towards science. "

All of Serafim Mikhailovich's colleagues recall the great authority that Kulikov had in units of the Ministry of Defense and in enterprises and organizations of the industry. Anatoly Alekseevich Sviridov says: “He was incredibly respected and appreciated in other organizations: if he came on a business trip to any city, he was already met with a car and a hotel was booked. The entire leadership of the atomic project knew him, since he took part in major events connected with the tests, I have been in very tense situations. Serafim Mikhailovich never singled out himself on purpose, did not emphasize his merits, but, on the other hand, there was a certain aura around him, woven out of universal respect. " Valery Nikolaevich Mikhailov, speaking about Kulikov, noted the extensive business ties of Serafim Mikhailovich: “He knew how to find mutual language with the customer, because they were, as they say, “of the same blood,” so they understood each other better than civilians. Kulikov was one of those people who communicated with the leaders of the atomic project: Kurchatov, Khariton - people of high rank, he was personally acquainted with the commanders of the Air Force and the Navy. " This authority was deserved by Serafim Mikhailovich for years of successful work in a very serious area, for his competence, talent

Tom, decency, the ability to take risks and take responsibility in difficult situation... German Alekseevich Smirnov emphasizes that Kulikov built partnerships with representatives of other organizations, taking care, first of all, about the benefits of the common cause: strangers.<…>The "feeling of elbows" inherent in the army service, and perhaps also by the style of work of the leaders of the post-war period, did not allow "blaming" the shortcomings on a neighbor or not helping the cause, if you could. This principle was especially cultivated when creating weapon systems in cooperation with general (chief) designers. There were simple everyday rules: if in common work something happened, look for a mistake in yourself; if something needs to be corrected, it is not necessary for the one who is to blame - it is better to do it for the one who can reduce the damage for the common cause, and so on. "

In the 70s, the scientific and design department, headed by S.M. Kulikov, expanded significantly: in addition to the departments mentioned earlier, it also included:

- a division that conducted tests and studies of electrical processes in automation systems for special products;

- the unit that conducted thermal and climatic tests;

- the department that carried out the tests for mechanical stress.

It was a very large and serious "farm", which Serafim Mikhailovich successfully managed. In the same period, a new direction of work in the department began to form - testing of special products for emergency impacts. Anatoly Alekseevich Sviridov says: “With him, we began the first tests of special products for emergency impacts. A special item is a dangerous object, it must be operated strictly in accordance with the documentation. But life often presents contingencies. Serafim Mikhailovich was one of the first to attend to this problem. He began to work in large numbers in the department in this direction. We began to test special items for possible emergencies: for flooding in sea ​​water, for fires, for falling, for shooting. " Research work

In his department, they were closely combined with the development of practical skills for the prevention and elimination of the consequences of possible accidents with nuclear weapons... Oleg Ivanovich Krainov says: “Serafim Mikhailovich supervised these issues, we were constantly certified, we participated in the preparation of industry-level documents defining the main actions in an accident with nuclear weapons. The main principle was: "Do not aggravate the consequences of the accident." We were prepared for this, we took part in exercises many times. Serafim Mikhailovich invariably came personally to the exercises, and not to check (although, of course, this moment was also present), he wanted to make sure whether he thinks correctly, whether he should continue to work in that direction. "

Summarizing all that was done by Serafim Mikhailovich at the institute, we can quote the words of the VNIIA veteran, laureate of the Government of the Russian Federation Dmitry Mikhailovich Krasnoselsky: including - with the safe operation of nuclear weapons. These decisions could indirectly affect the military-political, socio-economic and environmental aspects of the life of our country, while at the same time they could have taken a global scale under adverse circumstances. And then their consequences would affect other regions of the world as well.

Over the entire period of operation of nuclear warheads, there were no serious, especially emergency problems for reasons related to the schematic and constructive embodiment of nuclear warheads and the structure of ensuring the safety of nuclear warheads under operating conditions!

And in this great merit belongs to S.M. Kulikov, who, since joining VNIIA in 1966 as deputy chief designer, throughout his career was a kind of flagship, whose authority and prestige played a decisive role in developing optimal solutions for the purpose ensuring the safe operation of nuclear warheads ”.

The USSR State Prize laureate Alexei Fedorovich Nikitin emphasizes in his memoirs: “Serafim Mikhailovich, like no one else, contributed to the fact that new developments in weapons became precisely weapons in the troops! For this

He had an extraordinary mind, invaluable experience, including the war years, enjoyed a well-deserved prestige among industrial workers and the military. " During the period of work at VNIIA, Serafim Mikhailovich Kulikov was awarded the order October Revolution (in 1978), and in 1983 he was awarded the second title of laureate of the USSR State Prize, awarded to him for his participation in the creation, introduction into serial production and operation of nuclear warheads for the missile complex of the Navy.

G.A. Smirnov recalls another significant achievement in the professional activity of Serafim Mikhailovich: “S.M. Kulikov played an important and responsible role in the process of returning nuclear weapons from the former republics Soviet Union to Russia, which has become the successor to the country's military nuclear legacy. As part of the Russian delegation, he exceptionally qualified and convincingly proved the futility and danger of continuing the presence of nuclear weapons on the territory of Ukraine without proper maintenance, physical protection, in the absence of infrastructure and industrial personnel and the 12th Main Directorate of the Russian Ministry of Defense. It was his significant contribution to the solution of the most important military-political problem of the post-Soviet period of our country ”.

Colleagues of Serafim Mikhailovich, talking about him, invariably note not only his talent and the highest professionalism, but also the excellent human qualities that he possessed in full: intelligence, sociability, friendliness. Anatoly Alekseevich Sviridov says: “He was a man of amazing charm: when you go into his office, he greets you with a smile. He was almost never in a twilight state, it was easy with him, he instantly found the right tone, established the necessary contact. " Galina Sergeevna Rubtsova, as a developer, talked a lot with Kulikov: “He never demonstrated that he was a“ great leader ”, if any questions arose, he always asked, and we discussed them with him. He spoke calmly and benevolently, with me he was extremely polite and correct. " The personal qualities of Serafim Mikhailovich left a good memory in the soul of Igor Sergeevich Seleznev: “He had the gift of eloquence. His personal observations, incidents from life, some cultural events, technical subtleties - about everything

He knew how to tell in an interesting, figurative and emotional way. Kulikov was a very sociable person, cheerful in character and a wonderful storyteller.<…>By his inner essence, Serafim Mikhailovich was a very decent person, he always acted according to his conscience, did not pursue personal gain, not going against the truth, even in the interests of the company. At the same time, Kulikov was a very democratic person, and, unlike many, he did not try to make secrets out of nothing. This was his principled position - you could hear the pure truth from him. " Serafim Mikhailovich's principledness is also noted in his memoirs by German Alekseevich Smirnov: “He was an excellent polemicist: he thought clearly, spoke briefly and clearly. He quickly found arguments to support his point of view. His authority among specialists was extremely high, since his position was always principled, not opportunistic. "

It should be noted that the benevolence and democracy of S.M. Kulikov were organically combined in him with high exactingness, generated by a deep sense of responsibility. Oleg Ivanovich Krainov, who came under the command of Serafim Mikhailovich as a very young man, recalls: “In everyday life, Kulikov was a completely simple person - there was neither arrogance nor arrogance in him. In his work, Serafim Mikhailovich was demanding, and if necessary, even tough. Everything that was needed had to be done, no excuses were accepted. "

The good psychological atmosphere that developed between them: "The military [employees of VNIIA] perceived him as a" father of his own ", because he treated them in a fatherly way, well understanding the service and specifics."

Those who passed the professional school of Serafim Mikhailovich were distinguished by thoroughness in working out issues, competence, serious approach to the assigned case. Galina Sergeevna Rubtsova tells how she had to travel with the staff of Kulikov's department to tests: “I always felt the 'Kulikov school', that is, even indirectly, I felt his influence. This was evident from the way the employees of his department worked, how they treated their duties - it became clear that they were trained. "

The years were relentlessly taking their toll, and in 2002 Serafim Mikhailovich left the post of deputy chief designer - head of the department. As long as his health allowed, he worked as an advisor to the director, while trying not to relax, not to pay attention to ailment, and in 2004, when it became very difficult, he retired. On November 29, 2005, Serafim Mikhailovich died. He lived an amazingly fruitful life, devoting it to serving the Fatherland. A lot of people came to say goodbye to him, in a hurry to pay their last respects to this wonderful man.

Concluding the story about Seraphim Mikhailovich Kulikov, I would like to emphasize that the All-Russian Research Institute of Automation owes a lot to this most experienced test researcher, talented leader, wise educator of young personnel, courageous and honest person.

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L. V. KULIKOV

HISTORY AND METHODOLOGY

ZOOTECHNICAL SCIENCE

Moscow - 2000

Peoples' Friendship University of Russia

L.V. Kulikov

HISTORY AND METHODOLOGY

ZOOTECHNICAL SCIENCE

(tutorial)

Moscow - 2000
Reviewers:

A.V. Orlov, professor, doctor of agricultural sciences;

N.V. Gruzdev, professor, doctor of agricultural sciences.
This study guide has been prepared in accordance with the fact that the State educational standard higher professional education, published in last years(1996, 1997, 2000), provides for inclusion in educational plans disciplines in the history and methodology of the relevant sciences. Previously, this discipline was not included in the curriculum.

The manual describes the history of the development of animal husbandry and zootechnical sciences, starting with the domestication of farm animals. Along with the presentation of the main stages in the development of zootechnical sciences, the manual includes materials about outstanding scientists who have made a significant contribution to the creation and improvement of zootechnical science.

Until now, no comprehensive textbook on this topic has been offered; the available historical materials have been fragmentarily developed in numerous sources.

The proposed tutorial meets modern requirements higher education and is designed for students of zooengineering departments of universities.
Content

		P.
Introduction	…………………………………………………	5
Chapter 1.	Brief archaeological and historical overview ... ...	8
Chapter 2.	Domestication and domestication of animals, domestication changes ……………….
Chapter 3.	Animal husbandry of primitive communities, slave society, feudal era
Chapter 4.	The development of animal husbandry in the period of capitalism ……………………………………… ...
Chapter 5.	Breeds of farm animals in the historical sequence of their development …………………………………………….
Chapter 6.	The history and methodology of the creation of individual breeds of animals as elements of the development of zootechnical science ……………………….
Chapter 7.	Short review development of the doctrine of animal feeding …………………………………… ..
Chapter 8.	The origins of Russian zootechnical science …….	119
Chapter 9.	The founders of Russian zootechnical science ………………………………………….
Chapter 10.	Outstanding Russian scientists-zootechnicians of the 20th century	141
Conclusion	…………………………………………………	170

Archive of the Kulikov surnames. The origin of the surname Kulikov. Where did the surname Kulikov come from? What is the meaning of the surname Kulikov. The history of the origin of the surname Kulikov? What information does the surname store about the Kuliks' ancestors?

The meaning and origin of the surname Kulikov.

Kulikov. Value 1.

It is most common in the Volga region (in the Ulyanovsk and Nizhny Novgorod regions, in the Republic of Tatarstan and the Republic of Udmurtia).

The basis of the surname Kulikov was the worldly name Kulik. The worldly name Kulik originates from a similar name for a small wading bird with long legs. Before the introduction of Christianity in Russia, giving a child a name representing the name of an animal or plant was a very widespread tradition. This corresponded to the pagan ideas of man about the world. The ancient Russian man, who lived according to the laws of nature, himself imagined himself to be a part of it. Giving the baby such a name as Kulik, the parents wanted nature to perceive the child as her own, so that those useful qualities that the chosen representative of the animal world was endowed with was transferred to him.

According to another version, the surname Kulikov comes from the nickname Kulik, which could have been given to a long-legged man (by its external resemblance to a bird wader).

The surname Kulikov is very ancient. Thus, in the "Onomasticon" of academician S. B. Veselovsky there are related names: Kulik Kotok, peasant of the Semenovsky churchyard (1495); peasant Stepan Kulikov (1539); Matvey Ivanov, son of Kulikov, guarantor for the boyars (1571); Novgorod landowners Kulikovs (late 15th century). Among the famous representatives of the surname are Nikolai Ivanovich Kulikov (1815-1891), a Russian actor and dramatic writer; Ivan Semenovich Kulikov (1875-1941), Russian artist, academician of painting, student of I.E.Repin; Viktor Georgievich Kulikov (b. 1921), Soviet and Russian military and statesman, Hero of the Soviet Union, Marshal of the Soviet Union.

Kulikov. Value 2.

The owner of the surname Kulikov can rightfully be proud of his ancestors, information about which is contained in various documents confirming the trace they left in the history of Russia.

Most likely, the basis of the Kulikov surname was a worldly name. This name was added by the child's parents to the name he received at baptism. This name was used more often than the baptismal name and was assigned to a person for life.

The presence of a second, worldly, name was a kind of tribute to the ancient Slavic tradition of two names. Its purpose was to hide the main, church name from "evil spirits" and "evil spirits."

Worldly names often completely substituted baptismal names and even in documents could act as official names. Thus, even in the annals there are records such as “the son of Fyodor was born to the Grand Duke Vsevolod, and Yaroslav was called byst” (1190), or, for example, the son of a Novgorod priest “Maxim, and the worldly name Stanimir” (1310) is mentioned.

So, the surname Kulikov could go back to the worldly name Kulik, which, in turn, is formed from the common noun "sandpiper". This is the name of the wading bird.

Due to their semi-aquatic lifestyle, these birds have characteristic long legs for moving in shallow waters or swampy ground, a long sensitive beak for searching for food in soft ground, and large eyes for night activity.

However, one cannot exclude the version that the surname under study could come from the figurative meaning of the nickname Kulik. So, in dialects, Kulik was often called a simple, slow-witted person. In other dialects, Kulik is a "man with a long nose" (probably due to the resemblance to the sandpiper bird).

In documentary sources, nicknames and the name of Kulik are recorded: Kulik Ivan, Duma boyar, 1456; Kulik Vasil, 1555, Ryazan; Kulishka Trofim, peasant, 1567; Mostyk and Kulik, brothers Zemtsov, 1584 and others.

Already in the 15th-16th centuries in Russia, surnames, denoting a person's belonging to a particular family, began to be fixed and passed from generation to generation. These were possessive adjectives with the suffixes –s / –ev, –in, initially indicating the name of the head of the family. Thus, the descendants of the person who had the name Kulik eventually received the surname Kulikovs.

The practice of giving the child, in addition to the official baptismal name, one more, non-baptismal, was retained until the 17th century. and led to the fact that surnames formed from worldly names made up a significant part of the total number of Russian surnames.

Since the process of forming surnames was quite long, it is difficult to talk about the exact place and time of the origin of the surname Kulikov. However, we can say with confidence that she belongs to the oldest Russian family names and can tell a lot about the life and life of our distant ancestors.

Kulikov. Value 3.

The Jewish surname Kulikov (there is also a non-Jewish one) is a Russified (using the ending "-ov") form of the surname Kulik.

There are two versions of the origin of the surname Kulik.

According to the first version, the surname Kulik refers to the so-called "toponymic" surnames, that is, to surnames formed from the name of the city or town in which the first carriers of this surname lived. Moreover, most often the surname was assigned to a person not when he lived in this place, but when he moved to a new place of residence. A certain nickname was assigned to a person, because the question "Where is he from?" they often answered, for example: “Yes, he is from Vilna. He is Vilna (or Vilner) ”. Thus, the majority of toponymic surnames were formed.

The surname Kulik comes from the name of the town of Kuliki on the border of Belarus and Lithuania, in the Berestovitsky district of the Grodno region.

Another variant of the origin of this surname is also possible - from the name of the wading bird "sandpiper". In Poland and Belarus, a number of similar Jewish surnames are known, formed in an arbitrary way from Polish and Belarusian words, most often associated with nature: Drozd - "thrush", Verzhba - "willow", Pshepyurka - "quail", Kvyatek - "flower". Apparently, these surnames were created as artificial, with the help of the rich imagination of the officials responsible for the "officialization" of the Jews, or the Jewish recipients of the surname themselves.

The surname Kulikov on the territory of the Russian Empire met in the cities of Grodno, Vasilkov, Kherson.