Scientific and technical progress (STP) is a process of constant improvement of means and objects of labor, technology, organization and management of production, professional and educational level of those employed in production.

This process is carried out in order to improve the well-being and all-round development of all members of society based on the implementation of scientific knowledge.

From this definition it follows that the initial driving force of scientific and technological progress is scientific knowledge. The main content is the development and improvement of all factors of production. At the same time, scientific and technological progress is characterized by systematic, systematic, continuity and globality. The ultimate goal of introducing the achievements of scientific and technological progress is to reduce socially necessary costs for the production of products and improve their quality, improve working conditions and raise the standard of living of the people.

At the present stage, the role of scientific and technological progress is increasing. The solution of tasks is more important - the transition to an intensive path of economic development and a steady increase in production efficiency - requires not so much quantitative, but qualitative changes in them based on the all-round and effective use of the latest achievements of science and technology. The use of science in production is a powerful factor in increasing its efficiency. It has been established that from 60 to 80% of an increase in labor productivity and up to 50% of an increase in gross domestic growth in various countries is ensured through the introduction of the latest achievements of science and technology.

STP allows to radically improve the use of natural resources, raw materials, materials, fuel and energy at all stages, i.e. from the production and complex processing of raw materials to the release and use of the final product. Due to this, a sharp decrease in material capacity, metal consumption and energy consumption of production will be achieved. Resource saving will become the main source of satisfaction of the growth of society's needs for fuel, energy and raw materials, materials.

The qualitative improvement of technology in production, the improvement of the use of fixed assets allows us to overcome the tendency to decrease capital productivity and achieve its increase, which will lead to the creation of prerequisites for a significant increase in product quality and its competitiveness in the world market.

The social value of HTP is enormous. As a result, heavy physical labor is being displaced, and its character is changing. NTP makes very high demands on the professional and educational level of employees. Under his influence, the differences between mental and physical labor are smoothed out.

Advances in science and technology include evolutionary and revolutionary changes.

Evolutionary changes are expressed in the gradual (quantitative) accumulation of scientific knowledge and the improvement of traditional elements of technology. But at a certain stage, the scientific and technological revolution takes the form of a scientific and technological revolution (scientific and technological revolution).

Scientific and technological revolution is an explosive process of deep qualitative transformations of technology based on the latest scientific discoveries and inventions. They fundamentally change the material elements of the productive forces, methods of organization, management, and the nature of labor.

Consequently, scientific and technological progress and scientific and technological revolution are not identical concepts, although they are organically interconnected.

The modern scientific and technological revolution is characterized by the following features:

The transformation of science into a direct productive force. This is manifested in the following. Modern production is a direct continuation and technological application of scientific advances. At the same time, science is becoming an integral part of production. And, finally, in its development, science relies on industrial methods;

A radical change in the role of modern technology is its intrusion into the environment of human mental activity (the creation of cybernetic machines).

The role of scientific and technological progress in the development of agro-industrial production is determined by the following:

On its basis, a radical solution to the food problem is possible: (by intensifying agriculture, ensuring food independence of the Republic of Belarus);

Ensuring the sustainability of the agricultural sector of the economy;

Improving production efficiency;

Ensuring environmental protection of the environment;

Successful solution of social problems of work and life.

In various sectors of the national economy, scientific and technological progress is implemented in various forms and develops in various directions.

So, the main directions of scientific and technological progress in agriculture are as follows:

Creation and application of high-performance machines,

Comprehensive mechanization and automation of production;

Electrification, chemicalization and land reclamation;

Introduction of industrial production technologies, resource and energy saving technologies, transfer of agriculture to an industrial basis, introduction of biotechnology and bioengineering;

Specialization and concentration of production on the basis of inter-farm cooperation of agro-industrial integration;

Improvement of the forms of organization and production management;

Development of agro-industrial associations;

Further improvement of personnel training, etc.

In industry and construction, they can be different. However, despite the variety of directions of scientific and technological progress, it is possible to establish from them the main ones inherent in all sectors of the national economy.

These include:

Electrification;

Integrated mechanization and automation;

Chemicalization;

Development and implementation of advanced technologies;

New technology and computerization of production.

All directions are closely related to each other, mutually conditioned. Together, they provide a single process for the technical development of production.

All areas of NTP are associated with the use of three groups of factors:

Material and technical factors (creation and implementation of a zonal system of machines, production lines for livestock forms, improving the quality of fertilizers and herbicides, the use of progressive methods of their introduction, the use of new methods of drainage, irrigation and irrigation of areas;

Biological factors (breeding and bioengineering, genetic potential of plants and animals);

Socio-economic factors (organizational possibilities of using the first two factors to increase their efficiency).

The essence and main directions of scientific and technological progress (STP)

STP is a continuous process of introducing new equipment and technology, organizing production and labor based on the achievements of scientific knowledge.

It is characterized by the following signs:

• development and widespread use of fundamentally new machines and systems of machines,
• working in automatic mode;
• creation and development of qualitatively new production technologies;
• discovery and use of new types and sources of energy;
• creation and widespread use of new types of materials with predetermined properties;
• widespread development of automation of production processes based on the use of machine tools
• with numerical control, automatic lines, industrial robots,
• flexible production systems;
• introduction of new forms of organization of labor and production.

At the present stage, the following features of NTP are observed:

1. There is an increase in the technological orientation of scientific and technological progress, its technological component. Progressive technologies are now the main link in scientific and technological progress both in terms of the scale of implementation and results.
2. There is an intensification of scientific and technological progress: an increase in the volume of scientific knowledge, an improvement in the qualitative composition scientific personnel, an increase in the efficiency of costs for its implementation and an increase in the effectiveness of scientific and technological progress.
3. At the present stage, scientific and technological progress is acquiring an increasingly complex, systemic character. This is expressed, first of all, in the fact that scientific and technological progress now covers all sectors of the economy, including the service sector, penetrates into all elements of social production: the material and technical base, the process of organizing production, the process of training personnel and the organization of management. In quantitative terms, the complexity is also manifested in the massive introduction of scientific and technical achievements.
4. An important regularity of NTP is the strengthening of its resource-saving orientation. As a result of the introduction of scientific and technical achievements, material and technical and labor resources are saved, and this is an important criterion for the effectiveness of scientific and technological progress.
5. There is an increase in the social orientation of scientific and technological progress, which is manifested in an ever greater influence of scientific and technological progress on the social factors of human life: the conditions of work, study, life.
6. The development of science and technology is increasingly focused on preserving the environment - the greening of scientific and technological progress. This is the development and application of low-waste and non-waste technologies, the introduction of effective methods for the integrated use and processing of natural resources, a more complete involvement of production and consumption waste in the economic circulation.

To ensure the effective functioning of the economy, it is necessary to pursue a unified state scientific and technical policy. To do this, one should choose the priority directions for the development of science and technology at each stage of planning.

The main directions of scientific and technological progress are electrification, complex mechanization, production automation and chemicalization of production.

Electrification is the process of widespread introduction of electricity into public production and everyday life. It is the basis for mechanization and automation, as well as chemicalization of production.

Comprehensive mechanization and automation of production is the process of replacing manual labor with a system of machines, apparatus, devices at all production areas. This process is accompanied by a transition from lower to higher forms, that is, from manual labor to partial, small and complex mechanization and further to the highest form mechanization - automation.

Chemicalization of production - the process of production and use of chemical materials, as well as the introduction chemical methods and processes into technology.

The priority directions of scientific and technological progress at the present stage are: biotechnology, the electronization of the national economy, complex automation, the accelerated development of nuclear energy, the creation and implementation of new materials, the development of fundamentally new technologies.

STP allows you to solve the following problems: firstly, it is STP that is the main means of increasing labor productivity, reducing production costs, increasing output and improving its quality. Secondly, as a result of scientific and technological progress, new efficient machines, materials, technological processes are created that improve working conditions and reduce the labor intensity of manufacturing products. Thirdly, scientific and technological progress has a strong impact on the organization of production, stimulates the growth of concentration of production, accelerates the development of its specialization and cooperation. Fourthly, the progress of science and technology ensures the solution of socio-economic problems (employment of the population, facilitation of labor, etc.), serves to more complete satisfaction of the needs of both society as a whole and of each person.

Efficiency of NTP

The result of the implementation of the achievements of scientific and technological progress is an increase in the efficiency of the functioning of the national economy.

The effectiveness of NTP is understood as the ratio of the effect and costs that caused this effect. The effect is understood as a positive result that is obtained as a result of the implementation of the achievements of scientific and technological progress.

The effect can be:

• economic (reducing the cost of production, increasing profits, increasing labor productivity, and so on);
• political (ensuring economic independence, strengthening defense capability);
• social (improving working conditions, raising the material and cultural level of citizens, and so on);
• ecological (reduction of environmental pollution).

When determining the economic efficiency in the implementation of the achievements of scientific and technical progress, one-time and current costs are distinguished. One-time costs are capital investments for the creation of new equipment. Operating costs are costs that are incurred over the entire life of a new technology.

Distinguish between absolute and comparative economic efficiency. Absolute economic efficiency is defined as the ratio of the economic effect to the total amount of capital investments that caused this effect. For the national economy as a whole, the absolute economic efficiency (Ee.eff.n / x) is determined as follows:

Ee.eff.n / x = DD / K

where DД is the annual increase in national income, rubles; K - capital investments that caused this increase, rubles.

Comparative cost-effectiveness

Calculations of comparative economic efficiency are used when choosing options for capital construction, reconstruction and technical re-equipment of enterprises, technological processes, structures, and so on.

Comparison of various options for solving economic and technical problems is carried out using a system of basic and additional indicators.

Main factors:

1. Labor productivity.
2. Capital investments.
3. Production cost.
4. Quarterly annual savings.
5. Profit.
6. Reduced costs.
7. Annual economic benefit.
8. Payback period of capital investments.

Additional indicators: 1. Improvement of working conditions. 2.Reducing environmental pollution and so on.

Labor productivity - is determined by the amount of products produced by the employee per unit of time or the amount of labor time spent on the manufacture of a unit of production.

Total capital expenditures consist of the following costs:

Cob = Kos + Cob.s. + Kpn. + CRC

where Kob - total value capital investments, rubles Kos - capital investments in fixed assets, rubles;
Cob.s. - capital investments in working capital, rubles;
Кпн - capital investments associated with the start-up and adjustment of equipment, rubles;
Кпр - capital investments associated with design and research work, rubles.

Specific capital investments (Kud) are also determined by the formula:

Kud = Kob / N,

where N is the program of production in kind.

The cost of a product is the cost of producing and selling it. In this case, technological, workshop, production or full cost can be used for calculation.

Conventional annual savings (Ee.g.e.) is defined as follows:

Ey.g.e = (C1 - C2) N2

where C1, C2 - unit cost of production for the basic and implemented options, rubles;
N2 is the annual production output of the implemented version in kind.

Profit is the difference between the price and the cost of production. The increase in profit (D P) with the introduction of new technology is determined by the formula:

DP = (C2-C2) N2 - (C1 - C1) N1

where Ts1, Ts2 are the unit price before and after the introduction of new technology, rubles;
C1, C2 - unit cost before and after the introduction of new technology, rubles;
N1, N2 - production program before and after the introduction of new technology, in physical terms.

The reduced costs (Zpr) are determined as follows:

Zpr = C + En K,

where C is the cost of the annual production volume, rubles; En - standard efficiency ratio; K - capital investments.

The given costs can be determined per unit of production:

Zpr.ed = Sed + En Kud,

where C is the unit cost, rubles;
Kud - specific capital investments, rubles.

Annual economic effect (Eg.eff.) Shows the total savings in annual costs for the compared options. It is defined like this:

Eg.e.f. = [(C1 + En Qud1) - (C2 + En Qud2)] N2,

where C1, C2 - unit cost before and after the introduction of new technology, rubles; Kud.1, Kud.2 - specific capital investments before and after the introduction of new technology, rubles; N2 - production program for the option being introduced, in physical terms.

The payback period of capital investments is determined by the formula:

It should be noted that the obviousness of the advantages of one or another option in comparison with others may not always be obvious, therefore the most economical option is chosen according to the given costs. The indicators of economic efficiency are influenced by inflation, therefore it is necessary to take it into account when calculating the indicators. The accuracy of calculations of economic efficiency increases with an increase in the amount of resources, for which the inflation rate of their prices is taken into account. The predicted price of a product or resource is determined by the formula:

Ts (t) = Ts (b) I (t),

where C (t) is the predicted price of a product or resource, rubles;
C (b) is the base price of a product or resource, rubles;
I (t) is the index of the change in the prices of a product or resource at the t-th step in relation to the initial moment of calculation.

Introduction

Scientific and technological progress in our time has become a factor of global importance. Scientific and technological progress largely determines the face of the world economy, world trade, relations between countries and regions. On a large scale, scientific discoveries and inventions materialize in the production apparatus, output, in the consumption of the population, constantly changing the life of mankind. Scientific and technological progress, scientific and technological potential of any country is the main engine of the economies of countries. Under the conditions of the new stage of scientific and technological revolution, under the conditions of the restructuring of the world economy, the issue of scientific and technical potential, the tendency to intensify development, self-development on the basis of the accumulated industrial and scientific potential acquires decisive importance. As a result of scientific and technological progress, the development and improvement of all elements of the productive forces occurs: the means and objects of labor, labor, technology, organization and management of production. The direct result of scientific and technological progress is innovation or innovation. These are changes in technology and technology in which scientific knowledge is implemented. To solve such problems as the creation of high-tech products, the formation of a sales market, marketing, expansion of production were ready only those teams that were able to solve specific scientific and technical tasks, and who have mastered the complex process of introducing technology into production. Not a single country in the world today can solve the problem of growth in income and consumption of the population without the economically effective implementation of the world achievements of scientific and technological progress. The scientific and technical potential of the country, along with natural and labor resources, forms the basis of the effectiveness of the national economy of any modern country.

The purpose of the work is to identify the directions of the influence of scientific and technological progress on the development of the world economy.

The implementation of this goal involves the solution of the following tasks:

consider scientific and technological progress, its essence and the problems of reproduction by the economic system;

analyze the features of the current stage of scientific and technological progress;

consider the economic potential of countries, which provides for the development and preservation of scientific and technical potential;

identification of problems of scientific and technological progress;

The object of research in this work is scientific and technological progress as the main factor in the development of the economy.

The subject of the research is economic relations that have arisen in the process of scientific and technological progress.

The work used textbooks on the world economy, international economic relations of domestic and foreign authors, as well as Internet resources.

In the preparation of the course work, statistical and analytical methods.

Course work consists of two chapters, sequentially disclosing the topic of work, conclusion-conclusion and a list of used literature.

1. Scientific and technological progress as an important factor in the development of the world economy

.1 Concept and role of scientific and technological progress in modern world

Scientific and technological progress is the basis modern civilization... He is only about 300-350 years old. It was then that the industrial civilization began to emerge. Scientific and technological progress is a twofold thing: it has both positive and negative traits... Positive - improved comfort, negative - environmental (comfort leads to an environmental crisis) and cultural (due to the development of means of communication, there is no need for direct contact) Scientific and technological progress is a continuous process of discovering new knowledge and applying it in social production, which allows -New to connect and combine available resources in order to increase the output of high quality end products at the lowest cost.

Figure 1.1 - Scientific and technological progress as a factor in the formation of ME

NTP appears in two main forms:

A) evolutionary, involving the gradual improvement of technology and technology. Economic growth is driven by quantitative indicators;

B) revolutionary, manifested in a qualitative renewal of technology and a sharp jump in labor productivity.

Scientific and technological progress leads to significant savings in resources and reduces the role of natural materials in economic development, replacing them with synthetic raw materials. The use of modern equipment and technologies in the complex has led to the creation of flexible production systems that are widely used in production.

Scientific and technological progress, recognized worldwide as the most important factor economic development... Increasingly, both in Western and Russian literature, it is associated with the concept innovation process... American economist James Bright noted STP as a one-of-a-kind process that unites science, technology, economics, entrepreneurship and management. It consists in receiving innovations and extends from the inception of an idea to its commercial implementation, thus uniting the whole complex of relations: production, exchange, consumption.

In these circumstances, innovation is initially focused on the bottom line. The very idea that gives impetus has a materialistic content: it is no longer a result pure science , received by a university scientist in a free, unlimited creative search. The practical orientation of an innovative idea is its attractive force for companies.

J. B. Sei defined innovation in the same way as entrepreneurship - that is, as a change in the return of resources. Or, as a modern economist would say in terms of supply and demand, as changes in value and satisfaction received by the consumer from the resources he uses.

Today, purely pragmatic considerations have come out on top in the world. On the one hand, such problems as the rapid growth of the world's population, the decline in population growth and its aging in industrialized regions, the depletion of natural resources, and environmental pollution have become more acute and global in nature as never before. On the other hand, certain prerequisites have appeared for solving many global problems based on the achievements of scientific and technological progress, and their accelerated introduction into the economy.

The concept of scientific and technical potential is closely related to the concept of STP. From the point of view of the development of the world economy, it seems appropriate to consider the scientific and technological potential in the broad sense of this concept. It is in this sense that the scientific and technical potential of a state (industry, a separate industry) can be represented as a set of scientific and technical capabilities that characterize the level of development of a given state as a subject of the world economy and depend on the quantity and quality of resources that determine these capabilities, as well as on the availability of a fund. ideas and developments, prepared for practical use (implementation in production). In the process of practical development of innovations, the materialization of scientific and technical potential occurs. Thus, the scientific and technological potential, on the one hand, characterizes the state's ability to apply the objective achievements of scientific and technological progress, and on the other hand, it characterizes the degree of direct participation in it. The result of the participation of any scientific research in the creation of socially useful use value is such scientific or technical information, which, being embodied in various technical, technological or any other innovations, turns into one of the necessary factors for the development of production. However, it is erroneous to consider scientific and technical creativity and its connection with production only as a process of supplying information necessary for production activity. Scientific research, especially in the field of natural and technical sciences, by its nature and dialectical purpose is increasingly turning into a direct component of the process of material production, and applied research and experimental design development can be practically considered an integral part. part of this process.

In the process of globalization, the importance of scientific and technological progress becomes decisive. On its basis, in the world economy, there was a differentiation of countries into two groups. The first group represents a special, highest, elite stratum of the world economy. This is a kind of superstructure over the rest of the economic system. Its role is determined by the fact that 90% of the scientific and technical potential of the planet is concentrated here, the scientific and industrial and intellectual elite, the latest technology and technology are concentrated.

The role of this superstructure is constantly growing, and scientific and technological progress is turning into an integration, connecting factor in the development of the world economy. It determines the functioning of various elements of the world economy: trade, labor and capital migration, international division of labor. Thus, flows of the most qualified labor force rush to highly developed countries. There is a "brain drain" from Africa, Asia and Russia to the USA and Western Europe. Scientific and technological progress causes the movement of the most qualified labor force to the centers of human civilization. It is attracted by the concentration in the highest integrative scientific and technical layer of the latest technology and technology, high costs for science, R&D, higher wages and living standards.

The formation of a scientific and technical superstructure based on the development of scientific and technological progress leads to the fact that it becomes a defining element of the world economy and acts as a "locomotive" of the world economy, its main driving force... Over the past 50 years, the Gross Domestic Product (global gross product) has grown 5.9 times. It is the developed countries with the greatest scientific and technological potential that have made a huge contribution to this process. These states account for more than 50% of the Gross Domestic Product. They consume 70% mineral resources... This is due to the enormous productivity, energy intensity of the latest technology, technology, equipment concentrated in these countries.

New industrial countries play a significant role in the growth of the world gross product: their decisive contribution to the GDP is explained by the fact that these countries are increasingly specialized in the field of new technologies, mastering science-intensive and technically complex industries.

Scientific and technological progress not only ensures the creation of an ever-increasing MEP, but is also a determining factor in the development of the international division of labor. The production of new technology, equipment, new materials and finished products is concentrated in various regions and countries, which are becoming “points of growth” for MRI.

Scientific and technological progress is the most important factor in the formation of a modern science-intensive structure. Under his influence, the process of reducing the share of agriculture is under way. The labor force and other resources freed up as a result of the intensive growth of scientific and technical progress led to a proportional increase in the service sector, including trade, transport, communications.

The role of scientific and technological progress is manifested in the fact that at present, on its basis, there is an increase in globalization and internationalization. Previously, this process was restrained by the presence of the USSR and other socialist countries. This posed serious and often insurmountable obstacles to the development of planetary cooperation in the field of improvement. modern science and technology, solving acute problems and problems facing humanity.

1.2 The main and priority directions for the development of scientific and technological progress in the world economy

The main directions of scientific and technological progress are such directions of development of science and technology, the implementation of which in practice ensures maximum economic and social efficiency in the shortest possible time.

Distinguish between national (general) and individual (private) directions of scientific and technological progress. National - directions of scientific and technological progress, which at this stage and in the future are priority for a country or a group of countries. Sectoral directions - directions of scientific and technological progress, which are the most important and priority for certain sectors of the national economy and industry.

In scientific and technological progress, two main directions have been identified:

) traditional, providing satisfaction, growing in scale and diversity of needs of man and society in new technology, goods and services;

) innovative, aimed at developing human potential, creating comfortable environment habitat, as well as the development of conservation technologies.

The main characteristic, the content of the scientific and technological progress, ensuring the further progress of civilization, will undoubtedly be its increasingly pronounced humanization, the solution of universal human problems. Already now we can talk about a system of priority selection for scientific research and development of new technologies, management of the technosphere and ecosphere, which is taking shape on the basis of this approach. Technology and social progress, science, technology and democratic transformations, technogenic culture and problems of education, informatics, artificial intelligence, socio-economic opportunities and consequences of its use, science and technology as a civilizational phenomenon - this is not a complete list of problems discussed in the forecasting process directions of scientific and technological progress.

Priority areas for the development of science and technology are the fields of science and technology, which are of paramount importance for achieving current and future goals of socio-economic and scientific and technological development. They are formed primarily under the influence of national socio-economic priorities, political, environmental and other factors; are distinguished by intensive development rates, a higher concentration of labor, material and financial resources.

In the world economy, such knowledge-intensive industries as electric power, nuclear and chemical industries, computer production, mechanical engineering, precision instrument making, aviation, rocketry, shipbuilding, production of CNC machines, modules, robots are gaining great importance. It can be said that at present the development of scientific and technological progress is embodied in the intensive process of the formation of the world science-intensive structure, which determines the long-term nature of structural changes in the world economy.

Scientific and technological progress determines the global, innovative nature of economic growth. This trend, which is decisive in the world economy, is embodied in the development of experimental work on genetic engineering, the use of radioactivity in biotechnology; research on the genesis and prevention of cancer; application of superconductivity in telecommunication systems, etc. This is becoming the dominant trend in the development of science and technology. At the beginning of the XXI century. the most important areas of science and scientific and technological progress have become:

) human sciences (medicine, the creation of a new generation of diagnostic and therapeutic equipment, the search for cures for AIDS, organ cloning, the study of the human gene, gerontology, psychology, demography, sociology);

) computer and information Technology(creation, processing, storage and transmission of information, computerization of production processes, the use of computer technologies in science, education, healthcare, management, trade, finance, everyday life, convergence of computer and telecommunication technologies);

) creation of new materials (development of new ultra-light, superhard and superconducting materials, as well as materials that are immune to an aggressive environment, replacement of natural substances with artificial ones);

) alternative energy sources (development of thermonuclear energy for peaceful purposes, the creation of solar, wind, tidal, geothermal installations, high power);

) biotechnology (genetic engineering, biometallurgy, bioinformatics, biocybernetics, the creation of artificial intelligence, the production of synthetic products);

) ecology - the creation of environmentally friendly and waste-free technologies, new means of environmental protection, complex processing of raw materials using waste-free technology, utilization of industrial and household waste.

) information technology is one of the main decisive factors that determine the development of technology and resources in general. The use of electronic computers and personal computers led to a radical transformation of relations and technological foundations of activities in the field of economics.

Thus, in modern conditions the country's position in the world economy is largely determined by its scientific and technological achievements, and to a lesser extent - by natural resources and capital.

There are other progressive production technologies, but all of them are characterized by one very important circumstance - higher productivity and efficiency.

Some researchers note the emergence of a new trend in the development of scientific and technological progress: in the context of globalization, the priorities of scientific and technological progress are shifting from the automation of production processes to the creation of resource-saving and life-supporting technologies. In this regard, in last years forecasting scientific and technological progress is closely linked with the assessment of its consequences for the social sphere.

I will summarize the above: the main directions of scientific and technological progress are complex mechanization and automation,

chemicalization, electrification of production. They are all interconnected and interdependent.

In many countries of the world, the development of scientific and technical potential is turning into one of the most active elements of the reproduction process. In industrially developed and newly industrialized countries, knowledge-intensive industries are becoming a priority area of ​​economic development.

Table 1.1 shows the share of R&D expenditures in the world's gross product

Table 1.1

1980 1990 1991 2005-2007 2008 1,852,551,82,31,7

The extent to which a particular country pays attention to the development of scientific and technical potential can be judged by such indicators as the size of the absolute expenditures on research and development work and their share in GDP.

Most of the funds for the development of scientific and technical potential in the early 90s were spent in the USA and Japan, Germany, France, Great Britain. The total expenditures on R&D in these countries were higher than the aggregate expenditures for similar purposes in all other countries of the world.

Countries mln. USD Country mln. USD 1US1584528Sweden74152Japan1098259Netherlands55543Germany4910310Switzerland50704France3110211Spain48935United Kingdom2245412Australia39746Italy1691617… China26007Canada8517… 24Russia901

In terms of the share of expenditures on research and development work, the leading countries are mainly industrialized countries, in which on average 2-3% of the gross domestic product is spent on research and development work.

The volume of the world market for high technology products is now $ 2 trillion. 300 billion. Of this amount, 39% are US products, 30 - Japan, 16% - Germany. The share of Russia is only 0.3%.

2. Analysis of the impact of scientific and technological progress on economic growth in the world economy

.1 Analysis and assessment of the effectiveness of scientific and technological progress in the world economy

The economic efficiency of scientific and technological progress is directly related to the problem of a comprehensive assessment of capital investments, since measures of scientific and technological progress are considered as objects of investment.

In economic calculations, the concepts of economic effect and economic efficiency are distinguished. The effect of scientific and technological progress is understood as the planned or obtained result of scientific, technical and innovative activities. An economic effect is called an effect (result) that leads to the saving of labor, material or natural resources, or allows an increase in the production of means of production, consumer goods and services, in value terms. So, on the scale of the national economy, the effect is an increase in national income in value form, at the level of industries and production, the effect is considered either net production or part of it - profit. The economic efficiency of scientific and technological progress is understood as the ratio of the economic effect obtained from the introduction of scientific and technological achievements to the total costs of their implementation, i.e. efficiency is a relative measure of cost effectiveness.

The economic efficiency of scientific and technological progress cannot be expressed by any one universal indicator, since to determine the economic effect, all the results and costs must be presented in value terms, and this is not always possible if the measures of scientific and technological progress are aimed at solving global economic and environmental problems, the development of the social sphere, etc. Therefore, for an objective assessment, it is necessary to use a fairly extensive system of indicators.

When calculating and analyzing economic efficiency, it is necessary to take into account:

comparability of options;

right choice standard for comparison;

comparability of technical and economic indicators;

bringing the compared options to the identical effect;

the complexity of the analysis;

time factor;

scientific validity, objectivity and legality of conclusions, conclusions and recommendations.

The economic efficiency of scientific and technological progress is characterized by a system of economic indicators that reflect the ratio of costs and benefits and make it possible to judge the economic attractiveness of the industry for investors, the economic advantages of some industries over others.

Depending on the level of assessment, the volume of the effect and costs taken into account, as well as the purpose of the assessment, several types of efficiency are distinguished: generalizing and private.

Generalized performance indicator scientific activities it is considered to be the value obtained as the ratio of the actual annual economic effect from the implementation scientific developments in the national economy to the actual costs incurred for their implementation.

Private indicators of the effectiveness of the introduction of new equipment and new technologies are presented by quantitative and qualitative indicators. Quantitative indicators include:

The number of implemented CNC machines; processing centers, industrial robots; computer technology; automatic and semi-automatic lines; conveyor lines.

The introduction of new, more promising technologies (the number, capacity and volume of products produced by new technology).

Production equipment renewal rate (in terms of quantity and cost).

Equipment replacement rate.

Average age of equipment.

Commissioning of new capacities.

Power unit cost.

The cost of one workplace.

The number of new types of products created (new equipment, devices, new materials, medicines, etc.).

The number of new jobs created.

Qualitative indicators.

The number of relatively released workers as a result of the introduction of new equipment and new technologies.

Increase in labor productivity as a result of the introduction of new equipment and new technology.

Savings from reducing the cost of certain types of products after the introduction of new technology

Reduction of material consumption, including energy consumption (fuel intensity, electrical intensity, heat capacity), wages as a result of innovation.

Increase in the yield of finished products from raw materials due to its deeper processing.

The dynamics of capital productivity and capital intensity, capital, energy and electrical labor.

World practice shows that it is business structures that play a key role in the development and implementation of innovations. The share of corporate spending on research and development in the total national spending on R&D exceeds 65%, and the average for the countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) is close to 70%

Figure 2.1 - Sources of funding for research and development work in Russia and abroad,% of the total cost of them

Most large companies conduct not only applied, but also basic research... Thus, in the United States, private investment accounts for more than 25% of the total expenditures on basic research. In Japan, corporate spending amounts to almost 38% of total spending on basic research, and in South Korea - about 45%.

In Russia, the opposite picture is observed: funding for research and development from the corporate sector accounts for just over 20% of total R&D investment.

Large Russian business is significantly inferior to large foreign corporations, both in absolute and in relative R&D expenditures. Thus, Russia is represented by only three participants in the ranking of the 1,400 largest companies in the world in terms of absolute R&D expenditures, which is annually compiled by the EU Joint Research Center. They are OJSC Gazprom (83rd position), AvtoVAZ (620th) and LUKoil (632th position). For comparison: in the FortuneGlobal 500 rating among 500 companies in the world in terms of revenue of Russian companies, there are twice as many - 6, and among 1,400 leading world companies in terms of revenue there are several dozen representatives of Russia.

The total expenditures of the Russian corporate sector on research and development and development work are more than 2 times less than those of Volkswagen, the largest corporation in Europe in terms of research and development expenditures (2.2 billion versus 5.79 billion euros).

On average, foreign companies spend 2 to 3% of their annual income on R&D. For leaders, these indicators are significantly higher. According to the EU Joint Research Center, the average intensity of R&D spending (the ratio of R&D costs to revenue) of the 1,400 largest investments in research and development of companies in the world in 2009 was 3.5%.

Despite the decline in R&D funding due to the crisis, the intensity of innovation spending by the largest corporations, on the contrary, has increased. According to the estimates of the consulting company Booz, R&D expenditures of 1,000 largest corporations in the world in 2010 compared to 2009 decreased by 3.5%, but the average cost intensity increased from 3.46 to 3.75%. In other words, in the context of a falling market and declining sales, the world's largest corporations were far from reducing their own research and development costs (for example, capital expenditures of the corporations in question decreased by 17.1% in 2010, and administrative expenses - by 5.4%). ), and the share of R&D expenditures in the total expenditures of corporations has been increased. On the contrary, the acceleration and expansion of the R&D front are viewed by world business leaders as a top priority to ensure sustainable post-crisis development of companies.

According to a study by the Expert RA rating agency, before the crisis the volume of R&D expenditures in the revenue of the largest Russian companies from the Expert-400 rating was about 0.5%, which is 4-6 times lower than that of foreign companies. For two years, in 2009, this figure has more than halved - to 0.2% of the total revenues of companies.

Machine-building companies are the leaders in terms of investment in R&D in Russia, but even their ratio of R&D expenditures to revenue does not exceed 2%. The lag is even greater in less high-tech sectors.

For example, the ratio of R&D expenses of JSC Severstal to the company's revenue in 2009 was 0.06%. At the same time, the similar indicator of the metallurgical corporation ArcelorMittal (Luxembourg) amounted to 0.6%, that is, 10 times more; NipponSteel (Japan) - 1%; SumitomoMetalIndustries (Japan) - 1.2%; POSCO (South Korea) - 1.3%; KobeSteel (Japan) - 1.4%; OneSteel (Australia) - 2.5%.

It is estimated that in 2010 corporate spending on R&D began to recover quickly, but the innovation activity of large business will return to the pre-crisis level - this will only mean closing the gap with technologically advanced companies in the world.

2.2 Problems of scientific and technological progress and proposals for their solution

The key problem is, first of all, the low demand for innovations in Russian economy, as well as its ineffective structure - an excessive bias towards the purchase of finished equipment abroad to the detriment of the introduction of its own new developments. Russia's balance of trade in technology has been steadily declining from a positive one in 2000 ($ 20 million) and in 2009 amounted to minus $ 1.008 billion. About the same time, the leading countries in the field of innovations achieved a significant increase in the surplus of the technological balance (the USA - 1.5 times, the UK - 1.9 times, Japan - 2.5 times). In general, it could not have been otherwise, given the difference in the number of innovatively active companies. In 2009, the development and implementation of technological innovations was carried out by 9.4% of the total number of Russian industrial companies. For comparison: in Germany their share was 69.7%, in Ireland - 56.7%, in Belgium - 59.6%, in Estonia - 55.1%, in the Czech Republic - 36.6%. Unfortunately, in Russia, not only the share of innovatively active enterprises is low, but also the intensity of spending on technological innovation, which is 1.9% (the same indicator in Sweden - 5.5%, in Germany - 4.7%).

Figure 2.2 shows a metric diagram.

Another important problem is the imitative nature of the Russian innovation system, focused on borrowing ready-made technologies, rather than creating its own breakthrough innovations. Among the OECD countries, Russia has the dubious honor of taking the last place in terms of the share of leading innovative companies - there are only 16% of these among Russian innovatively active enterprises, compared with 35% in Japan and Germany, 41-43% in Belgium, France, Austria, 51- 55% in Denmark and Finland. Note that the most numerous type of passive technological borrowing in Russia (34.3%) is on the verge of disappearing in the economically developed countries of Europe (about 5-8%). At the same time, in addition to the quantitative lag of Russian companies in terms of innovation activity, there are also significant structural problems in organizing innovation management at the firm level. According to the indicator “the ability of companies to borrow and adapt technologies,” calculated by the World Economic Forum, Russia in 2009 was in 41st place out of 133 - at the level of countries such as Cyprus, Costa Rica, and the United Arab Emirates.

Figure 2.2 - The share of Russian companies implementing technological innovations

The problem of the low level of innovative activity in Russia is further aggravated by the low return on the implementation of technological innovations. The growth in the volume of innovative products (in 1995-2009 by 34%) does not at all correspond to the rate of increase in expenditures on technological innovations (three times over the same period). As a result, if in 1995 there were 5.5 rubles of innovative products per ruble of innovation costs, then in 2009 this figure dropped to 2.4 rubles.

Figure 2.3 - The share of innovative goods, works, services, in the total volume of goods shipped, works performed, services of organizations

As one of the important factors, it is necessary to note the general low level of costs for research and development work. Expenditures on them in 2008 in Russia are estimated at 1.04% of GDP against 1.43% of GDP in China and 2.3% in OECD countries, 2.77% of GDP in the United States, 3.44% of GDP in Japan.

Figure 2.4 shows this quite clearly.

Figure 2.4 - The scale of R&D expenditures by country,% of GDP

Scientific and technological progress shows a complex and contradictory impact on global processes in modern conditions. On the one hand, scientific and technological development and scientific and technological progress are directly related to socio-economic progress. Undoubtedly, their result was a rapid economic growth based on an increase in social productivity and conservation of natural resources, increased internationalization of the world economy and the interdependence of the countries of the world. On the other hand, contradictions, including economic ones, are growing and deepening.

Among them, the growth of unsatisfied demand, since scientific and technological development stimulates new high-speed needs; negative consequences associated with the unpredictable results of the introduction of certain achievements into production (pollution, accidents, disasters); adverse effects of intensification of production and information on the human body; underestimation of the importance of the human factor; the growth of moral and ethical problems (manipulation of heredity, computer crimes, total information control, etc.). The problem of the feedback between scientific and technological progress and its already realized possibilities has become aggravated. A complex of issues of the so-called technical safety of using the created innovations arose.

Increasing remoteness from sources of raw materials and energy, depletion of natural sources of raw materials, both in quantitative terms and in terms of their physical properties, have become important problems on a global scale. In addition, the resource intensity of production and lifestyle (as a result of scientific and technological progress) increases the natural limitations of our environment. This style can be practiced only at the expense of other people living on Earth and at the expense of descendants.

One of the important consequences for the whole world can be the loss of responsibility for individual results of scientific and technological progress. This is expressed, on the one hand, in the contradiction between the human instinct for self-preservation and the growth of needs and profit, on the other.

Finally, another important aspect of scientific and technological progress is its cyclical, uneven nature, which aggravates socio-economic problems in different countries and makes them common. There are periods when the deterioration of the general economic conditions of reproduction (for example, the rise in the cost of energy resources) slows down or postpones the economic effect of scientific and technological development, switches it to the tasks of compensating for the emerging structural constraints, thereby exacerbating social problems. The unevenness of economic development is growing. International competition is intensifying, which leads to an exacerbation of foreign economic contradictions. Its consequences were the growth of protectionism, trade and currency wars in relations between developed countries.

Scientific and technological development rationally changes the existing character of the international division of labor. For example, new forms of automation are robbing developing countries of the benefits of cheap labor. The growing export of scientific and technical information and scientific and technical services is used by developed countries as new instrument"Technological neo-colonialism". It is enhanced by the activities of TNCs and their foreign affiliates.

An important aspect of the global problems associated with scientific and technological development is the problem of education. However, without those colossal changes that have occurred in the field of education, neither scientific and technological revolution, nor enormous achievements in the development of the world economy, nor those democratic processes in which an increasing number of countries and peoples of the world are involved. In our time, education has become one of the most important aspects of human activity. Today it literally covers the whole of society, and the costs of it are constantly increasing.

scientific technological progress funding

Table 2.2 - Per capita spending on education

Worldwide188Africa15Asia58Arab states134North America1257Latin America78Europe451Developed countries704Developing countries29

Brain drain remains a problem for underdeveloped countries, when the most qualified personnel seek to find work abroad. The reason is that personnel training does not always correspond to the real possibilities of their use in specific socio-economic conditions. Since education is associated with a specific socio-cultural sphere, its problems enter into complex interaction with common human problems, such as economic backwardness, population growth, security of residence, etc. In addition, education itself requires constant improvement and reform, ie, first, improvement of its quality, which has deteriorated due to its rapid development; secondly, solving the problems of its effectiveness, which depends on specific economic conditions; thirdly, meeting the need for normative knowledge, which is associated with continuous adult education, and hence the development of a concept continuing education that would accompany a person throughout his life. That is why all over the world, especially in developed countries, the volume of services for the development of qualifications and the level of education of adults is growing rapidly.

Education influences not only the assimilation of advanced technologies and the adoption of effective decisions, but also the way of life, forms a system of value orientations, as the history and experience of a number of countries show, ignoring these circumstances leads to a sharp decrease in the effectiveness of educational policy and even to the destabilization of society.

The problems of scientific and technological progress are related to the global problems of mankind, therefore, their solution can be expressed in a generalized form.

Global problems development of mankind are not isolated from each other, but act in unity and in interconnection, which requires radically new, conceptual approaches to their solution. There are a number of obstacles on the way to solving global problems. Measures taken to resolve them are often blocked by the economic and political arms race, regional, political and military conflicts. Globalization in a number of cases is slowed down by the lack of resources for the planned programs. Certain global problems are generated by the contradictions in the socio-economic conditions of the life of the peoples of the world.

The necessary prerequisites and opportunities for a truly humanistic resolution of global contradictions are created by the world community. Global problems should be resolved along the lines of developing cooperation between all states that form the system of the world economy.

Life does not stand still, society is developing, people are developing, the economy and production are developing. Any person understands that at present the development of science and technology is taking place by leaps and bounds... Modern scientific and technological progress is aimed at enhancing the role of environmental protection measures, biocompatible technologies that do not harm the environment, closed technologies that do not produce waste, energy-saving technologies. Manufacturing is becoming more and more knowledge-intensive. Therefore, the role of statistics of scientific and technological progress is increasing, which finds reserves to accelerate these processes, helps the speedy introduction of new promising technologies into production.

conclusions

Scientific and technological progress covers all aspects of human activity, facilitates human labor. However, scientific and technological progress also affects the resource potential of both the world economy and each country in particular. As the resources of the world economy are numerous, so is the influence of scientific and technological progress on each of them.

The resource effect of scientific and technological progress is associated with its ability to compensate for scarce resources of the national economy, free them up for expanded production, and also involve previously unused resources in circulation. Its indicators are the release of labor, savings and replacement of scarce materials and raw materials, as well as the involvement of new resources in the national economic circulation, the complexity of the use of raw materials. The ecological effect of the scientific and technical process is closely related to resources - a change in the state of the environment. The social effect of the scientific and technical process is to create more favorable conditions for the use of the creative forces of workers, for the all-round development of the individual. This is manifested in the improvement of working conditions and labor protection, reduction of heavy physical labor, increase in free time, and an increase in the material and cultural standard of living of workers.

Thus, the formation of scientific and technological progress within the framework of the world economy has become a factor that changes the nature of the existing system of international economic relations. Under its influence, the nature of property relations, the labor process changes, competition is overcome, the consolidation of scientific and technical potential is formed, MRI, and relations of cooperation between states are developing. The regulatory role of the state, which determines the main directions for the development of scientific and technological progress, and the formation of a science-intensive structure, is increasing more and more.

The role of scientific and technological progress is determined not only by its present, but also by its future. It should be expected that the development of this process will continue the formation of the internationalization of the world economy. On its basis, the formation of new interstate integration associations will be carried out, the further development of the international division of labor and world trade in finished goods produced on the basis of " high tech". Under these conditions, new forms of transport will develop: monorail roads, supersonic aircraft, and hydrogen-powered vehicles. The creation of transnational railway systems, as well as transoceanic steamship transport, will continue. The development of biocompatible and superconducting materials, the development of satellite communications, the introduction of photonic technologies are underway. These processes make the world economy more and more unified, integral, whole. State borders become transparent, because they hinder the deepening of integration processes, and, consequently, the development of the world economy as a whole.

Without state support, it is impossible to develop and maintain scientific, technical and innovative potential. The policy of the state is a set of forms, methods, directions of the state's influence on production with the aim of producing new types of products and technologies, as well as the expansion on this basis of sales markets for domestic goods.

In a post-industrial society, R&D is becoming a kind of branch of the economy that plays a significant role. The most advanced are such science-intensive and super-science-intensive industries as the creation of computer support, biotechnological production, the creation of composite materials with desired properties, fibroplastics, analytical instruments and machines. The moral depreciation of traditional products significantly outstrips their physical depreciation, at the same time, the market value of research results, a variety of industrial know-how, and advanced industrial products themselves are not subject to decline. Continuous reproduction of scientific research results, well-thought-out trade in them and the export of unique high-tech products can enrich any country in the world.

Bibliography

1.Spiridonov I.A. World economy: textbook. allowance. - 2nd ed., Rev. and add. - M.: INFRA-M, 2008 .-- 272 p.

.Khlypalov V.M. World economy, Krasnodar: LLC "Amethyst and K", 2012. - 232 p.

.Lomakin V.K. World Economy - 4th ed., Revised. and add. - M.: UNITY-DANA, 2012 .-- 671 p.

.Makeeva T. Macroeconomics, - M .: Novoye Vremya, 2010 468s.

.Alyabyeva A.M. World economy, - M .: Gardarika, 2006, 563c.

.Lvov D.NTP and the economy in transition. // Economic Issues -2007, - No. 11.

.Yakovleva A.V. Economic statistics: Textbook. allowance. - M .: Publishing house RIOR, 2009, 95 p.

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.Lobacheva E.N. Scientific and technical progress: Tutorial... - M .: Publishing house: "Exam", 2007.-192 p.

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1.1 The main stages of development of scientific and technological progress

• According to the Modern Economic Dictionary: scientific and technological progress (STP) is the use of advanced achievements of science and technology, technology in the economy, in production in order to improve the efficiency and quality of production processes, to better meet the needs of people. The term was widely used in the Soviet economics along with the concept of "scientific and technological revolution". In modern economic theory scientific achievements used in economics and technology are often called innovations.
• The Scientific and Technological Revolution (STR) is a radical, qualitative transformation of the productive forces based on the transformation of science into a leading factor in the development of social production (Great Soviet Encyclopedia).
• The concept of STP is broader in content than STP. The scientific and technological revolution is an integral part and the highest stage of scientific and technological progress. STD is an integral and more significant part of STP. If scientific and technological progress can develop both on an evolutionary and revolutionary basis, then scientific and technological progress is an abrupt process.

Modern society cannot imagine its existence without technology and the results of scientific developments, because they are firmly embedded in our life, making it more comfortable and simpler.

Scientific and technological progress is understood as a continuous process of qualitative improvement and quantitative growth of all components of social production - means, objects of labor, production workers, as well as the modernization of methods for their combination in production processes based on the achievements of science and technology.

Today, the development of scientific and technological progress is expressed:

In the creation of new, improvement of existing technologies, equipment;

In the growth of the number of mechanized and automated production;

In the creation and use of new types of energy, raw materials, materials, fuel;

Improvement of previously produced products, development of new products, improvement of their quality;

In a scientifically grounded organization of labor, management;

In the growth of the qualification, educational level among the employed, employed in the country's economy as a whole.

The basis of STP is scientific knowledge - applied, fundamental research, development aimed at the application of theoretical foundations in the improvement of already used technology.

Scientific and technological progress as a socio-economic phenomenon of social development is characterized by radical transformations of science, technology and production, the essence of which is the systematic accumulation and improvement of knowledge and experience, in the creation and implementation of new progressive elements of production, in the scientific organization of labor and management.

The economic and social results of scientific and technological progress are an increase in the economic efficiency of social production, an increase in national income, an increase in the level of national well-being, the creation of better conditions for highly productive labor and an increase in its creative nature.

Most often, the following components of NTP are distinguished:

Science - it is the source that feeds the scientific and technological progress. In the field of science, the potential of society's knowledge and potential are formed, to which we turn in search of an answer to the requests of practice. The term "science" means the acquisition of new fundamental knowledge.

The sphere of adaptation of scientific achievements in relation to the solution of applied problems (applied research, design and design work).

Material production proper, where the adapted scientific achievements are realized in the form of new technologies, machines, materials, etc.

Based on this division, it can be stated: the successful development of science is a necessary but insufficient condition for accelerating scientific and technological progress. It is necessary that it be supported by the corresponding development of the sphere of adaptation, production and the economic mechanism.

More broadly, the STP as a whole consists of two components:

Component of scientific achievements (the result is new knowledge, technology, equipment);

A component of production achievements is innovation (the result is improved facilities, improved technology, completely new facilities created using already obtained and proven scientific achievements, knowledge, technologies, equipment).

Accordingly, the results of scientific and technological progress, which determine the development and well-being of society as a whole, are presented as two mutually complementary components: the results of scientific and technological progress in the scientific and technological sphere (scientific achievements) and the results of scientific and technological progress in the production sphere (production achievements).

TO scientific advances includes acquired and tested knowledge:

Phenomena;

Inventions;

Discoveries;

Technology (e.g. synthesis chemical substances, obtaining materials, etc.);

Computer programs;

Know-how;

Technical means of production (machine tools, instruments, computers, etc.);

Curriculum for training specialists, including electronic textbooks, virtual laboratories;

The listed and many other scientific, scientific, technical, scientific and technological results are the result of continuous and long-term activities of scientists, engineers, technologists, designers working in relevant organizations, institutions and enterprises.

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Introduction

1. The essence of the concept of STP

1.1 Basic forms of STP

1.2 The main directions of scientific and technological progress

4. State of NTP in Ukraine

Conclusion

Introduction

technical economic implementation

The subject of this work is scientific and technological progress as the main factor of economic growth.

The purpose of this work is to highlight and analyze the most important features, forms and types of scientific and technological progress, as well as the state of scientific and technological progress in Ukraine.

Based on the goal, the following work tasks can be distinguished:

Study the factors influencing the emergence and acceleration of scientific and technological progress,

Consider general concepts NTP,

The essence of NTP,

His views,

State of NTP in Ukraine at the moment.

The main attention in my complex work will be paid to the disclosure of such a topic as the level of scientific and technological progress in Ukraine.

Scientific and technological progress is one of the factors that determine economic growth in the state. STP is a continuous process of introducing new equipment and technology, organizing production and labor based on the achievements and implementation of scientific knowledge. The basis for the effectiveness of the national economy of any modern country is, along with natural and labor resources, and the scientific and technical potential of the country. Economic growth is achieved through the introduction of new equipment and technology into production, as well as the use of improved technologies for the use of resources, which, in fact, is the basis of scientific and technological progress. As a result of scientific and technological progress, the development and improvement of all elements of the productive forces occurs: the means and objects of labor, labor, technology, organization and management of production.

The relevance of this topic is determined by the emergence of new external and internal factors that affect the state of the economic system.

Also, the relevance of the research topic has led to the emergence of numerous works devoted to the problems of preserving and developing scientific and technical potential. Great contribution to development this direction contributed by domestic theorists, among them the following can be distinguished: Goncharova V.V., Zavlina P.N., Kazantseva L.E., Kortova V.S., Andreyanov V.D., Abramov, Malkova I.V., Basovsky L.E. and others, whose works are widely represented in the literature.

1. The essence of the concept of STP

Scientific and technological progress (STP) is a continuous process of discovering new knowledge and applying it in social production, which allows you to combine and combine existing resources in a new way in order to increase the output of high-quality end products at the lowest cost. It also acts as the most important means of solving socio-economic problems - improving working conditions and increasing its content, protecting the environment, and increasing the well-being of the people. Scientific and technological progress is also of great importance for strengthening the country's defense capability.

In a broad sense, at any level - from the firm to the national economy - scientific and technological progress means the creation and implementation of new equipment, technology, materials, the use of new types of energy, as well as the emergence of previously unknown methods of organizing and managing production.

STP is a gradual improvement and distribution in production of technology and technological processes within the framework of the current scientific and technical principles.

It is characterized by the following signs:

Development and widespread use of fundamentally new machines and systems of machines operating in automatic mode;

Creation and development of qualitatively new production technologies;

Discovery and use of new types and sources of energy;

Creation and widespread use of new types of materials with predetermined properties;

Extensive development of automation of production processes based on the use of computer numerical control machines, automatic lines, industrial robots, flexible production systems;

The introduction of new forms of organization of labor and production.

At the present stage, the following features of NTP are observed.

There is an increase in the technological orientation of scientific and technological progress, its technological component. Progressive technologies are now the main link in scientific and technological progress both in terms of the scale of implementation and results. There is an intensification of scientific and technological progress: the volume of scientific knowledge is growing, the qualitative composition of scientific personnel is improving, the cost efficiency of its implementation is increasing and the effectiveness of scientific and technological progress is increasing.

At the present stage, scientific and technological progress is acquiring an increasingly complex, systemic character. This is expressed, first of all, in the fact that scientific and technological progress now covers all sectors of the economy, including the service sector, penetrates into all elements of social production: the material and technical base, the process of organizing production, the process of training and organizing management. In quantitative terms, the complexity is also manifested in the massive introduction of scientific and technical achievements. An important regularity of NTP is the strengthening of its resource-saving orientation. As a result of the introduction of scientific and technical achievements, material and technical and labor resources are saved, and this is an important criterion for the effectiveness of scientific and technological progress. There is an increase in the social orientation of scientific and technological progress, which is manifested in an ever greater influence of scientific and technological progress on the social factors of human life: the conditions of work, study, life.

The development of science and technology is increasingly focused on preserving the environment - the greening of scientific and technological progress. This is the development and application of low-waste and non-waste technologies, the introduction of effective methods for the integrated use and processing of natural resources, a more complete involvement of production and consumption waste in the economic circulation.

1.1 Basic forms of STP

Scientific and technological progress, in other words, the progress of science and technology, is accompanied by many factors that, to one degree or another, affect social development. The combination of these factors led to two forms of scientific and technological progress: evolutionary and revolutionary.

The evolutionary form of scientific and technological progress is a relatively slow improvement in the traditional scientific and technical foundations of production. We are not talking about speed, but about the rate of growth of production: they can be low in a revolutionary form and high in an evolutionary one. For example, if we consider the growth rates of labor productivity, then, as history shows, rapid development can be observed in the evolutionary form of scientific and technological progress and slow at the beginning of the revolutionary stage. Currently, the revolutionary form prevails, providing a higher effect, large scale and accelerated rates of reproduction. This form of scientific and technological progress is embodied in the scientific and technological revolution, or scientific and technological revolution.

1.2 The main directions of scientific and technological progress

In the modern period of rapid development of scientific and technological progress to its traditional directions, the realities of life complement a lot of significant things, both in general and in the sectoral context. However, traditional ones also operate constantly, remaining the basis for the development of the industry and increasing its efficiency.

The main directions of scientific and technological progress include:

1. The outstripping development of science itself, as the basis of the technical revolution and technical progress.

2. Electrical saturation of production.

3. Electronization of production.

4. Large-scale use of computing and information technology.

5. Mechanization and automation of all production processes.

6. Rational chemicalization, supplemented by biological means and methods.

7. Modern and ultramodern areas associated with the use of the laser effect, space instrumentation, microbiology, bionics, bioengineering, genetic engineering, etc.

8. Creation of advanced technologies, taking into account the achievements of all the named areas of scientific and technological progress.

9. Improving the organization of production, labor and management is adequate to the introduction of new technology and other areas of scientific and technological progress.

All these areas of scientific and technological progress are very important. However, in real life an adjustment for priority and opportunity is needed. In this regard, the highest priority areas are new technologies, mechanization and automation of production processes. It is also necessary to reorient the import of products towards the acquisition of technology.

2. Scientific and technological revolution and its consequences

Economists emphasize the "scientific and technological revolution" (STR) - a qualitative leap in the development of the productive forces of society, a revolution in technology and production technology.

The scientific and technological revolution is a qualitative transformation of the productive forces, the transformation of science into a productive force and a corresponding radical change in the material and technical base of social production, its form and content, the nature of labor, and the social division of labor.

Thus, scientific and technological progress and scientific and technological revolution are interconnected and mutually conditioned, correlated as evolutionary and revolutionary forms of development of the material and technical base of society. The revolutionary form of scientific and technological progress means a transition to the use of qualitatively new scientific and production principles in production (and not only in its material sphere, but also in the sphere of services). Scientific and technological revolution transforms the entire technological method of production, all its aspects and components.

The main features of the scientific and technological revolution:

Universality - covers almost all sectors of the national economy and affects all spheres of human activity;

Rapid development of science and technology;

Changing the role of a person in the production process - in the process of the scientific and technological revolution, the requirements for the level of qualifications of labor resources increase, the share of mental labor increases.

The modern scientific and technological revolution is characterized by the following changes in the field of production:

First, the conditions, nature and content of labor change due to the introduction of the achievements of science into production. The previous types of labor are being replaced by machine-automated labor. The introduction of automata significantly increases labor productivity, removing from production restrictions in speed, accuracy, continuity, etc., associated with the psychophysiological properties of a person. At the same time, the place of a person in production changes. A new type of "man-technology" connection is emerging, which does not limit the development of either man or technology. In an automated manufacturing environment, machines are made by machines.

Secondly, new types of energy are beginning to be used - atomic, sea tides, and the earth's interior. There is a qualitative change in the use of electromagnetic and solar energy.

Thirdly, natural materials are being replaced by artificial ones. Plastics and PVC products are widely used.

Fourth, the production technology is changing. For example, mechanical impact on the subject of labor is replaced by physical and chemical effects. In this case, magnetic-pulse phenomena, ultrasound, superfrequencies, electro-hydraulic effect, various types of radiation, etc. are used. Modern technology is characterized by the fact that cyclical technological processes are increasingly being replaced by continuous flow processes. New technological methods also impose new requirements on labor tools (increased accuracy, reliability, ability to self-regulation), to objects of labor (precisely specified quality, precise feeding mode, etc.), to working conditions (strictly specified requirements for illumination, temperature the regime in the premises, their cleanliness, etc.).

Fifth, the nature of governance is changing. The use of automated control systems changes the place of a person in the management and production control system.

Sixth, the system for generating, storing and transmitting information is changing. The use of computers significantly speeds up the processes associated with the generation and use of information, improves the methods of making and evaluating decisions.

Seventh, the requirements for professional training are changing. The rapid change in the means of production sets the task of constant professional improvement, raising the level of qualifications. A person is required to have professional mobility and a higher level of morality. The number of the intelligentsia is growing, and the requirements for its professional training are increasing.

Eighth, there is a transition from extensive to intensive development of production.

3. Scientific and technical progress as a factor of economic growth

Economic growth is an important economic goal as it promotes wealth and wealth. It allows solving socio-economic problems - implementing social programs, developing science and education, solving environmental problems, etc. Economic growth increases the production capacity of the economy. Thanks to him, new types of resources are created, new efficient technologies of production processes that allow increasing and diversifying the production of goods and services, improving the quality of life.

Among the intensive factors of economic growth, the most significant is scientific and technological progress (STP), based on the accumulation and expansion of knowledge, on innovations that serve as a form of implementation of scientific discoveries and inventions. It is the scientific and economic progress that ensures the improvement of the quality of resources, the gradual improvement of technology and technological processes within the framework of the existing scientific and technical principles and their dissemination in production. The evolutionary form of scientific and technological progress is constantly inherent in social production and presupposes the steady development of technologies, an increase in the level of technical knowledge. The revolutionary form of scientific and technological progress - the scientific and technological revolution (STR) - is a qualitative leap in the development of science and the productive forces of society, a revolution in technology and production technology.

The beginning of the modern scientific and technological revolution is usually attributed to the mid-50s of the XX century. Its main characteristics:

Automation and computerization of production, transformation of informatics into a new resource and element of technological progress;

Discovery and use of new types and sources of energy - atomic, thermonuclear;

Creation and use of new types of materials, unknown to nature, with predetermined properties;

Discovery and application of new technologies (chemical, biological, laser, etc.), which come into life under the general name of "high technologies";

Formation of a new type of worker - cultural and educated, disciplined, capable of exploiting complex technical and information systems, thinking creatively.

Of course, the use of high technologies makes it possible to more fully satisfy the needs of society with a more sparing impact on the environment, determines the increasing efficiency of the production of final products, and contributes to the achievement of the goals of economic growth. However, economic growth alone cannot solve all the economic, social, environmental and other problems of human society. Recently, experts studying the problems of economic growth have come to the conclusion that the continuation of unrestrained economic growth on the existing basis will lead humanity to a catastrophe that threatens its existence. This conclusion is based on a number of interrelated arguments.

First, while maintaining the existing working conditions in the short term, the resource component of production may be exhausted.

Secondly, the technologies and social relations prevailing today can lead humanity to environmental disaster... Since the beginning of the XX century. humanity began to face a number of growing planetary problems, called global. If back in the 60s and 70s. the main problem was considered the problem of preventing world nuclear war, but now experts put the environmental problem in the first place. Industrialization and economic growth give rise to such negative phenomena as pollution, industrial noise, emissions, deterioration of the appearance of cities, etc.

Thirdly, the growing social stratification of society conceals a serious danger. The problem of income inequality and, as a consequence, the problem of poverty is becoming more and more acute. Approximately 2/3 of the world's population is constantly dragging out a miserable existence or dangerously approaching it. Today, developing countries account for nearly 80% of the world's population and about 40% of world GDP.

Fourth, rapid economic growth, especially the underlying technological innovation, is generating anxiety and uncertainty among people. tomorrow... Workers of all levels fear that their accumulated skills and experience may become outdated as technological advances soar.

4. State of NTP in Ukraine

Ukraine is among the 20 leaders in scientific and technological progress.

In the first half of November, at least three events became significant for the Ukrainian scientific community. First, on November 1, Time magazine published a list of the best inventions of 2012, in which the development of the Ukrainian team "Enable Talk Gloves" took 7th place out of 25 possible. (Enable Talk is a student project whose main goal is to translate sign language into speech. The presented project concept included two gloves equipped with sensors and a mobile device, where the recognition itself took place). Secondly, on November 12, the 100,000th patent for the invention was registered. As reported in the press release Public service intellectual property of Ukraine, November 20, the applicant of the invention will be issued a title of protection for a period of 20 years for a method to increase the effectiveness of chemotherapy of malignant tumors. And finally, within the framework international system PCT for 2011 Ukraine took 7th place in the TOP-15 countries with middle income in terms of the number of applications filed for patents. At the same time, according to the dynamics of the number of applications for registration of innovations, Ukraine was in the top 20 leaders of scientific and technological progress.

According to ICIS data, from 1992 to 2012, 203,294 patents were registered in Ukraine. There are more than 2 thousand inventions per one million inhabitants. With such an indicator, according to the 2012 Global Innovation Ranking, Ukraine, along with China and India, was in the group of “newcomers”. As noted in the report, despite the weak economy with low and middle incomes of citizens, the country has seen an increase in achievements in the field of innovation. This is facilitated by the improvement of the institutional structure, the availability of qualified specialists and close integration into the global financial market. Based on statistics published on the website of the State Intellectual Property Service of Ukraine, it can be calculated that in 2012 the state earned more than 35.3 million hryvnia from the registration of inventions, utility models and industrial designs. The main part of this amount, about 33.4 million hryvnia, is made up of annual fees for maintaining patents.

Conclusion

Having studied the proposed topic, it should be concluded that the scientific and technical potential of any country is the main engine of the economies of countries and its development is one of the most relevant for the economy at the present time. In this comprehensive work, the main issues were considered that reveal the essence of scientific and technological progress as the main factor of economic growth.

Based on the results of this work, the following conclusions can be drawn:

Scientific and technological progress is one of the factors that determine economic growth in the state.

STP is a continuous process of introducing new equipment and technology, organizing production and labor based on the achievements and implementation of scientific knowledge.

NTP is characterized by:

Development and widespread use of fundamentally new machines and systems of machines operating in automatic mode;

Creation and development of qualitatively new production technologies;

Discovery and use of new types and sources of energy;

Creation and widespread use of new types of materials with predetermined properties;

The economic effect of scientific and technological progress is the result of scientific and technical activities. It manifests itself in the form of an increase in production, a decrease in production costs, as well as a decrease in economic damage, for example, from environmental pollution.

For Ukraine now, the creative use of the experience of developed countries in the implementation of measures of state support for innovative processes in the economy has acquired particular importance, which will ultimately allow the formation of a domestic system for stimulating innovation. The effectiveness of innovation depends on a number of factors - this is effectiveness. Any result obtained in the course of investment and all resources (monetary, material, informational, labor) in a new product or operation (technology).

List of used literature

1. Enterprise economics. I.V. Sergeev. - M .: Phoenix, 2003.

2. The economy of the enterprise. Edited by D.E. D., prof. Karlika B.A. - M .: Nick, 2000.

3. Blyakhman L.S. Economics, organization of management and planning of scientific and technological progress. M .: graduate School, 2001.

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