What made Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky famous. Famous Russian ethnographer and traveler Nikolai Nikolaevich Miklukho-Maclay (18 photos)

The outstanding Russian geographer and traveler Nikolai Przhevalsky had an amazing destiny, he lived an extraordinary life, full of amazing discoveries and adventures. The future naturalist was born on March 31, 1839 in the village of Kimborovo, Smolensk province. Przhevalsky's ancestors on his father's side were Zaporozhye Cossacks. And his maternal grandfather - a landless serf - during his military service was awarded for the exploits of the nobility. Having retired, he acquired the estate in Kimborovo, where Nikolai Mikhailovich was born. His father, also an officer in the Russian army, died when the boy was barely seven years old. Przhevalsky himself said that after the death of his father, their family lived modestly, he grew up a savage, and his upbringing was Spartan. The deep Smolensk forests became the first school for the inquisitive guy. With a homemade bow, with a toy gun, and from the age of twelve and with a real hunting Nicholas, he walked for days through the forest wilderness.

From the age of eight, Przhevalsky mastered the literacy, avidly read all the books that came into his hands. At the age of ten, Nikolai was sent to the Smolensk gymnasium. Studying was easy for him, and soon he became the first student in academic performance. However, the knowledge he received at the Smolensk gymnasium was not enough. Later Przhevalsky recalled: “Despite the fact that I graduated with honors from the course, I will say, truly, I learned very little from there. Bad teaching methods and a large number of subjects made it absolutely impossible to study anything positively, even with a strong desire ... ".

After graduating from the gymnasium, Nikolai Przhevalsky, shocked by the heroic deeds of the defenders of Sevastopol, decided to become a military man. As a non-commissioned officer, he was sent to serve in the Ryazan Infantry Regiment. And on November 24, 1856, the seventeen-year-old youth was transferred to the twenty-eighth Polotsk Infantry Regiment, located in the county town of Bely, Smolensk province. In his spare time, Nikolai was engaged in the study of nature, made long hikes in the local swamps and forests. During his stay in the Polotsk regiment, he collected a herbarium of most of the plants growing in the vicinity of the city of Bely. Soon, he had obsessive thoughts about traveling to distant lands. They pursued him day and night. Przhevalsky repeatedly told his colleagues: "I must certainly go on an expedition." To this end, he began to scrupulously study the works of famous scientists in geography, zoology, botany.

Finally, Nikolai filed a request to transfer him to Amur. The response from the authorities was peculiar - arrest for three days. After the incident, the young man chose a different path. He decided to enroll in the General Staff School, deciding that upon graduation he could easily achieve an appointment to Siberia. An amazing memory, dedication and preparation, sometimes taking up to eighteen hours a day, allowed the village boy to easily endure entrance exams... He was among the students of the Academy of the General Staff in St. Petersburg.

While studying at the academy, Nikolai wrote his first literary work... Under the title "Memories of a Hunter" it got on the pages of the magazine "Hunting and Horse Breeding". In parallel with military sciences, Nikolai Mikhailovich continued to study zoology, botany and geography. When passing to the second year, I chose the Amur Territory as the topic of the essay. In his work, he used both the works of famous researchers of the Amur region and books on general geography. At the end of the report, Przhevalsky expressed curious thoughts about geographic location and the features of this region. The well-known academician, economist and publicist Vladimir Bezobrazov presented Przhevalsky's Military Statistical Review of Primorsky Krai to the Russian Geographical Society. After studying this work, on February 5, 1864, Nikolai Mikhailovich was enrolled as a full member of the society.

After graduating from the Academy, Przhevalsky was appointed adjutant to the commander of the Polotsk infantry regiment. Soon he volunteered for Poland to suppress the uprising. And at the end of 1864 he was transferred to teach geography at the cadet school in Warsaw. Here the military officer met the famous ornithologist Vladislav Kazimirovich Tachanovsky, who taught him how to stuff stuffed animals and dissect birds perfectly. And especially for the cadets, Nikolai Przhevalsky wrote a textbook on general geography, which for a long time served as a guide not only for domestic educational institutions, but also many foreign countries.

In 1866, Przhevalsky filed a report on the transfer to Siberia. While waiting, he carefully prepared for his future journey. Finally, a positive response was received. At the end of January 1867, Przhevalsky drove to St. Petersburg and addressed the Council of the Geographical Society with a request to help in organizing the expedition. However, he was refused. Petr Petrovich Semenov-Tyan-Shansky, who was at that time the chairman of the Department of Physical Geography, explained the reason for this as follows: “Nikolai Przhevalsky was still a little known figure in the scientific world. We did not dare to give him an allowance for the enterprise, moreover, we did not dare to organize an entire expedition under his leadership. " Nevertheless, the traveler was promised that if he was able to do some research or discoveries in Siberia at his own expense, then upon his return he could hope for the support of the Society and even the organization of an expedition to Central Asia under his leadership.

In May 1867, Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky was sent on his first trip to Ussuri. He took the topographer of Yagunov's headquarters, the sixteen-year-old son of an exiled villager, as his assistant. He taught the young man to dry plants, to remove and dissect animal skins, to carry out all the many duties of travelers. On May 26, they left Irkutsk and went to the Amur through Transbaikalia. Przhevalsky set himself the task of exploring and describing the Ussuri region as fully as possible. Along with this, he also had specific instructions from the headquarters of the troops, according to which he had to collect information about the aborigines living along the Ussuri River and study the paths leading to the borders of Korea and Manchuria.

Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky. 1876 ​​year

The road to Blagoveshchensk took about two months. In Khabarovsk, Przhevalsky acquired a boat and took rowers in shifts in each Cossack village that came across on the way. He himself, together with Yagunov, moved along the river bank, collecting plants, shooting birds. He visited the camps of the aborigines of this region, watched them fish with the help of a spear, hunt wild goats when they are crossing the rivers. The traveler diligently described all the necessary notes in his travel diary. The diligence of the "master" -officer surprised the Cossacks. Przhevalsky covered the distance from Khabarovsk to the village of Busse on foot in twenty-three days. From Busse, Nikolai Mikhailovich moved to Lake Khanka, the expanses of which made a great impression on him. Throughout August, the researcher lived on the shores of the reservoir: he hunted, collected plants, and made meteorological observations three times a day. In mid-September, he went south to the shores of the Sea of ​​Japan. On the shores of Posiet Bay, he met Koreans who had fled from their masters and found refuge in neighboring Russia. In order to get to know the life of this people more closely, Przhevalsky, together with an interpreter and three rowers, arrived in the border Korean settlement of Kygen-Pu. However, the head of the town refused to talk about his country and ordered the travelers to return back to Russia. Seeing the senselessness of further conversations, the detachment returned to the Novgorod post in the Posiet Bay.

After that, Przhevalsky decided to explore the deep regions of the Ussuri region. Taking two soldiers and the faithful Yagunov, he set off on a path that none of the Europeans had previously walked. By that time, frosts began. I often had to sleep right in the snow. In order to make entries in the diary, it was necessary to warm up the ink on a fire. New Year the detachment met among the deep snowdrifts in the taiga. On that day, Przhevalsky wrote: “In many places they will remember me today. But, not a single guess will tell where I am now. The places where I have wandered, perhaps, the devil himself does not know. " The winter crossing ended on January 7, 1868. The expedition, passing along the coast of the Sea of ​​Japan and along the Tadush River, crossed the Sikhote-Alin and entered the Ussuri River near the village of Busse. The path covered by the pack trail was about 1100 kilometers. In the spring of 1868, Nikolai Przhevalsky spent on Lake Khanka, where he observed massive migrations of birds, lotus bloom and the love games of Japanese cranes. However, Przhevalsky's research was interrupted by an attack on the southern Primorye by a gang of Hunghuz. They killed civilians, burned three Russian villages and two posts. Przhevalsky, a military officer and the most skillful shooter, took the most Active participation in the destruction of bandits, for which he was promoted to the rank of captain. And soon he was transferred to Nikolaevsk-on-Amur and was appointed a senior adjutant of the headquarters of the troops of the Amur region. Here, in free time the naturalist processed the materials collected by the expedition. It was only in February 1869 that he received permission to return to his studies. He again spent the spring and summer on the Khanka Lake, which he loved, studying the rivers flowing into it. And at the end of the year I went to the Northern capital.

In the Russian Geographical Society, Nikolai Mikhailovich was greeted as a research scientist who made a significant contribution to the study of nature, climate, animal and flora Ussuriysk Territory, as well as the occupations and life of the local population. For two years, as a passionate hunter, he collected a collection of 310 stuffed birds. In total, Przhevalsky counted 224 bird species, of which 36 had not previously been recorded in these parts, and some are completely unknown to science. On Ussuri, Nikolai Mikhailovich was the first to see and describe a black hare and a rare plant - dimorphan or white walnut. Together with him to Petreburg, he brought more than 300 species of plants (two thousand specimens), 42 species of bird eggs (550 in total), 83 species of various seeds and more than a dozen mammalian skins. Przewalski passed two years of hiking, a kind of "exam for a traveler" brilliantly. His lectures usually ended with applause. And for the report on the population of Primorye, the naturalist was awarded a Small Silver Medal. In August 1870, his first book, "A Journey to the Ussuri Region", was published, which brought Przhevalsky fame outside the narrow circle of geographers.

In 1870, with the support of the Russian geographic society the traveler set off on his first expedition to Central Asia. On November 17, his detachment on camels left the city of Kyakhta. The first assistant of Przhevalsky was second lieutenant Poltsoy, besides him, the Buryats Dondok Irinchinov and the Cossack Panfil Chebaev took part in the campaign. Their path passed through the city of Urgu (now Ulan Bator) and the endless Gobi desert to distant Beijing. And from there, through the Alashan, Gobi and the heights of the Nan Shan, the expedition went to the upper reaches of the Yellow River and Yangtze and ended up in Tibet. Then the travelers again crossed the Gobi, the central part of Mongolia, and returned to Kyakhta. When crossing the deserts, travelers did not have enough water and food, they ran out of money. Poltsov fell ill with typhus, but continued the campaign. Meeting in 1873, Nikolai Mikhailovich wrote in his diary: “We are experiencing terrible hardships that must be endured in the name of a great goal. Will we have enough will and strength to finish this glorious deed? "

All members of the expedition had enough skill and strength. The hike lasted almost three years, during which time twelve thousand kilometers were covered, and most of the way the travelers walked on foot. Przhevalsky left a note about his comrades: “Far from our homeland, we lived like brothers. We shared work and danger, sorrow and joy together. I will preserve to the grave the grateful memories of my companions, whose immense courage and dedication to the cause determined the entire success of the enterprise. " As a result of this campaign, significant changes took place on the map of Central Asia - 23 new ridges, 7 large and 17 small lakes appeared. In addition, the heights of many passes were determined, the exact locations of the villages were determined, collections of mammals, birds, fish, insects (more than 3000 specimens), plants (about 4000 specimens), and rock specimens were collected. The friendly attitude of the researchers towards the local population should be especially emphasized. Travelers won the hearts of residents with a sympathetic attitude and help with medicines. For the successful cure of malaria patients, the Dungans named Przhevalsky "The Great Doctor". The Russian Geographical Society awarded Nikolai Mikhailovich a gold medal. He presented the results of his first expedition in the essay "Mongolia and the Land of the Tanguts". The book was translated into different languages world, and many foreign geographical societies sent their medals and certificates to Przhevalsky, recognizing the merits of the Russian naturalist.

And the scientist himself, meanwhile, was preparing for the second campaign in Central Asia. On August 12, 1876, he set out with nine companions. Their route ran from the city of Kuldzha up the banks of the Ili River, and then through the Tien Shan to the mysterious Lake Lob-nor. This expedition was also very difficult, the health of Nikolai Mikhailovich was shaken. The travelers planned to go to Tibet in Lhasa. However, the scientist's illness, lack of water and, most importantly, complications in Russian-Chinese relations, led to the fact that the participants in the campaign jointly decided to return to Kuldja. Despite the failure, the expedition still did a great job. Eye survey filmed 1200 kilometers of track, collected the most valuable collections of birds and animals. The skins were brought from four camels, previously known only from the records of Marco Polo. Information about the inhabitants of this area was of great importance. The details of the trip were described by Przhevalsky in the book "From Kuldja beyond the Tien Shan and to Lob-nor". Nikolai Mikhailovich was elected an honorary member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The Geographical Society of London honored the naturalist with the Royal Medal and the Berlin Geographical Society with the Humboldt Grand Gold Medal. All this meant his worldwide recognition as an outstanding scientist and traveler.

Diseases forced Nikolai Mikhailovich to stay in Russia until the spring of 1879. This time he devoted to preparing for the trip to Tibet. A detachment of thirteen people left the Zaisan post on March 21. This time, 35 camels, loaded with food and water, departed with the people. The expedition moved through the deserts and steppes of Dzungaria. Here the scientist discovered a wild horse, which would later be called the Przewalski's horse. Further, the path of the detachment passed through Nan Shan. In its western part, two high snow-covered ridges were discovered, which were given the name of the Ritter and Humboldt ridges. The difficulties of this campaign were expressed in the fact that the Chinese authorities refused to sell food to pilgrims, did not allow them to take guides. Nevertheless, the expedition successfully reached the great Tibetan road leading to Lhasa. On the way, travelers discovered another hitherto unknown ridge, named after Marco Polo. The detachment climbed to the pass of the Tangla ridge along the icy paths. Here they were suddenly attacked by the nomadic North Tibetan tribe of the Agrai, robbing passing caravans. However, Russian travelers were too tough for the local mountaineers. And this, and all subsequent raids were repulsed. It seemed that the way into the heart of Tibet was open. But 250 kilometers from Lhasa, the detachment was met by the ambassadors of the Dalai Lama, who conveyed a written order forbidding them to visit the city, since they belonged to a different faith. “At that moment, when all the hardships of the long journey were overcome, and the probability of reaching the goal of the expedition turned into a certainty of success,” Nikolai Przhevalsky wrote with chagrin, “we were never able to get to Lhasa: human barbarism and ignorance set up insurmountable obstacles!” The caravan moved in the opposite direction. However, now people were discouraged and tired, horses and camels were also emaciated and exhausted. On January 31, 1880, the detachment returned to Zun, out of 35 camels, only 13 completed the transition.

After resting, Przhevalsky moved to the Yellow River and explored it for three months. Then he reached Lake Kukunor and plotted its shape and size on a map, determined that twenty-five rivers flow into it. Then the travelers returned to Kyakhta via Alashan and Gobi. In total, they covered about 7200 kilometers, found the road to Lhasa, determined the location of twenty-three geographical points, discovered 5 lakes, new species of animals and plants. A solemn welcome awaited the participants of the expedition in St. Petersburg. Moscow University elected Przhevalsky as an honorary doctor of zoology, the Russian Geographical Society - an honorary member, the cities of St. Petersburg and Smolensk - an honorary citizen. He was also elected an honorary member by the Dresden, Italian and Vienna Geographical Societies. Having received a huge number of grateful reviews and degrees after the trip, Nikolai Mikhailovich, due to his natural modesty, retired in the village, where he worked collected material... He presented the results of the campaign in his next book "From Zaisan through Hami to Tibet and to the upper reaches of the Yellow River."
However, unexplored lands still attracted the famous traveler and his companions. On October 21, 1883, Przhevalsky set off from Kyakhta on his fourth trip to Asia. His goal was unknown Tibet. This time the path ran through the steppes of Mongolia, the Gobi and Alashan deserts, the North Tatung ridge. Again, despite the obstacles of the Chinese bureaucrats, Przhevalsky reached the sources of the Yellow River, discovered two lakes: Dzharin-Nur and Orin-Nur. Then the travelers turned to the Lob-Nor lake, the path to which was blocked by the Altintag ridge. After a long search, the participants of the hike found a passage through the mountains. The inhabitants of Lob-nora greeted the expedition very warmly. From here, Przhevalsky turned to the southwest and discovered unknown ridges, which received the names Russian and Karyi. Two years later, in 1885, the work was completed. The expedition covered about eight thousand kilometers. In honor of Przhevalsky, by decision of the Academy of Sciences, a gold medal was knocked out with the inscription: "To the first researcher of the nature of Central Asia." Nikolai Mikhailovich by this period was already in the rank of major general, was the owner of 8 gold medals, an honorary member of 24 scientific communities. After his expeditions, white spots on the maps of Central Asia disappeared one by one.

Infirmary where Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky died. 1890 year

Posthumous photograph of N.M. Przhevalsky. November 8, 1888

The grave of Przhevalskiy on the shore of the Karakol Bay Przhevalsk. 1890 year

For those who personally knew the outstanding scientist, there was nothing strange in the fact that in less than 50 years he began to prepare for the fifth campaign in Central Asia... The purpose of this expedition was the "promised" city of Lhasa. This time an official pass was obtained for his visit. At the end of 1888, preparations were finally completed. Karakol was chosen as the gathering place for the participants. However, the journey was not destined to take place. On the way to this Kyrgyz city in the valley of the Kara-Balta river, Nikolai Mikhailovich decided to hunt. With a slight cold, he drank river water and contracted typhoid fever. Upon arrival in Karakol, the traveler lay down. Suffering from an illness, he did not lose heart, he held himself courageously, knowingly saying that he was not afraid of death, since he had repeatedly been face to face with her. On October 20, 1888, the great scientist, patriot and traveler died in the arms of his friends.

Before his death, Przhevalsky asked to be buried on the banks of Issyk-Kul in his marching clothes. The will of the deceased was fulfilled. On the eastern shore of the lake, twelve kilometers from the city, a grave was dug out in two days (due to the hardness of the soil). The coffin with the body was delivered on a field gun carriage. Those who saw off walked around on foot, and soldiers were lined up at the grave itself. A large black cross with a plaque was erected over the grave, on which, at the request of Nikolai Mikhailovich himself, they made a simple inscription: "Traveler Przhevalsky." A few years later, a monument was erected at this place. On a granite block rises a bronze eagle, ready to fall, holding an olive branch in its beak, as a symbol of the greatness and glory of a brave explorer, always inexorably moving forward towards his dream.

Nikolai Przhevalsky became an example for many generations of travelers and scientists around the world. It is still very difficult to explain how this person, with very serious, time-consuming and labor-intensive work, with all the difficulties he encountered in Asia at every step, could so brilliantly perform the tasks of a naturalist. In any conditions, every day Przhevalsky kept a diary, which formed the basis of all his books. In adulthood, Nikolai Mikhailovich was absolutely indifferent to titles, ranks and awards, preferring the lonely life of a wanderer to all the benefits of civilization. He owns the wonderful words: "The world is beautiful because you can travel."

Based on materials from the book by M.A. Engelhardt Nikolai Przhevalsky. His life and travels "

Ctrl Enter

Spotted Osh S bku Highlight text and press Ctrl + Enter

Nikolai Nikolaevich Miklukho-Maclay was born on July 17, 1846 in the village of Yazykovo-Rozhdestvenskoe, Borovichi district, Novgorod province.

Biography of Miklouho-Maclay

After the family moved to St. Petersburg in 1858, he began to study at the Second St. Petersburg gymnasium; his studies are difficult, and in 1861 he was almost expelled for participating in a student demonstration. In 1863, after graduating from high school, Nikolai entered St. Petersburg University, becoming a volunteer at the Physics and Mathematics Faculty. In 1864, once again becoming a participant in student unrest, he was expelled, deprived of the right to study in Russian higher educational institutions.

To continue his education, the future traveler Miklouho-Maclay leaves for Germany, where he studies philosophy, medicine, chemistry at the universities of Heidelberg, Leipzig and Jena. At the same time, a significant event took place in the biography of Miklouho-Maclay - a meeting with the zoologist and naturalist E. Haeckel, who invited the young scientist to take part in scientific expedition to the Canary Islands and Morocco.

Since 1868, after graduation, travel for research has become the meaning of his life. In 1884, while living in Australia, he married and had two sons. Returning to Russia in 1886, he no longer went on large expeditions, limiting himself to anthropological research in Ukraine.

On April 2 (14), 1888, the great Russian scientist died at the Willie clinic in St. Petersburg. The biography of Miklouho-Maclay is a vivid example of the biography of a real scientist, devoted to science before self-sacrifice.

Miklouho-Maclay's travels

After graduation, Miklouho-Maclay worked in Sicily, where he dealt with two topics: sponge morphology and fish brain anatomy. Here he first fell ill with malaria - a disease that will pursue him all his life.

Miklouho-Maclay's first journey, undertaken after graduation, was a trip in 1869 to the coast of the Red Sea, where he studied lower marine animals. Returning to Russia, he brought with him a collection of sponges, which is now kept in the Zoological Museum. In a speech at the II Congress of Naturalists in 1869, he proposed the creation of marine biological stations. The proposal was accepted and initiated the creation of the Sevastopol biological station.

At the same time Miklouho-Maclay became interested in issues of anthropology, ethnography, deciding to engage in research in little-studied areas of the world, choosing New Guinea for this, which was greatly facilitated by the article by A. Petermann “New Guinea” he read. Having presented his project of the expedition to the Russian Geographical Society, Miklouho-Maclay received the approval of the Society's Council and a grant of 1200 rubles. In November 1870, on the Vityaz, he sailed to the shores of New Guinea, and on September 20, 1871, landed on the shores of the Coral Sea near the village of Bonga, a coast that would soon be named after him.

Here he lived for more than a year, living in a hut on the shore, he was engaged in anthropological research, studied the life of the aborigines, healed them, planted the seeds of the imported plants, traveled around the country, sailed to the nearby islands and archipelagos. He quickly learned the local language and gained prestige among the Papuans.

Przhevalsky Nikolay Mikhailovich (31.03 1839 –20.11.1888) - scientist, geographer, traveler, explorer of Central Asia, honorary member Petersburg Academy of Sciences from 1878, major general from 1886.

Przhevalsky is known as one of the greatest travelers, who spent 11 years of his life in 5 expeditions. The total length of its working routes is 31,500 km. During the expeditions, rich zoological collections were collected (over 7.5 thousand exhibits); several new species of animals have been discovered, including a wild camel, a wild horse (Przewalski's horse), a pik-eater bear, etc. Its herbarium contains about 16 thousand plant specimens, constituting 1,700 species, of which 218 species and 7 genera were described for the first time.
Its mineralogical collections were striking in their wealth. He received the highest awards of a number of geographical societies, was elected an honorary doctor of several universities, became an honorary member of 24 scientific institutions a number of countries and an honorary citizen of St. Petersburg and Smolensk.

Born in the village of Kimborovo, Smolensk province, into a noble family. Since childhood, he dreamed of traveling. His father, Mikhail Kuzmich, served in the Russian army. His initial teacher was his uncle P.A.

In 1855 he graduated from the Smolensk gymnasium. At the end of the course at the Smolensk gymnasium, Przhevalsky was assigned in Moscow as a non-commissioned officer in the Ryazan infantry regiment; having received the officer's rank, he transferred to the Polotsk regiment, then entered the academy of the general staff. At the height of the Sevastopol defense, he entered the army as a volunteer, but he did not have to fight. After 5 years of unloved Przhevalsky N.M. military service was refused to transfer him to Amur for research work.

In 1861 he entered the Academy of the General Staff, where he completed his first geographical work, "The Military Geographical Review of the Amur Territory," for which the Russian Geographical Society elected him as a member.

In 1863 he graduated from an academic course and volunteered for Poland to suppress the uprising. He served in Warsaw as a teacher of history and geography at a cadet school, where he was seriously engaged in self-education, preparing to become a professional researcher of little-studied countries.

In 1866 he was assigned to Eastern Siberia. He made a number of expeditions to the Ussuri region (1867-1869), as well as in 1870-10-1885 to Mongolia, Tibet and China. Made a survey of more than 30 thousand km. the path he traveled, discovered unknown mountain ranges and lakes, a wild camel, a Tibetan bear, a wild horse named after him. He told about his travels in books, giving a vivid description of Central Asia: its flora, fauna, climate, peoples who lived in it; collected unique collections, becoming a universally recognized classic of geographical science.

In 1883, he undertook the fourth voyage, leading a detachment of 21 people. From Kyakhta he moved through Urga by the old route to the Tibetan plateau, explored the sources of the Yellow River and the watershed between the Yellow and Golubaya, and from there passed through Tsaidam to Lob-Nor and to the city of Karakol (Przhevalsk). The journey ended only in 1886.

Przhevalsky's greatest achievements are the geographical and natural-historical research of the Kun-Lun mountain system, the ridges of Northern Tibet, the Lop-Nora and Kuku-Nora basins and the sources of the Yellow River. In addition, he discovered a number of new forms of animals: the wild camel, the Przewalski's horse, the Tibetan bear, a number of new species of other mammals, as well as huge zoological and botanical collections containing many new forms later described by specialists. The Academy of Sciences and scientists from all over the world welcomed Przewalski's discoveries.

Being a well-educated naturalist, Przhevalsky was at the same time a born traveler-wanderer, who preferred a lonely steppe life to all the benefits of civilization. Due to his persistent, decisive nature, he overcame the opposition of Chinese officials and the resistance of local residents, sometimes reaching the level of open attacks and clashes. The Academy of Sciences awarded Przewalski with a medal with the inscription: "To the first researcher of nature in Central Asia."

The result of the first trip was the books "A Journey to the Ussuri Region" and rich collections for the Geographical Society. He was the first to describe the nature of many regions of Asia, lakes and mountain ranges unknown to Europeans; collected collections of plants and animals, described a wild camel, a wild horse (Przewalski's horse), etc.

He died of typhoid fever (November 20, 1888), preparing to make his fifth expedition to Central Asia. A number of geographical objects, animal and plant species are named after him. In 1892 in St. Petersburg was opened monument Przhevalsky N.M. sculptors Schroeder I.N. and Runeberg R.A.

In 1891, in honor of Przhevalsky, the Russian Geographical Society instituted a silver medal and a prize named after him; in 1946 the Przewalski gold medal was instituted. Named in his honor: a city, a ridge in Kunlun, a glacier in Altai, several species of animals (including a horse) and plants. Monuments have been erected to Przhevalsky: not far from Lake Issyk-Kul (at his grave) and in St. Petersburg.



N.M. Przhevalsky (1839-1888)

Przhevalsky Nikolay Mikhailovich- Russian traveler, explorer of Central Asia; honorary member of the Petersburg Academy of Sciences (1878), major general (1886). He led an expedition to the Ussuri region (1867-1869) and four expeditions to Central Asia (1870-1885). He was the first to describe the nature of many regions of Central Asia; discovered a number of ridges, depressions and lakes in Kunlun, Nanshan and the Tibetan plateau. Gathered valuable collections of plants and animals; first described a wild camel, a wild horse (Przewalski's horse), a pika-eating bear or a Tibetan bear, etc.

Przhevalsky was born in the village of Kimbori, Smolensk province on April 12 (March 31, O.S.) 1839. Father, a retired lieutenant, died early. The boy grew up under the supervision of his mother on the Otradnoye estate. In 1855, Przhevalsky graduated from the Smolensk gymnasium and was appointed in Moscow as a non-commissioned officer in the Ryazan infantry regiment; and having received the officer's rank, he transferred to the Polotsk regiment. Przhevalsky, avoiding revelry, spent all the time hunting, collecting herbarium, took up ornithology.

After five years of service, Przhevalsky entered the Academy of the General Staff. In addition to the main subjects, he studies the works of geographers Ritter, Humboldt, Richtofen and, of course, Semenov. There he prepared coursework"Military Statistical Review of the Amur Territory", on the basis of which in 1864 he was elected a full member of the Geographical Society.

As a teacher of history and geography at the Warsaw Junker School, Przewalski diligently studied the epic of African travel and discoveries, got acquainted with zoology and botany, and compiled a geography textbook.

Travel route in the Ussuriysk Territory

Soon he achieved a transfer to Eastern Siberia. In 1867, with the help of Semenov, Przhevalsky received a two-year service a business trip to the Ussuri region, and the Siberian Department of the Geographical Society ordered him to study the flora and fauna of the region.

Along the Ussuri, he reached the village of Busse, then to Lake Khanka, which is a station for migratory birds. Here he conducted ornithological observations. In winter, he explored the South Ussuri region, walking 1060 miles in three months. In the spring of 1868, he again went to Lake Khanka, then pacified the Chinese robbers in Manchuria, for which he was appointed senior adjutant of the headquarters of the Amur region troops. The results of his first trip were the compositions "On the non-Russian population in the southern part of the Amur region" and "Travel in the Ussuri region". Collected about 300 species of plants, made more than 300 stuffed birds, and many plants and birds on the Ussuri were discovered for the first time.

First trip to Central Asia. In 1870, the Russian Geographical Society organized an expedition to Central Asia. Przhevalsky was appointed its head. Second lieutenant Mikhail Alexandrovich Pyltsov took part in the expedition with him. Their path lay through Moscow and Irkutsk to Kyakhta, where they arrived in early November 1870, and further to Beijing, where Przhevalsky received permission from the Chinese government to travel.

On February 25, 1871, Przhevalsky moved from Beijing to the north to Lake Dalai-Nur, then, having rest in Kalgan, explored the Suma-Hody and Yin-Shan ridges, as well as the course of the Yellow River (Huang He), showing that it has no branching, as thought before on the basis of Chinese sources; after passing through the Alashan desert and the Alashan mountains, he returned to Kalgan, having made 3500 versts in 10 months.

Route of the First Journey in Central Asia

On March 5, 1872, the expedition again set out from Kalgan and moved through the Alashan desert to the Nanshan ridges and further to Lake Kukunor. Then Przhevalsky crossed the Tsaidam Basin, overcame the Kunlun ridges and reached the upper reaches of the Blue River (Yangtze) in Tibet.

In the summer of 1873, Przhevalsky, replenishing his equipment, went to Urga (Ulan Bator), through the Middle Gobi, and from Urga in September 1873 returned to Kyakhta. Through the deserts and mountains of Mongolia and China, Przhevalsky covered more than 11,800 kilometers and mapped (on a scale of 10 versts in 1 inch) about 5,700 kilometers.

The scientific results of this expedition amazed contemporaries. Przhevalsky was the first of the Europeans to penetrate into the inland region of Northern Tibet, to the upper reaches of the Yellow River and Yangtze (Ulan-Muren). And he determined that it was Bayan-Khara-Ula that was the watershed between these river systems. Przhevalsky gave detailed descriptions the Gobi, Ordos and Alashani deserts, the high mountainous regions of Northern Tibet and the Tsaidama basin discovered by him, for the first time mapped more than 20 ridges, seven large and a number of small lakes on the map of Central Asia. Przewalski's map did not differ in accuracy, since, due to very difficult travel conditions, he could not make astronomical determinations of longitudes. This significant defect was later corrected by him and other Russian travelers. He collected collections of plants, insects, reptiles, fish, mammals. At the same time, new species were discovered that received his name: Przewalski's lizard, Przewalski's claw tail, Przewalski's rhododendron ... The two-volume work "Mongolia and the Land of the Tanguts" brought the author world fame and was translated into a number of European languages.

Route of the Second Journey in Central Asia

The Russian Geographical Society awarded Przhevalsky with the Great Gold Medal and the "highest" awards - the rank of lieutenant colonel, a life pension of 600 rubles annually. He received the Gold Medal of the Paris Geographical Society. His name was placed next to Semyonov Tyan-Shansky, Kruzenshtern and Bellingshausen, Livingston and Stanley ...

Second trip to Central Asia. In January 1876, Przhevalsky presented a plan for a new expedition to the Russian Geographical Society. He intended to explore the Eastern Tien Shan, reach Lhasa, explore the mysterious Lake Lop Nor. In addition, Przewalski hoped to find and describe the wild camel that lived there, according to Marco Polo.

On August 12, 1876, the expedition set out from Kulja. Having overcome the ridges of the Tien Shan and the Tarim depression, Przhevalsky reached in February 1877 the huge reed swamp-lake Lobnor. According to his description, the lake was 100 kilometers long and 20 to 22 kilometers wide.

On the banks of the mysterious Lobnor, in the "land of Lop", Przewalski was the second ... after Marco Polo! The lake, however, became the subject of a dispute between Przewalski and Richtofen. Judging by the Chinese maps early XVIII century, Lop Nor was not at all where Przhevalsky discovered it. In addition, contrary to popular belief, the lake turned out to be fresh, not salty. Richtofen believed that the Russian expedition discovered some other lake, and the true Lop Nor lies to the north.

Akato Peak (6048) in the Altintag ridge. Photo by E. Potapov

Only half a century later the Lobnor mystery was finally solved. Forehead in Tibetan means "muddy", nor - in Mongolian "lake". It turned out that this swamp-lake changes its location from time to time. On Chinese maps, it was depicted in the northern part of the deserted closed-drain Lob depression. But then the Tarim and Konchedarya rivers rushed south. Ancient Lop Nor gradually disappeared, leaving only salt marshes and saucers of small lakes in its place. And in the south of the depression a new lake was formed, which was discovered and described by Przhevalsky.

In early July 1877, the expedition returned to Kuldja. Przhevalsky was pleased: he studied Lop Nor, discovered the Altyntag ridge south of the lake, described a wild camel, even got its skins, collected collections of flora and fauna.

Here, in Gulja, letters and a telegram awaited him, in which he was instructed to continue the expedition without fail.

During the travel of 1876-1877, Przhevalsky traveled across Central Asia a little more than four thousand kilometers - he was prevented by the war in Western China, the aggravation of relations between China and Russia and his illness: intolerable itching all over his body. And yet, this journey was marked by two major geographical discoveries - the lower Tarim with a group of lakes and the Altintag ridge. The illness forced him to return for a while to Russia, where he published his work "From Kuldja for the Tien Shan and on Lob Nor".

The route of the Third Journey in Central Asia

Third trip to Central Asia. Having rested, Przhevalsky in March 1879 with a detachment of 13 people began a journey, which he called the "First Tibetan". From Zaisan, he headed southeast, past Lake Ulyungur and along the Urungu River to its headwaters. In the area of ​​Lake Barkul and the village of Hami Przhevalsky crossed the most eastern part Tien Shan. Then he proceeded through the Gobi Desert and reached the Nanshan ranges and the Tsaidam Basin.

On this journey, Przewalski strove to cross the Kunlun and Tibet and reach Lhasa. But the Tibetan government did not want to let Przhevalsky into Lhasa, and the local population was so agitated that Przhevalsky, crossing the Tan-La pass and being 250 miles from Lhasa, was forced to retreat and through Nanshan and the Gobi Desert in the fall of 1880 he returned to Urga (Ulan Bator).

During this trip, he walked about eight thousand kilometers and filmed more than four thousand kilometers of the way through the regions of Central Asia. For the first time he explored the upper reaches of the Yellow River (Yellow River) for more than 250 kilometers; discovered the Semenov and Ugutu-Ula ridges. He described two new species of animals - the Przewalski's horse and the pika-eating bear or the Tibetan bear. His assistant, Vsevolod Ivanovich Roborovsky, collected a huge botanical collection: about 12 thousand plant specimens - 1500 species. Przhevalsky presented his observations and research results in the book "From Zaisan through Hami to Tibet and to the upper reaches of the Yellow River." The result of his three expeditions was fundamentally new maps of Central Asia.

Soon he submitted to the Russian Geographical Society a project on the study of the sources of the Yellow River.

Fourth trip to Central Asia. In 1883, Przewalski undertook the fourth journey, at the head of a detachment of 21 people. This time he is accompanied by Peter Kuzmich Kozlov, for whom this expedition will be the first trip to Central Asia.

From Kyakhta, Przhevalsky moved through Urga on his way back from the third expedition - he crossed the Gobi Desert and reached Nanshan. South of Nanshan, he entered the easternmost part of Kunlun, where he explored the sources of the Yellow River (Yellow River) and the watershed between the Yellow River and the Blue River (Yangtze), and from there passed through the Tsaidam Basin to the Altintag Ridge. Then he walked along the Kunlun to the Khotan oasis, turned north, crossed the Taklamakan desert and returned to Karakol through the Tien Shan. The journey ended only in 1886.

In three years, a huge distance was covered - 7815 kilometers, almost completely without roads. On the northern border of Tibet, the whole mountainous country of Kunlun with majestic ridges was discovered - nothing was known about them in Europe. The sources of the Yellow River were investigated, large lakes - Russkoye and Expeditions - were discovered and described. The collection includes new species of birds, mammals and reptiles, as well as fish, and new species of plants in the herbarium. In 1888, Przewalski's last work, "From Kyakhta to the headwaters of the Yellow River," was published.

Route of the Fourth Journey in Central Asia

The Academy of Sciences and scientists from all over the world welcomed Przewalski's discoveries. The Zagadochny ridge discovered by him is called the Przhevalsky ridge. His greatest merits are the geographical and natural-historical study of the Kuenlun mountain system, the ranges of Northern Tibet, the Lopnor and Kukunor basins and the sources of the Yellow River. In addition, he discovered a number of new forms of animals: a wild camel, Przewalski's horse, a Tibetan bear or a pik-eater bear, a number of new species of other mammals, as well as huge zoological and botanical collections containing many new forms, later described by specialists. Being a well-educated naturalist, Przhevalsky was at the same time a born traveler-wanderer who preferred a lonely steppe life to all the benefits of civilization. Due to his persistent, decisive nature, he overcame the opposition of the Chinese government and the resistance of local residents, sometimes reaching the level of open attack.

After finishing the processing of the fourth trip, Przewalski was preparing for the fifth. In 1888, he moved through Samarkand to the Russian-Chinese border, where, while hunting in the valley of the Kara-Balta River, after drinking river water, he contracted typhoid fever. Even on the way to Karakol, Przhevalsky felt unwell, and upon arrival in Karakol he completely fell asleep. A few days later, on November 1 (October 20, O.S. style), 1888, he died - according to the official version, from typhoid fever. He was buried on the shore of Lake Issyk-Kul.

A monument was erected on the grave of Przhevalsky based on a drawing by A.A.Bilderling. A modest inscription is inscribed on the monument: "Traveler N. M. Przhevalsky". So he bequeathed.

Another monument, also designed by Bilderling, was erected by the Geographical Society in the Alexander Garden in St. Petersburg.

In 1889 Karakol was renamed Przhevalsk. V Soviet time not far from the grave, a museum dedicated to the life of Przhevalsky was organized.

Przhevalsky only in very rare cases used his right of discoverer, almost everywhere preserving the local names. As an exception, appeared on the map "Lake Russian", "Lake Expeditions", "Mount Shapka Monomakh", "Russian ridge", "Mount Tsar Liberator".

Literature

1. N.M. Przhevalsky. Trips. M., Detgiz, 1958

2.N.M. Przhevalsky. Travel to the Ussuri region 1867-1869

Mikhail Vladimirovich wrote this search work about the Przhevalsky family until the last minutes of his life. Many things are seen differently today. But in the late 90s it was a landmark for us.

CLINIC PRZEWALSKY

The Przhevalskys descend from the Zaporozhye Cossack Kornila Anisimovich Paraval'skiy. Having risen to the rank of captain of the Cossack gonfalon (detachment), Kornila Przhevalsky took part in the battles near Polotsk and Velikie Luki; for his courage and bravery, King Stefan Batory in 1581 bestowed on him the Polish nobility and coat of arms. For his valiant service, Kornila Przhevalsky received five villages (Shishtsenka, Yudunevskaya, Ostrovskaya in the Vitebsk voivodeship, Pustovskaya, Bobovaya Luka in Velizhskaya volost) from the Vitebsk governor and the head of Velizh and Surozh Nikolai Sapieha, which were approved by King Sigismund III. Kornila Przhevalsky was married to Maria Mitkovna (i.e. Dmitrievna) and had two sons - Bogdan and Gabriel, and the latter also left two sons - Leonty and Gregory.

Grigory Przhevalsky married Christina Gostilovich in 1666 and received for her as a dowry half of the Skuratovo, Romanovo, and Zamerzino estate in the Vitebsk district. They had three sons: Leon, Jan (Ivan) and Lavrenty. The children were brought up in the spirit of the Orthodox religion. Lawrence also had three sons: Martyn, Dmitry and Anton. Martyn had sons Anthony and Tomash (Thomas).

Tomasz (Foma) Przewalski was married to Martha Petrovna and had five children: Nikolai, Franz the Great and Franz the Younger, daughter Maria and son Casimir. Franz the big was a major, distinguished himself in the war of 1812 near Tarutino, for which he was awarded the Order of Anna, 3rd class (later it was 4th degree). He took part in the battles near Maly Yaroslavl and Vyazma, was wounded near Dorogobuzh, after being cured he took part in foreign campaigns and was wounded again in 1813.

Kazimir (Kuzma) Przhevalsky (another son of Thomas) was brought up in the Jesuit college in Polotsk, but without completing the course, he fled from the school, converted to Orthodoxy, taking the name Kuzma. Orthodoxy was preserved for a long time in the Przewalski family. Perhaps Kuzma's parents converted to Catholicism, but we do not know for sure. In his younger years, Kuzma lived in the Skuratov family estate of the Vitebsk voivodeship, married Varvara Terentyevna Krasovskaya, had sons Jerome, Mikhail, Alexei and daughters Elena and Agrafena.

Kuzma Przhevalsky in 1818 was in the service in Staritsa as a supervising assistant, then he was awarded the rank of clerk and transferred to the same position in Vyshny Volochok, and in 1822 - to Vesyegonsk, in the same year he retired. In 1824 he was assigned to the office of the Tver noble deputy assembly, where he remained until 1826. In 1825 he was included in the 6th part of the genealogy book of the Tver province, had the rank of collegiate registrar. In 1835, Kuzma Fomich was the manager of the estate of the landowner Palibin in the Elninsky district. Kuzma Fomich died in 1842.

BRANCH "MIKHAILOVICHEI"

Mikhail Kuzmich Przhevalsky was born in 1803. At the age of fourteen he entered the former 4th Carabinier Regiment as a cadet, was promoted to a cadet harness in the same year, and retired 3 years later (at the age of 17). In January of the next 1821 he again entered the service, first in Borodinsky, then in the Belevsky infantry regiments. In 1824 he was promoted to ensign with a transfer to the Estland regiment. In 1834, already in the rank of lieutenant, he was transferred to the Nevsky Naval Regiment. While participating in the suppression of the Polish uprising in 1831, he fell ill with inflammation of the eyes and lung disease. He was treated at the clinic at the Vilnius Medical-Surgical Academy. The treatment was unsuccessful, and it became impossible to remain in military service. Dismissed on May 10, 1835 with a pension of 2/3 of the salary, Mikhail Kuzmich, having only 32 years of age, settled with his father on the Palibin estate of the Elninsky district.

Not far from the estate was the village of Kimborovo, which belonged to Alexei Stepanovich Karetnikov, whose daughter Mikhail Kuzmich fell in love with.

At first, Mikhail Kuzmich did not like the Karetnikov family very much. He was not good-looking: tall, thin and pale, his eyes were dull and dragging. For a long time, Elena's parents did not agree to marry their daughter off to a retired infantry officer, considering such a marriage a misalliance compared with the marriage of their eldest daughters. But in 1838, the marriage took place. They got married in the church of the nearest village of Lobkova, and celebrated the wedding in Kimborovo. Here in Kimborovo on March 31, 1839, the first son Nikolai was born - later a famous traveler, and on June 6, 1840 - the second son Vladimir - in the future a famous lawyer. The third son Eugene was born on January 15, 1844 - in his mature years he will become a famous mathematician. Daughter Elena was born on May 17, 1846. After the birth of his second son, Karetnikov allocated for his daughter from the Kimborov estate a farm with the villages of Malanyin (Tserkovishchi too) and Rakovichi. A lonely building was called a khutor, standing in the middle of the forest and located one and a half versts from Kimborovo. It was difficult to live in such a house with young children. The situation of the young Przhevalskys was extremely difficult until Elena Przhevalskaya (nee Karetnikova) received 2500 rubles according to the will of her deceased sister (who was married to Zavadovsky). This money was used to build a manor named Otradnoye. The Przewalskiys moved here in 1843. Three years later, in October 1846, at the age of 42, Mikhail Kuzmich died. The eldest son was seven years old, the youngest daughter was five months old. All the brothers loved their little sister very much and it happened that if she cried, all three ran to her and, as best they could, tried to calm her down. Even as adolescents, boys told their mother: "Don't be afraid that she is poor. We will all learn and will serve and work, and if she is going to get married, we will all put together and make her a dowry."

For most of his life, Yevgeny Mikhailovich taught mathematics and mechanics at the 3rd Alexander Military School. He was a military man and went from ensign to lieutenant general. He was a Knight of the Orders of St. Anne, 2nd and 3rd degree, St. Stanislaus, 2nd and 3rd degree. Had a medal in memory of the sacred coronation of Their Imperial Majesties (1884).

Evgeny Mikhailovich was born on January 15, 1844 in the Otradnoye estate of the Smolensk province. Military education Eugene received in the Alexandrinsky Orphanage of the Moscow Cadet Corps. At the age of 26, he married the daughter of the provincial secretary, a noblewoman of the Moscow province Maria Fedorovna Panteleeva, a year later they had a daughter, Elena. Evgeny Mikhailovich did not have his own home in Moscow; he and his family lived in apartments for rent in the Arbat area.

Evgeny Mikhailovich had the Podosinki estate in the Vereysky district, from this district he was a deputy of the Moscow noble deputy assembly. Like his brothers Vladimir and Nikolai, Evgeny Mikhailovich was a member of many societies and committees. Before last days his life he was engaged in social activities. Evgeny Mikhailovich died at the age of 81 on September 10, 1925 and was buried at the Vagankovsky cemetery. There is no information about Yevgeny Mikhailovich's wife. Little is known about Evgeny Mikhailovich's daughter Elena Evgenievna. In the letters of Sofya Alekseevna to her son, there are references to Elena Evgenievna (Lyala), relating to the period of her upcoming marriage (November 1892 - May 1893). The wedding took place on May 17, 1893.

The groom - Gardner - "a sedate gentleman, 31 years old, a zemstvo chief. Lives in the Ryazan province ... When they blessed Lyalya, letting her leave the house, my uncle (that is, her father Yevgeny Mikhailovich) cried so much that I (Sofya Alekseevna Przhevalskaya ) could not resist, and after seeing Lyalya, my uncle walked along the platform, sobbing and not understanding anything. " Elena Evgenievna did not live with her husband for long, separated and returned to Moscow to her parents. Children at E.E. did not have. Elena Evgenievna died on March 4, 1945 at the age of 73, and was buried, like her father, at the Vagankovskoye cemetery.

Vladimir Vladimirovich Przhevalsky (senior) (1869-1919).

Vladimir Vladimirovich is the only son of the famous lawyer Vladimir Mikhailovich and the only nephew of the great traveler Nikolai Mikhailovich. Of the three sons of Mikhail Kuzmich (Nikolai, Vladimir and Yevgeny), only Vladimir Mikhailovich continued the Przhevalsky family.

Vladimir Vladimirovich was born on October 6, 1869 in Moscow. In 1880 he entered the first grade of the 1st male gymnasium and graduated in 1887. After graduating from the gymnasium, he entered the Faculty of Law at Moscow University. In 1891 he graduated full course law with a 1st degree diploma and was left at the university "to prepare for a professorship in the department of criminal law." Soon he was sent abroad with a scientific purpose, and for three years Vladimir Vladimirovich lived abroad, attending lectures at European universities.

His mother Sofya Alekseevna regularly sent parcels to her son (sweets, chocolate, caramel, caviar, white fish, prunes) and gave advice on how to behave and what to buy.

Abroad, Vladimir Vladimirovich studied the criminal legislation of Switzerland, about which he made a report on his return at a meeting of the Moscow Law Society. He published a number of legal essays, passed the "established tests", and was awarded the title of Senior Candidate in 1893. At the end of 1894 he was granted the right to independently carry out investigative actions in the 5th district of Moscow and was promoted to titular adviser. Then Vladimir Vladimirovich was a district judge in Moscow, an honorary magistrate in the Moscow City Duma and in the Podolsk district. His ranks "grew" from a collegiate assessor in 1899 to a full state councilor in 1903.

Since 1900, Vladimir Vladimirovich, like his father, is an attorney at law, has a free law practice. For many years (from 1903 to 1917) V.V. conducted a great job as a vowel of the Moscow City Duma. He was on the following commissions at the City Duma: organizational (chairman), financial, on general issues of the city structure, on the consideration of complaints, was a member of the Meeting of public lawyers.

Vladimir Vladimirovich devoted a lot of mental energy and time to charitable activities, and was also a member or chairman of many societies and committees.

V.V. Przhevalsky was awarded the Order of St. Anna 3rd degree (1913), a light bronze medal in memory of the 300th anniversary of the Romanov dynasty (1913), the Order of St. Vladimir 3rd degree (1915), a silver badge in memory of the 50th anniversary of the provincial and district institutions (1914), the jubilee sign of the Imperial Philanthropic Society (1914).

Vladimir Vladimirovich married at 38 years old to the daughter of the manufacturer Lyubov Nikolaevna Lukutina. The wedding took place on January 21, 1907 in the Church of the Eye Hospital on Tverskaya. After the wedding, there was a dinner in Vladimir Vladimirovich's own house (B. Molchanovka 14), and then the young people went abroad on a honeymoon trip. Lyubov Nikolaevna was 21 years old (she was born in Moscow on October 20, 1886). From marriage with Lyubov Nikolaevna V.V. had four sons: Vladimir (born 1907), Nikolai (1909), Mikhail (1912) and Eugene (1916). The latter died in infancy. The family lived in a house on B. Molchanovka, then in an apartment at house no. 3 on Malaya Dmitrovka. V.V. was the estate Sloboda in the Smolensk province, and Lyubov Nikolaevna had an estate in the village. Danilkovo Moscow province (Savyolovskoe direction).

The life of Vladimir Vladimirovich changed dramatically after the October 1917 coup. He was a member of the Constitutional Democratic Party (Cadet). During their meeting in May 1918, members of the Cadet Party were arrested, as allegedly a large conspiracy against the Bolshevik government had been discovered. Among those arrested was V.V. Przhevalsky. He spent about two months in the Butyrka prison, then was released and left for the Danilkovo estate. All this can be read in the diaries of V.A. Mikhailovsky, friend of V.V. on a literary circle. In September 1918 V.V. left Moscow, there is evidence of his stay in Kiev ("Power of Attorney" addressed to his wife Lyubov Nikolaevna dated October 10, 1918, certified by a Kiev notary). It follows from the same document that he left Moscow after September 19, 1918, since the certificate issued to him by the Ukrainian Consul General in Moscow under No. 15058 was dated September 19, 1918. In 1919 V.V. - in Rostov, where he suddenly died of typhus on May 14, 1919, he was buried there at the local cemetery (the message of friends of V.V. Alevtina's sister who buried him). The official document about the death of V.V. was received by his eldest son Vladimir in 1937.

In September 1919, prominent members of the Cadet Party were arrested in Moscow, among those arrested was the wife (now widow) V.V. Przhevalskogo Lyubov Nikolaevna. 20 days after the arrest, more than 40 people were shot: the famous teacher A.D. Alferov with his wife, a former member of the Moscow City Duma N.N. Shchepkin, the Aristarkhov family - all Muscovites. Lyubov Nikolaevna, after a three-week imprisonment in Butyrka prison, fortunately, was released. She was 33 years old, and at that time she had three sons - the eldest was 12 years old, the youngest - 7. The house where the Przhevalskys' apartment was located was occupied by the Communist University, and Lyubov Nikolaevna and her children were evicted without providing any premises. Wandering around Moscow began.

Vladimir Vladimirovich Przhevalsky (junior) (1907-1956).

Vladimir was the firstborn in the family of Vladimir and Lyubov Przhevalsky. He was born on November 15 (November 28, new style) in Moscow. After graduation high school in 1924, entered the law faculty of Moscow University, but failed to graduate from the university. Already from 1926 he worked in different cities in the exploration railway parties. From 1927 he lived and worked as an engineer in the design and survey group of the Ryazan-Ural railway in Saratov. In this city in 1930 he married Olga Petrovna Ukhanova and in 1935 their daughter Elena was born. Died Vladimir Vladimirovich, like his father, at the age of 49, was buried in Saratov.

His daughter, Elena Vladimirovna Przhevalskaya, married Ilyin and in the 60s they had a daughter, Ekaterina. This branch of the Przewalski family in the male line was interrupted.

Nikolai Vladimirovich Przhevalsky (1909-2000).

Of the three sons of Vladimir Vladimirovich Przhevalsky (the eldest), only Nikolai inherited from the explorer of Central Asia N.M. Przewalski's passion for travel. At the age of 16, he left for two years together about P.K. Kozlov (a student of N.M. Przhevalsky) on an expedition to Mongolia. Upon returning to Moscow, he entered the polytechnic school, after graduating from it, he left for Vologda. Nikolai Vladimirovich, having a specialty as a builder of highways and bridges, often changed his place of residence: the north of Russia, the Caucasus, Ukraine, Tajikistan. From the first days of the Great Patriotic War, he was in the road troops of the Western and 2nd Belorussian fronts. Nikolai Vladimirovich went through the entire war, after its end he served another 10 years in the army and retired in 1956 with the rank of engineer-lieutenant colonel. He graduated from the Correspondence Engineering and Construction Institute and for 20 years worked as the chief engineer of the Kazdorstroy road construction trust in Kazan. 1969-1971 as part of a team of specialists, he designed roads in Cuba. In 1975 he retired. Nikolai Vladimirovich - Honored Builder of the Tatar SSR, Honorary Road Builder.

N.V. got married. at the age of 41 on Irina Nikolaevna Shlyaeva, and their son Vladimir was born in 1951. The marriage soon fell apart. After 9 years N.V. married Nina Ivanovna Surchenko and adopted her daughter Elena from his first marriage. The son of his adopted daughter Vadim (born in 1976) also bears the surname Przhevalsky. N.V. died. Przhevalsky on February 19, 2000, buried in Kazan.

The son of Nikolai Vladimirovich from his first marriage, Vladimir Nikolaevich, is a physicist by profession, graduated from Kazan University in 1973. Has a daughter, Irina (born in 1977), lives in Moscow.

Mikhail Vladimirovich Przhevalsky (1912-1997).

Mikhail was the third son in the family of Vladimir and Lyubov Przhevalsky. He was born on October 23 (November 5, new style) 1912 in Moscow. In 1927 he graduated from the seven-year school, then two-year drawing-design courses, and in 1929 he began to work as a draftsman. In April 1930, Mikhail, his brother Nikolai and their mother Lyubov Nikolaevna were arrested, they were in Butyrka prison for three months, then they were expelled from Moscow for three years without the right to live in six large cities... They were charged under Article 58-10 (anti-Soviet agitation). Mikhail and his mother left for the city of Gorky, where Mikhail worked as a technician on the construction of the Automobile Plant. They returned to Moscow after 3 years, then Mikhail was in the army for 2 years, and after returning from it, he entered the Moscow Civil Engineering Institute in 1938, from which he graduated in 1944.

“All my life I have worked at construction sites, and each new construction project brought me great satisfaction,” Mikhail Vladimirovich said in an interview with the Narodnaya Gazeta correspondent (dated March 21, 1992, No. 157). He went from a foreman to the head of the production and technical department. He was considered a good specialist. For many years he built objects in the system of the Academy of Sciences and the former 4th Directorate under the Ministry of Health. He was awarded medals for his work. After retirement in 1975, he worked for another 8 years (temporarily, in the SMU of the 4th Directorate), but his main activity in retirement was collecting materials for writing genealogies on the line of his father - the Przhevalskys, and on the line of his mother - the Lukutins. The pedigrees were written in 1987-1988, but until his death (August 3, 1997). Mikhail Vladimirovich searched and found new documents and facts related to these families. He has published a number of articles in newspapers and magazines. Like his father and grandfather, Mikhail Vladimirovich was actively involved in social activities, was a member of several societies.

In 1943 M.V. married Princess Euphalia Sergeevna Kropotkina (b. 1918), who came from an old Russian princely family (middle branch of the younger branch of the Kropotkin princes, 33rd generation from Rurik). They had two children: a son Nikolai (b. 1943) and a daughter Tatiana (b. 1945). They, like their grandfather and great-grandfather, graduated from Moscow State University. Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky - Candidate of Chemical Sciences, Associate Professor of the Moscow Agricultural Academy named after V.I. K.A. Timiryazev. In 1966, he married his classmate Lyudmila Konstantinovna Korkunova, and they had sons Vsevolod (1970) and Konstantin (1979). They are the youngest representatives of the Przewalski family in the male line, known to us (13th generation from Kornila).

Vsevolod Nikolaevich Przhevalsky in 1989 he married Elena Alekseevna Pronina, they have a daughter Anastasia (b. 1995).

Przewalski's offspring continued along the female line. Tatyana Mikhailovna, nee Przhevalskaya, married Komarova - a chemist, she has two children: Irina (b. 1968) and Mikhail (b. 1976). Irina Yurievna, nee Komarova, married to Shalaev, has two sons: Anton (b. 1990) and Sergei (b. 1995).

BRANCH "IERONIMOVICH"

Let's go back to the turn of the XVIII-XIX centuries and trace the branch of the "Jeronimovichs", going from the eldest son of Kuzma (Kazimir) Fomich Przhevalsky.

Jerome Kazimirovich (1802-1863) .

He worked his way up from ensign to lieutenant colonel of the Caucasian 17th Line Battalion. He participated in the Russian-Persian War (1827-1829) and was awarded a silver medal. He took part in expeditions related to the subordination of the Caucasus to Russia (in the battles on the Bolshoi and Maly Zelenchuk rivers with the Nogais, on the Labe River with the Circassians, in Tabasaran with the Tabasarans). He defended the fortress of Derbent, besieged by Kazi-Mulloy in 1831. Ieronim Kazimirovich was a knight of the orders of St. George 4th class, St. Anna 3rd degree, St. Stanislav 3rd degree, had the insignia of immaculate service for 30 years and a bronze medal in memory of the Crimean War of 1853-1956 He died at 61.

Ieronim Kazimirovich was married for the second time to the daughter of an Orthodox priest Raisa Ivanovna Klyucharyova; they had sons: Vladimir (born in Derbent in 1837), Alexander (born in 1841), Vsevolod (born in 1846), Eugene (born in 1846), Evgraf (born in 1957) .) and daughters: Claudia (b. 1854) and Eugene (b. 1859). Vladimir was brought up in the 1st Moscow, Alexander - in the Voronezh, Vsevolod and Eugene - in the Tambov cadet corps.

Vladimir Ieronimovich Przhevalsky (1837-1880) .

The eldest son of Jerome Przhevalsky, Vladimir, served in the artillery. As a warrant officer and moving from Petrovsk to Mozdok, he was captured by the highlanders of Shamil, and a year later he was released by exchange. Vladimir was in skirmishes during the assault on the Michikal rubble, during the movement of the detachment from Michik-Kalek to Burtupay and from the city of Lusheta to the village of Kmilyak, but he was not wounded or shell-shocked. He was the assistant to the commander of the Gunib fortress artillery. Like his father, he rose to the rank of lieutenant colonel. He was a Knight of the Orders of St. Anna of the 2nd and 3rd degrees, St. Stanislav of the 2nd and 3rd degrees, had a medal for the conquest of Chechnya and Dagestan (1857-1859), a cross for service in the Caucasus. He died at 43 in 1880.

Vladimir Ieronimovich was married to the daughter of Major Lyudmila Ivanovna Svishcheva. They had children: Vladimir (b. 1861), Natalya (b. 1867), Lydia (b. 1869).

Vladimir Vladimirovich (1866-?) .

He was brought up in the Tiflis cadet corps, then in the Tiflis infantry cadet school. He served in the Caucasian, Avar, Temir-Khan Shurinsky reserve battalions. With the rank of lieutenant, he was dismissed at the age of 41. At the age of 48 (in August 1914) he was called up for mobilization. Was under enemy fire since November 1914, when it was part of the 3rd Civilian Quadruple Transport. Was in the foot 597th Stavropol squad, in the foot 552nd Simbirsk squad. In 1916 he was dismissed from the service.

Vladimir Vladimirovich was married for the third time to the widow of the assistant pharmacist Natalia Alexandrovna Fomina, from this marriage he had daughters Tamara (b. 1908) and Olga (b. 1909). We do not know anything about their fate. From his first marriage, he had a son, George (Yuri) (b. 1900), about whose fate we also do not know anything.

Evgeny Ieronimovich Przhevalsky (1846-?) .

Eugene was the fourth son of Jerome. He was brought up at the 3rd Alexander School, after which in 1865 he was sent to the Caucasian Grenadier Rifle Battalion as an adjutant, a year later he was promoted to lieutenant. In 1869 he filed a petition for dismissal from the service. Evgeny Ieronimovich had a son, Evgeny (b. 1889) and a daughter, Olga.

Evgeny Evgenievich was married for the first time to Lydia Vladimirovna Pashinskaya and they had children: Tamara (b. 1907), Zoya (1909) and Victor (b. 1915). Evgeny Evgenievich died in 1939.

The son of Evgeny Evgenievich, Viktor Evgenievich Przhevalsky, died in 1941 during the defense of Odessa. With the death of Victor, the branch of the "Jeronimovichs" in the male line was cut off, but the descendants on the female line remained.

Evgeny Evgenievich's daughter, Zoya Evgenievna Przhevalskaya, married Vasily Batechko, their daughter Zoya was born. Zoya Evgenievna died in 1975. Zoya Evgenievna's daughter, Zoya Vasilievna Batechko (b. 1937), married to Titov, lived in Saratov. Her son Valery Borisovich Titov (b. 1956) and is the author of the manuscript collection "The Przhevalskys in the Russian Army" quoted here, lives in Stavropol.

Evgraf Ieronimovich Przhevalsky (1857-?) .

Evgraf - the fifth son of Jerome - was also a military man. Evgraf was an excellent shooter: almost every year he received monetary awards for competitive shooting, and in 1899 - the imperial prize. Over the years, he was the chairman of the battalion and regimental courts, the battalion commander, the head of the economy. In 1909 (at age 52) he was dismissed from service, but in January 1915 he was again assigned to her as the chief of the economic unit of the 117th infantry reserve battalion of the Caucasian Military District. He finished his military career as a colonel, commandant of the Caravan-Saray point. By June 1917, he was in the reserve ranks of the stage-transport department of the Directorate of the Chief of Military Communications of the Caucasian Front. He was married to the widow of a Tiflis citizen, Maria Nikolaevna Kharebova. He had no children.

About the other two sons of Jerome - Alexandre and Vsevolode - and also about his two daughters - Claudia and Eugene - we don't know anything.

BRANCH "ALEKSEEVICHEY"

Let's go back again, to the 20-80s of the XIX century, and trace the ancestral branch, coming from the youngest son of Kuzma Fomich - Alexei.

Alexey Kuzmich was 20 years younger than his brothers Jerome and Mikhail. Of the three sons of Kuzma Fomich, only he had a family estate in the Tver province, in the Staritsky district.

Alexey Kuzmich Przhevalsky (1824-?) .

Alexey Kuzmich entered the military service ensign in the 1st battery of the artillery brigade in 1842. In 1849, Russian troops, defending the power of the Austrian emperor, suppressed the uprising in Hungary. Alexei Kuzmich Przhevalsky, a 25-year-old lieutenant in an artillery battery, distinguished himself in battles at the village. Tiga, Borgoprund, Russo-Borgo, awarded the Order of St. Anne of the 4th degree with the inscription "For Bravery". For his distinctions in the battles at Bystritsa and Galitsa he was awarded the Order of St. Anna, 3rd degree with swords, and received a silver medal for the Hungarian campaign ("pacification of Hungary and Transylvania"). Alexey Kuzmich participated in the second campaign against the Turks (from March to September 1854) and entered Moldavia with Russian troops, and then in the Crimean War fought against the combined troops of Turkey, England and France from September 1, 1854 (i.e. from the first campaign, which began with the appearance of enemy fleets at Evpatoria) until March 20, 1856 (this is the third campaign). He was in the Russian army at the time when it tried to help the besieged Sevastopol (battle of Inkerman, battle of the Black River), but was unsuccessful. For the courage and bravery shown in the battle at the Black River and during the defense of Sevastopol "recently", he was awarded the Order of St. Stanislav of the 2nd degree with swords, a silver medal for the defense of Sevastopol in 1854-1856. and bronze on the Andreevskaya ribbon in memory of the war of 1853-1856.

Alexey Kuzmich took part in the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878, for his distinction in the battle of Eski-Zagra and the village of Juranly he was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd degree. He rose to the rank of Major General, and in 1878 he was dismissed from service due to illness with a uniform and full salary pension.

Alexey Kuzmich had 9 children from three marriages. Children from the first marriage: Alexandra (b. 1846), Vladimir (b. 1847), Nikolai (b. 1850), Konstantin (b. 1855). Children from the second marriage: Elizabeth (b. 1858), Mikhail (b. 1859). Children from a third marriage: Varvara (b. 1867), Catherine (b. 1868), Alexei (b. 1870). His third wife was the daughter of Major General Sofya Fedorovna Likhacheva.

Vladimir Alekseevich Przhevalsky (1847-1907) .

Vladimir Alekseevich is the eldest son of Aleksey Kuzmich from his 1st marriage. He graduated from a military school, was sent to the Kuban Cossack regiment in the village of Ust-Labinskaya. He rose to the rank of general. He was married to the daughter of a Cossack, Anna Davydovna Kotlyarova, had three sons: Vladimir, Boris (b. 1887) and Alexander, who died as a teenager, and three daughters: Elena (b. 1875), Lydia (b. 1876). , Lyudmila (b. 1877). Vladimir Alekseevich died in 1907 and was buried in Krasnodar.

Vladimir Vladimirovich graduated from a real school, served in the Caucasus in the Cossack troops in Erivan. There is no other information about him.

Boris Vladimirovich (1887-?) .

He studied at the Kuban Alexandrovsky real school, then at the Konstantinovsky artillery school, after graduating from which in 1908 he was assigned to serve in the 1st Kuban Cossack battery cornet. About him further destiny we only know that he served in Maykop, was married to a Russian girl Irina, they had a son.

Now about the descendants of Vladimir Alekseevich on the female side. Both daughters, Elena (1875-1956) and Lydia (1876-1950), had no children. The youngest daughter Lyudmila (b. 1877) graduated from a dental school in Moscow in 1909, worked as a dental technician in Yessentuki, Krasnodar, Ust-Laba. During the First World War, she was a nurse at the front. In 1918, in a "civil marriage", she gave birth to a daughter Alevtina, died in 1951. Daughter of L.V. Przhevalskaya Alevtina Aleksandrovna, married Khoroshavkin, graduated in 1942 from the Kuban medical institute, went to the front. During the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945 served as a military doctor of the 3rd rank in a field surgical hospital. Has a daughter Lyudmila (b. 1945), a son Sergei (b. 1949) and grandchildren: from a daughter Lyudmila (married Eremenko) - Marina (b. 1966) and Oleg (b. 1970), and from his son Sergei - Alevtina (b. 1973) and Irina (b. 1976).

According to Alevtina Aleksandrovna Khoroshavkina, Aleksey Kuzmich Przhevalsky had a daughter, Elena, although there is no daughter with that name in his track record. According to the same data, this Elena Alekseevna Przhevalskaya, married Clendo, lived in Moscow, her daughter Maria Semyonovna, married Golovanov, and her daughter had sons Sergey and Yuri.

Konstantin Alekseevich Przhevalsky (1855-?) .

Konstantin Alekseevich, the youngest son of Alexei Kuzmich from his first marriage, like his father, participated in the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878. Konstantin Alekseevich was a lieutenant of the 1st, then the 3rd battery of the 3rd Grenadier Artillery Brigade. With this battery he participated in the campaign of the Grenadier Corps from Plevna to Gabrovo and further to Hermada. When crossing the Balkans, he was in the "Shipka crossing" for 9 days (in total he crossed the Balkans three times). He received his first award, the Order of St. Anne of the 4th degree with the inscription "For Bravery", for the distinction in the battle with the Turks on November 28, 1877, he was also awarded a light bronze medal in memory of the Russian-Turkish war of 1877-1878. and the Romanian Iron Cross. For the difference in the last Pleven battle he received the highest award - the Silver St. George Trumpets.

Konstantin Alekseevich was married to the daughter of the widow of the captain Anna Pavlovna Brodovich. They had a son, Konstantin, who was born in 1881. This is information for December 1881, when Konstantin Alekseevich was 26 years old. We do not know anything about his further fate.

Mikhail Alekseevich Przhevalsky (1859-?) .

Mikhail Alekseevich was the son of Aleksey Kuzmich from his second marriage. He studied at the Petrovskaya Poltava Military Gymnasium, the Mikhailovsky Artillery School, then at the Mikhailovsky Artillery Academy and the Nikolaev Academy of the General Staff. Everywhere he was the first student. He graduated from the course at the Nikolaev Academy in April 1888 (twenty-five years earlier, in May 1863, his cousin the traveler Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky graduated from this academy). After graduating from the academy, Mikhail Alekseevich was assigned to the General Staff and assigned to serve in the Caucasian Military District. He was the commander of the 155th Kuban infantry regiment (1903), the chief of the military staff of the Kuban (1905), then the Tersk (1906) Cossack army in Vladikavkaz. In the civil service for 9 years he was the secretary of the Russian Imperial Consulate General in Erzurum. In 1914, Mikhail Alekseevich was promoted to lieutenant general, since 1915 he served as commander of the 2nd Turkestan Army Front, operating in the Caucasus direction. In 1917 he was the commander of the Caucasian army. Awarded the orders of St. Vladimir, 4th degree, St. Anna, 2nd and 3rd degree, silver medal in memory of the reign Alexander III.

Mikhail Alekseevich was married to the daughter of a priest Olga Mikhailovna Vinogradova, they had two children: Varvara (b. 1889) and Aleksey (b. 1895). We do not know anything about the fate of Mikhail Alekseevich after 1917.

Alexey Mikhailovich (1895-?) .

Little is known about Lieutenant General Mikhail Alekseevich Przhevalsky's son, ensign Aleksey. He was born in Erzurum, graduated from the Tiflis real school, was a student at the Tomsk Institute of Technology, then completed a 6-month course at the Tiflis military school. After graduation, he was transferred to the command of the head of the radiotelegraph of the front of the Caucasian Army. He took part in a battle against the enemy on October 24, 1916.

Alexey Alekseevich Przhevalsky (1870-1902) .

Aleksey Alekseevich is the youngest son of Aleksey Kuzmich Przhevalsky from his third marriage. His life was short - 32 years. He was brought up at the Nikolaev Cavalry School, studied "sapper, demolition, railway and telegraph business", was in charge of the regimental sapper team. Then he was appointed regimental adjutant in the 49th Dragoon Arkhangelsk Regiment, managed to rise only to the rank of staff captain.

We know of a representative of another branch of the Przhevalsky family, descending from Nikolai Fomich, brother of Kuzma Fomich (who is the common ancestor of the described branches of the "Jeronimovich", "Mikhailovich" and "Alekseevich"). This is Joseph Flavianovich Przhevalsky, whom the authors of this essay met in the village of Przhevalskoe, Smolensk region at the celebration
150th anniversary of the birth of Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky in 1989. Joseph Flavianovich is the great-grandson of Nikolai Fomich (11th generation from Kornila). He was born in 1914, lived in the town of Bogushevsk, Vitebsk region. On it, the male line of this branch was interrupted.

The death of Mikhail Vladimirovich Przhevalsky (August 3, 1997) did not allow him to complete his work on this essay. We hope that this publication will be the best memory for the person who did so much to preserve and describe the traditions of the ancient Przewalski family.

LITERATURE

1. Certificate (Pedigree) issued by the Vitebsk noble deputy assembly in 1823 to Mikhail Kuzmich Przhevalsky [extract from the book of minutes of the Vitebsk parliamentary assembly on March 8, 1818].

2. The will of Christina Przhevalskaya, drawn up on March 10, 1701 [Case of the Vitebsk noble deputy assembly, 1834, No. 66].

3. Chernyavsky I. Genealogy of gentlemen of the nobility, included in the genealogy book of the Tver province from 1787 to 1869. Tver. 1869. Lithographic edition. P.178.

4. Dubrovin N.F. "Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky". SPb., 1890.

5. Bibliography of books about N.М. Przhevalsky see in the book: V.M. Gavrilenkov. Russian traveler N.M. Przhevalsky. Ed. "Moscow worker", Smolensk branch, 1989, 143 p.

7. Lyakhovitsky L.F. Characteristics of famous Russian court speakers. SPb., 1902. S. 59-84.

8. City Duma 1897-1900, ed. Alex. Odintsova, pp. 90-91.

9. Brockhaus and Efron. encyclopedic Dictionary, 1906.

10. Moscow archive (almanac of history and local lore). M., 1996, p. 430.

11. Metric book of the Church of Paraskeva Friday [CIAM F.4. Op. 8. D.1130. L.27ob., No. 1260]. Now on the site of the former church is the Novokuznetskaya metro station.

12. Metric book of the Church of Nikita the Martyr on Staraya Basmannaya for 1868 - (Vera died at the age of 12).

13. Metric book of the Moscow Nikolaevskaya that on the Chips of the Church for 1869: the court councilor Mikhail Fedorovich Krapiventsev and the wife of the titular councilor Vera Sergeevna Tarasova were the recipients [CIAM. F.4. On.8. D. PZO. P.28. No. 7128]. The church was located at the corner of the 2nd Nikoloshchepovsky Lane. and 1st Smolenskiy per., 20. Rebuilt, occupied by a foundry.

14. Metric book of the Church of St. Nicholas the Yavlenniy on Arbat for 1873: the candidates for law Vladimir Alekseevich Andreev and the widow of the court councilor Nadezhda Gustavovna Krapiventseva were the recipients.

16.On the service of a full member of the Elizabethan charitable society in Moscow and the Moscow province of the actual state councilor Vladimir Przhevalsky. Formulary list, from 23.07.1903 [RGIA. Form 114. Op. 2. D.314].

17. Dzhunkovsky V.F. Memories, v. 1,2. M., 1997.

18. Russia on the edge. Diaries of V.A.Mikhailovsky for 1917-1920. In the magazine "Moscow", 1993, No. 1,2,3.

19. RGVIA. F.400. Op. 14. D.14676. L. 6-12.

20. RGVIA. F.400. Op. 12. D.7751. L. 15-21.

21. RGVIA. Form 409. Op. 1. D.100478. L. 1-6.

22. RGVIA. F.400. Op. 9. D.5415. L. 2.4.5.

23. RGVIA. Form 409. Op. 1. D.177132. L. 18-23.

24. RGVIA. F.400. Op. 12. D.5547. L. 22-32.

25. From the letters of Alevtina Aleksandrovna Khoroshavkina to N.V. Przhevalsky.

26. RGVIA. Form 409. Op.11. D.23439. L. 390-392 rev.

27. RGVIA. F.400. Op. 12. D.9739. L. 5-8.

28. RGVIA. Form 409. Op. 2. D.343712. L. 1-7.

29. RGVIA. Form 409. Op. 1. D.332612. L. 1.

30. RGVI.F.400. Op. 17. D.13556. L. 140-144.

The surname Parawalsky meant a brave man - "the ferry is coming down." In Polish, “przhe” means “through”, and “to bring down” means to fight. Hence, the surname was changed from Paraval'skiy to Przhevalskiy.

Jerome was born in 1802, Michael in 1803, and 20 years later Alexei (1823) and Elena (1824) were born; the dates of Agrafena's life are unknown.

Born in the Tula province, A.S. Karetnikov served as a private, shopkeeper, in the paramedic corps, in the retinue of the Tsar (1805, 1807, 1808). In 1809 he was dismissed with the rank of collegiate registrar. He entered the service at the customs as a superintendent of one of the warehouses in St. Petersburg. He was married to the daughter of a Tula merchant Ksenia Efimovna Demidova, had 4 sons and 3 daughters, of which the youngest, Elena, was born on April 17, 1816.

The eldest daughter Elizaveta Karetnikova married Colonel Zavadovsky, later a well-known figure in the Caucasus. Alexander's second daughter was married to Lieutenant-Commander Pavel Nikolaevich Potemkin.

In the metric church register of the village of Lobkov, Smolensk district, it is recorded that Nikolai was born on April 1, 1839; the successors were Aleksey Stepanovich Karetnikov and Elizaveta Alekseevna Zavadovskaya.

In 1854, Elena Alekseevna Przhevalskaya remarried the nobleman Ivan Demyanovich Tolpygo. They had three children: daughter Alexander, born in 1855, son Nikolai born in 1856, later a railway engineer, and son Ippolit, born in 1858, later a doctor, lived in Moscow.

She was lucky to achieve this only for her third son, Eugene, who was brought up in the Moscow Alexander Corps.

The main milestones of the military career of N.M. Przhevalsky and the awards he received:

1855 G. - non-commissioned officer in the combined reserve Ryazan infantry regiment.

1856 G. - Ensign in the Polotsk Infantry Regiment.

1860 Mr. - Nikolai writes in his drafts: "After serving 5 years in the army, I clearly realized the need to change this way of life and choose a wider field of activity, where it would be possible to spend labor and time for a reasonable purpose."

1861 - entered the Nikolaev Academy of the General Staff in St. Petersburg.

1863 - early graduation from the academy with the right of the second category, subject to returning to his regiment, which was sent to Poland to suppress the Polish uprising of 1863. Appointed regimental adjutant.

1864 - Election as a full member of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society for the manuscript "The Military Statistical Review of the Amur Territory".

1864 December - 1866 November - platoon officer and teacher of history and geography at the cadet school in Warsaw.

1867 January - departure of staff captain N.M. Przhevalsky from Warsaw to Irkutsk. He was assigned to the General Staff in the East Siberian District with the appointment "for (scientific) studies."

1868 - During Przewalski's stay in Siberia, Chinese unrest began. Nikolai Mikhailovich was cut off from scientific studies and appointed chief of staff. He commanded detachments operating on the Suchan River. In one month, the excitement was "pacified". For the Suchansk expedition, Przhevalsky was promoted (a year after the events described) to the rank of captains and transferred to the General Staff of the Primorsky Region as a senior adjutant. In the city of Nikolaevsk-on-Amur, he worked at the headquarters, and also described his trip to the Ussuri region. In his free time he liked to play cards. “He played briskly and very happily, they gave him the nickname“ golden pheasant. ”When he won 1000 rubles, he always stopped the game, he didn't have more than 500 rubles with him. games. Played with local merchants and naval officers. " “I play,” he said, “to win my independence,” and really achieved my goal. In the winter of 1868, he won 12,000 rubles at cards, after which he threw the cards into the Amur.

1870 - after a two-year stay in Siberia, he came to St. Petersburg. "Always friendly and cheerful, he won over with his appearance. Tall, slender, with a handsome and intelligent face, he made an impression at the first meeting. Hot-tempered by character, he was extremely kind and generous. Strong physically and morally, NM. he could not bear the tears of others, and many took advantage of this. Simple to handle, he easily became the soul of society. He could not stand city life, he avoided ladies' society. He did not like gossip. "

1874 - the rank of lieutenant colonel and a lifetime pension of 600 rubles a year.

1878 - the rank of colonel and a pension of 1200 rubles a year.

1881 - Acquires a small estate Sloboda on Lake Sapsho in the northwest of the Smolensk region. "Here in Sloboda there will be my nest, from where I will fly into the depths of the Asian deserts," N.M. said. friends.

1883 - just before Nikolai Mikhailovich's departure from St. Petersburg for the 2nd Tibetan expedition, the Heir Tsesarevich presented him with an aluminum telescope (this gift served the entire expedition). And when Przhevalsky arrived at the starting point of the journey, the city of Kyakhta, he received a letter from the educator of the tsar's sons, Adjutant General G.G. Danilovich dated August 17, 1883: Imperial Highness and His August brother. Performing this through the General Staff, I wish from the bottom of my heart that this package will find you before leaving on the expedition. " N.M. thanked for the precious gift.

1886 - the rank of major general, life pension of 1800 rubles and presentation to the Emperor.

1888 - before the last journey was introduced to the Emperor and treated kindly by him. Przhevalsky presented the Tsar with his book "The Fourth Journey to Central Asia".

Knight of the orders: St. Vladimir 3rd and 4th degree, Stanislav 3rd degree, Austrian Cross of the Order of Leopold. Had medals: bronze "In memory of the war of 1853-1856." and "For the suppression of the Polish insurrection in 1863-1864." He was awarded the following gold medals: "The First Investigator of the Nature of Central Asia", Konstantinovskaya (and small silver) of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society, Humboldt Medal of the Berlin Society of Geography, Geographical Societies: London, Paris and Italian, Vega Medal of the Swedish Anthropological and Geographical Society, French Palme d "Academie.

1866-1870 - entered the 2nd section of the 6th department of the Senate, held the post of chief secretary. After the closure of the Senate in Moscow, he was assigned to the Chief Prosecutor Gazanvikel to audit the cases of the Moscow Chamber of Criminal and Civil Courts.

1870-1900 - attorney at law.

In 1897, the vowel V.M. Przhevalsky was nominated as a candidate for the post of head of the Moscow City Duma. “He enjoyed universal respect, but the merchant I.A. . Lyamin categorically declared: "The Moscow mayor must end in -ov, -in, -tsyn." “These categorical words, or other considerations eliminated the issue of Przhevalsky,” wrote the vowel of the Moscow City Duma V.I. Gerrier, - most likely, the reason was the refusal of Vladimir Mikhailovich himself, since it was impossible to bear the significant costs that the title of the head entailed. At that time, a significant amount entered into the budget under the column "for city representation", in fact, remained inviolable, and the costs of this item were not covered by the salary of the head. " refused. Father said that they would not be able to exist for 12,000 rubles, and if we sell Sloboda and the Arbat house, we will have another 10,000 rubles a year, but this is not enough. Father said - I will not go. "

1. Board member and secretary of the Society of Hunting Lovers.

2. Member of the Board of the Society of Former University Students.

3. Full member society of lovers of natural science, anthropology and ethnography.

4. Full member of the Imperial Russian Musical Society.

Alevtina Przhevalskaya (married to Zagoskin) studied music with a professor at the Moscow Conservatory Konyus. She transcribed one of Tchaikovsky's romances for the orchestra, and the author (PI Tchaikovsky) said that it was well orchestrated, thanked and asked to transpose for the orchestra a few more of his works [from Sofia Alekseevna's letters to her son]. Alevtina transcribed Konyus's compositions for the children's choir. She played the piano beautifully and composed music herself, mainly romances.

"No matter how strict Przhevalsky was with himself, no matter how he thought over his speeches, but in his activities there were hobbies that he himself could later regret. He was sometimes very fond of the role of a defender."

The Alekseevskoye cemetery was located in the Alekseevsky women's monastery - along Verkhne-Krasnoselskaya street. 17 and 2nd Krasnoselsky per. 3, 5, 7. Now there is a district park in this place.

Elementary Algebra (1867). He presented this book to Emperor Alexander II, for which he received the highest gift from him - a diamond ring. "Initial geometry" (1878), "Rectangular geometry" (1884), "Analytical geometry on the plane and in space", collection of problems (1924), "Collection of analytical problems" (1870), "Collection of geometric problems and theorems" (1869 ) and etc.

1862 - released from the Alexandrinsky cadet corps ensign in the cavalry, sent to the Novorossiysk dragoon regiment.

1863-1865 - retired due to illness; probably during these years he was a free listener of Moscow University (Faculty of Mathematics).

1865 - Determined again for service with the appointment to the former 3rd Dragoon regiment with a secondment to the 2nd Moscow military gymnasium.

1866 - transferred to the 3rd military school of Alexandrovskoe as a full-time teacher. Lieutenant.

1869 - for distinction he was transferred to the Life Guards Dragoon regiment as a warrant officer with the abandonment at the school.

1873 - staff captain, 1875 - captain, 1878 - lieutenant colonel, 1898 - colonel-teacher, 1907 - major general, 1910 - lieutenant general, 1912 - retired lieutenant general Przhevalsky dated October 22, 1886; reference books of Moscow].

He was married in the Moscow Alexandricheskaya church at the Alexander military school on June 1, 1870 "He took over the maiden of 20 years MF Panteleev" [Metric book for 1870: TsIAM f4, op.8, d.PZO, p.20, 19464].

Metric book of the Church of St. Nicholas on Kurye Legs for 1871 [TsIAM. F.4. Op. 8. D. PZO. P.21. ЖМ65]. Elena was born on November 14, 1871. The recipients were: retired captain of the guards Fyodor Fyodorovich Panteleev and the daughter of the provincial secretary Fyodor Fyodorovich Panteleev Kapitolina Fyodorovna Panteleeva. The church was located at the corner of B. Molchanovka and Rzhevsky lane. Now there is a school and courses of foreign languages: B. Molchanovka, 26-28.

1. Member of the Economic Council of the Petrovsko-Alexandrovsky Shelter-Boarding School of the Nobility of the Moscow Province.

2. Member of the Committee of the Moscow Metropolitan Guardianship of People's Sobriety.

3. Member of the Academic Council of the Moscow School of the Order of St. Catherine and the Alexander Institute.

4. Vice-President of the Imperial Moscow Society of Agriculture.

5. Honorary Trustee of the Moscow Presence of the Board of Trustees and the Institute of Moscow Nobility for Children of the Noble Title. Emperor Alexander III in memory of Empress Catherine II.

A graduate of this institute, Natalia Arkadyevna Malyutina, more than 70 years after graduation, recalled: "I was lucky in my life: I knew a lot of big people... How great they were mentally and morally and, at the same time, simple and accessible. I knew Evgeny Mikhailovich (Przhevalsky) closely, and he even called me "my favorite". I remember the horror of the head of the Catherine Noble Institute (O. A. Talyzina), when she saw Yevgeny Mikhailovich not in the first row (where the institute's guardian was supposed to sit), but sitting away with me. She asked him to change seats, but the kindest Evgeny Mikhailovich flatly refused to take a seat in the first row .... I remembered how once Evgeny Mikhailovich invited Maria Alexandrovna Ostroumova and me to the club of the Small Hall of the Noble Assembly and once walked a mazurka with me; but how he did it beautifully, the environment clapped to him. "

6. Member of the Moscow House of Scientists.

7. Member of TSEKUBU (Central Commission for the Improvement of the Life of Scientists) at the SEC of the RSFSR.

Almost nothing is known about Mikhail Kuzmich's daughter Elena Mikhailovna, except that she was born on May 17, 1846 ["Petition" by Elena Alekseevna, the widow of Mikhail Kuzmich, about the inclusion of sons and a daughter in the genealogical book. The decision was positive and approved by the Governing Senate on February 12, 1853, No. 1094 (CIAM. F.4. Op.8. D. PZO. P.2,8)] and was married to a man named Golm, lived in Dorogobuzh. Elena was in correspondence about her brother Nikolay [Private communication by the head of the museum N.M. Przhevalsky in the village of Przhevalskoye, Smolensk region, E.P. Gavrilenkova].

From a letter to S.A. son to Paris: "I would like you to move to Lyon as soon as possible. It's still warmer there. If your feet are chilly, buy yourself warm socks in the Louvre" (December 1892). From a letter to Italy: "In Italy, be afraid of crooks, especially in Naples, in the carriages, too, have a revolver with you."

Some details about the work in the Duma of Vladimir Vladimirovich in 1905-1908. were found in the book of V.F. Dzhunkovsky, who was at that time the vice-governor, and then the Moscow governor. It was the time of the defeat of Russia in the Russian-Japanese war of 1905. "At that time," wrote Dzhunkovsky, "a very oppositional mood reigned among some of the vowels of the Moscow City Duma, and speeches with a revolutionary tinge began to be pronounced in the sessions of the Duma ... So, vowel VV Przhevalsky demanded the removal from Moscow of the Cossacks who came to the aid of the police. He said that if they were not removed, then the population of Moscow itself would be able to bring them out (since the population is 1.600.000 people, and the Cossacks are only 1000) " ... At another meeting V.V. With 12 more vowels, he introduced a revolutionary (according to Dzhunkovsky) statement on the organization of a Public Security Committee to protect the liberation movement, to ensure freedom of conference, to protect the integrity of the person, homes and property of Moscow citizens. It was proposed to immediately start organizing the Moscow police. At the subsequent meeting of the Duma V.V. Przhevalsky and other vowels insisted on transferring the external police to the city administration. When other vowels objected, saying that this was a violation of the legal order, V.V. answered: "In a revolutionary era, one should not think about form." The decision was passed by a majority of votes, but when V.V. raised the issue of abolishing the Gendarme Corps, then did not meet with sympathy. At a meeting of the Duma on October 14, 1905, the issue of establishing a city militia, regardless of the existing police, was considered. Przhevalsky spoke for, a number of vowels - against. After much debate, controversy and even insults, this question was dismissed. On November 16, 1905, a riot of sailors took place in Sevastopol under the leadership of Fleet Lieutenant Schmidt. On this occasion, a statement was received from vowels, including V.V., with a proposal to the government "to provide mercy in the form of exemption from death penalty VV introduced another proposal to abolish the death penalty altogether, 19 more vowels joined him. The Duma rejected the last proposal (by a margin of one vote), and the proposal to mitigate the fate of the mutinous sailors was accepted. the uprising in 1905, the Duma sessions were held daily from December 13 to 16. From the vowel VV came a statement of an "alarming" character, written in a rather harsh form (according to Dzhunkovsky), which spoke about the execution of civilians, Red Cross detachments , and nothing was said about the uprising of the workers. All the vowels were divided into two camps: some defended the actions of the governor-general, others condemned. In his speech, V.V., denying that Moscow was going through an uprising, said: " the proletariat. In Russia, the proletariat will never triumph over the mass of the people. In Russia, the proletariat is small, the entire mass is proprietors. We have 100,000,000 owners, and it is impossible to say that the proletariat can triumph. "

1. Trustee of the Firsanov home for widows and orphans in Moscow.

2. Member, and later chairman, of the city guardianship of the poor of the Arbat part.

3. Honorary member of the Shchucheysky rural guardianship of the Porechsky district of the Smolensk province of the orphanage.

4. Member of the Brotherly Society for the Supply of the Poor with Apartments.

5. Member of the Society for the Assistance of Former Pupils of the Rukavishnikov Orphanage.

6. Full member of the Elizabethan Charitable Society.

7. Member of the Moscow Men's and Women's Charitable Prison Committee.

1. Member, later Chairman, Supervisory Committee of the City Mutual Fire Insurance Society.

2. Chairman of the Supervisory Committee of the Moscow City Credit Society. On October 30, 1912, this society celebrated the 50th anniversary of its existence. A ceremonial meeting took place. The chairmanship was taken by the representative of the Ministry of Finance D.I. Nikiforov, the Chairman of the Board of the Credit Society N.M. Perepyolkin and Chairman of the Supervisory Commission V.V. Przhevalsky. The meeting opened with a short speech by V.V. Przhevalsky. In the evening, a banquet was held in the Napoleonic hall "Yara". The first toast to the Tsar and the royal family was proclaimed by the Minister of Finance, after which V.V. Przhevalsky proclaimed the health of V.N. Kokovtsev (Chairman of the Council of Ministers) and A.A. Makarov (Minister of Internal Affairs). Mayor Adrianov spoke about how easy and pleasant it is to work with the Credit Society. Everyone felt at ease.

3. Member of the Moscow branch of the Imperial Russian Technical Society.

4. Vice President of the Moscow Society of Agriculture.

5. Full member of the Russian Geographical Society.

6. Member of the literary and artistic circle (chaired by V.Ya. Bryusov).

7. Member of the Imperial Humanitarian Society.

8. Member Russian society Red Cross.

Since that time, she began her career: an employee of the Historical Museum (1919-1921), a saleswoman in the Mostorg department store (1921-1926), a supernumerary employee in the Historical Museum (1927-1928), head of the library subscription them. IN AND. Lenin (1928-1941), bibliographer and senior editor in the library of the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences (1941-1957). Lyubov Nikolaevna died on May 3, 1965 at the age of 79. She was buried in the cemetery of the Donskoy Monastery in Moscow.

The documents (service records), from which the facts cited here and below are taken, were found in the Russian State Military Historical Archive (RGVIA) by a female descendant of the Jeronimovichs, Ph.D. Valery Borisovich Titov and are described in his manuscript "The Przhevalskys in the Russian Army", Stavropol, 1989.

In marriages where at least one of the spouses was Orthodox, up to 1905 the children were obliged to profess Orthodoxy.