Transbaikalia description. Physical and geographical characteristics of the Trans-Baikal Territory
The Trans-Baikal Territory is located in the extreme south-east of Siberia, occupying almost the entire territory of the Eastern Transbaikalia, and is characterized by:
- severe climatic conditions;
- significant potential for many mineral resources;
- the presence of large areas occupied by forests and agricultural land.
The region was formed on March 1, 2008 as a result of the unification of the Chita region and the Aginsky Buryat autonomous region... The area of the region is 431.9 thousand km2, the population as of 01.01.2009 - 1117 thousand people, including 711.2 - urban, 405.8 thousand - rural. Administrative center- Chita. The distance from Chita to Moscow is 6074 km.
The region borders on China and Mongolia. The length of the state border with these countries is 1,926.8 km, of which 1,095.3 km fall on the Russian-Chinese section of the border. The region has a stable transport connection to these and other countries of the Asia-Pacific region.
The main economic potential of the region was formed with the aim of meeting, first of all, national interests, which led to the predominance of extractive, raw materials industries and an insufficient number of enterprises at the final stage of production.
The industrial complex of the region includes factories: machine-tool and machine-building in Chita, Darasun mining equipment, Olovyanninsky lifting and transport equipment, Sretensky shipbuilding, Tarbagatai woodworking equipment, as well as a number of repair and specialized industries. The mining industry occupies a special place in the region. Uranium, ore and placer gold, polymetals, fluorspar, tungsten, and molybdenum are mined. The building materials industry is represented by brick factories and the production of precast concrete structures and products. The food industry includes small enterprises that meet the needs of the region's population.
The fuel and energy complex consists of several coal-fired thermal power plants with a total capacity of 1,366 thousand kW and coal mines with a design capacity of 18.5 million tons per year. The power industry is represented by Chita CHPP-1 and Chita CHPP-2, Sherlovogorskaya and Priargunskaya CHPPs, which are part of the TGK-14 system with an installed capacity of 508 thousand kW, Kharanorskaya GRES (OGK-3 branch) - 430 thousand kW, departmental stations: Krasnokamenskaya CHPP (JSC PIMCU) - 410 thousand kW, Pervomayskaya CHPP (Neftekhimmash) - 18 thousand kW. The length of electrical networks in the region is more than 35.7 thousand km, including 500 kV transmission lines - 355.7 km, 220 kV transmission lines - 8578 km. Currently, an investment project is being implemented to build a third power unit with a capacity of 225 thousand kW at the Kharanorskaya TPP. Coal production in 2009 amounted to 14355 thousand tons. The main suppliers of coal are the Kharanorsky, Urtuisky, Vostochny and Tugnuisky open-pit mines.
Industrial production Trans-Baikal Territory forms more than 30% of its gross regional product (GRP). The contribution of the mining industry to the region's GRP is 14.4%. The main economic indicators of industrial production in the region (billion rubles) for 2009 are given below.
* Data for 2008
The Trans-Baikal Territory has the largest resources of agricultural land (7652 thousand hectares of the total area, including 4652 thousand hectares of hayfields and pastures, 505 thousand hectares of arable land), suitable for conducting economically efficient types of agricultural production. Here 36.1% of the natural forage lands of Eastern Siberia are concentrated, which favors the development of animal husbandry, and especially sheep breeding. The number of sheep is currently about 600 thousand heads. In 2009 there were 439.2 thousand heads of cattle in all categories of farms. The gross harvest of grain in the region in 2009 amounted to 268.5 thousand tons, potatoes and vegetables - 202.2 thousand tons.
The territory of the region is a transit area for the main railway transport. The Trans-Baikal Railway is located on the territory of the Trans-Baikal Territory and the Amur Region. Trans-Siberian Railway- not only transport links Of the Far East with the western regions of Russia, but also part of the global infrastructure providing Eurasian transit. Up to 90% of the turnover is made up of transit cargo. The road has access to China (Zabaikalsk station, through which up to 60% of the foreign economic turnover of Russia with China is provided) and Mongolia (Solovievsk station). In the north, a 330-kilometer section of the BAM passes through the territory of the region. The main airport of the region, Chita, acquired international status in 1992.
The structure and dynamics of the economic activity of the Trans-Baikal Territory are presented in Table 1.
In the production structure of the region, the share of industry is not high enough in comparison with agriculture, transport and communications. Industry, however, is the leading branch of the regional manufacturing complex. The region's industry has a high share of extractive industries (mining of non-ferrous and noble metal ores, fuel resources, non-metallic building materials, as well as forest exploitation). In the future, it is necessary to strengthen the industries with the organization of production facilities for the processing of raw materials on the spot.
The contribution of the region to the all-Russian and regional socio-economic indicators is presented in table. 2 and in the figure. Among the twelve constituent entities of the Russian Federation that are part of the Siberian Federal District (SFD), the Territory ranks third in terms of area (after the Krasnoyarsk Territory and Irkutsk Region), 7th in terms of population, 8th in terms of GRP production and 9th in terms of production of agricultural products.
Table 1. Distribution (%) of types of economic activities in the gross regional product
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Types of economic | |||||
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activities |
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Agriculture, | |||||
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hunting, forestry |
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Extraction of useful | |||||
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fossils |
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Processing | |||||
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production |
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Production | |||||
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electricity, gas, water |
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Construction | |||||
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Transport and communications | |||||
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Wholesale, retail | |||||
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social Security |
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Health care | |||||
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Education | |||||
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Other industries |
Table 2. Relative position (%) of the Trans-Baikal Territory in the Russian Federation and the Siberian Federal District in terms of some socio-economic indicators in 2009
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attitude |
attitude |
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Territory | ||
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Population | ||
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Average annual number | ||
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people employed in the economy |
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Average per capita money | ||
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income (per month) |
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Average per capita money | ||
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expenses (per month) |
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Fixed assets | ||
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Gross Regional Product * | ||
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Industrial production volume | ||
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The volume of agricultural | ||
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products |
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Fixed capital investments |
The economic situation of Eastern Transbaikalia, like most regions of Siberia, in the future will be influenced by the extractive industries and industries for the deep complex processing of natural raw materials. The objective prerequisites for such a forecast are the high concentration in the region natural resources and a steady upward trend in their economic use. In the near future, it is a large mining area. Along with this, the use of other natural resources (forest, land, water) is increasing.
The leading role in the region is played by mineral resources. Many fields are already being successfully developed, but the most efficient ones are still at the stage of preparation for their commissioning. In terms of the total explored reserves of solid minerals, the region ranks fifth among other constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
general characteristics mineral resources edges are presented in table. 3.
In the development of the mining industry of the region, there are two territorially separate regions: "Yugo-Vostok" (Zabaikalsky mining region) and "North" (Charsky mining region), in which a number of large deposits of ferrous, non-ferrous, precious metals and coal are concentrated. In the Yugo-Vostok, the main development targets are several large polymetallic (copper-gold-molybdenum) deposits (Bystrinskoye, Bugdainskoye, Lugokanskoye, Kultuminskoye, Solonechinskoye) and the creation of the Trans-Baikal Territorial Mining and Metallurgical Complex with a plant for the production of non-ferrous metals. In November 2006, the Government of the Russian Federation approved the investment project "Creation of transport infrastructure for the development of mineral resources in the south-east of the Chita region", implemented with state support at the expense of the Investment Fund of Russia. The main investor in the project is OJSC MMC Norilsk Nickel. The project includes the construction of the Naryn-Lugokan railway with a length of 425 km with a throughput capacity of 15 million tons of cargo per year. The mining part of the project provides for the construction of five mining and processing plants on the basis of the above deposits with a total design capacity of 35.5 million tons of ore per year. The project cost is estimated at 167.8 billion rubles. The funds allocated by OJSC MMC Norilsk Nickel were used for the construction of the railway (21.7 billion rubles) and the development of deposits (97.8 billion rubles).
In addition to the implementation of this project, other large mining enterprises operate and will develop on this territory: Novoshirokinskiy mine (Highland Gold Mining Ltd., Kazzinc A0), Priargunskiy industrial mining and chemical association (TVEL), Berezovskiy GOK (GPK Lunen ", China), Noyon-Tologoisky mine (Taijou Huatyan Industry, China), Garsonuysky GOK (" Quartz "), a number of fluorspar GOKs, Kharanorsky and Urtuisky coal mines, etc.
In addition to the construction of the Naryn - Lugokan railway, it is planned to build another railway line Priargunsk - Nerchinsky Zavod (Berezovsky GOK), 125 km long.
The Charsk mining region was intensively studied in the 1980s as an object of the formation of a territorial production complex (TPK). In this area, it is planned to build seven mining and processing and mining and metallurgical plants. Currently, work is underway on the construction of three of them: two GOKs on the basis of the Chineysky deposit of iron-titanium-vanadium ores (Magnitny site, Chineysky GOK) and copper-platinum-cobalt ores (Rudny site, Chineysky copper-sulphide GOK) and a mining and metallurgical enterprise based on the Udokan deposit copper (Udokan GOK).
Table 3. Mineral resources of the Trans-Baikal Territory and their share in the all-Russian mineral resource base
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Zabaykalsky Krai |
Russian Federation | ||||
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Mineral type |
Forecast resources |
Forecast resources |
Forecast resources |
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Coal, billion tons |
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Uranium, thousand tons |
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Iron, billion tons | ||||||
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Chromium, million tons |
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Manganese, million tons |
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Copper, million tons | ||||||
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Lead, million tons | ||||||
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Zinc, million tons | ||||||
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Tin, thousand tons |
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Tungsten, thousand tons | ||||||
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Molybdenum, thousand tons | ||||||
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Titanium, million tons | ||||||
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Gold, t | ||||||
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Silver, thousand tons |
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Niobium, thousand tons |
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Tantalum, thousand tons |
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Zirconium, million tons | ||||||
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Rare earth |
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metals, million tons |
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Phosphates, million tons | ||||||
The Chineyskoye deposit is being developed by Soyuzmetallresurs (Basic Element) together with Zabaikalstalinvest. The design capacity of the Chineyskiy GOK is 10 million tons of ore per year, the Chineyskiy copper-sulphide GOK - 2 million tons.
The development of the Udokan deposit is carried out by the joint venture "Holding" MetallInvest "and" Russian Technologies ", investments will amount to more than 100 billion rubles. The construction of the hydrometallurgical complex is scheduled for 2016 with a design capacity of 15 million tons of ore per year.
The industrial infrastructure of this region is associated with the development of railway transport in the BAM system and the construction of power transmission lines. from BAM, a railway line Chara - China - Karyernaya was built with a length of 72.5 km to the Chineyskoye field. The route of this road passes near the Udokan deposit. The project for the construction of an access railway line to the specified deposit with a length of 21 km provides for its branch from the Chara-China highway at the 34th kilometer.
It is also planned to build a 40 km-long Chara-Apsat railway line to the Apsat coal deposit.
The main branch of the mining industry of the region is gold mining. In this industry, two development projects are being carried out: re-mining of the Taseevskoye gold ore deposit with a design capacity of 2.5 million tons per year (LLC Rusdragmet) and reconstruction and commissioning of the Darasun mine with a capacity of 450 thousand tons of ore per year (JSC "Yuzhuralzoloto"). New gold mining enterprises were put into operation - the mines Aprelkovo (JSC Severstal), Ildikansky (000 Daltsvetmet), Ukonik, and Sochiqinsky.
In general, a number of large-scale projects for the socio-economic development of the territory will be implemented in the Trans-Baikal Territory in the next 10-15 years. The main strategic directions of development were reviewed and approved at the federal level.
conclusions
1. Development of mining production is of key importance for the Trans-Baikal Territory. The priority is the development of polymetallic deposits in the southeast of the region and the creation of the Trans-Baikal territorial mining complex with a non-ferrous metal plant. The project is designed for 9 years. The total costs for the construction of the complex will amount to RUB 97.8 billion. The annual cost of marketable products of all GOKs will amount to RUB 37.3 billion. Annual payments to budgets of all levels will exceed 20 billion rubles. Over 70 thousand new jobs will be created. In addition, it is assumed that by 2012 the Novo-Shirokinsky mine will reach its design capacity of 800 thousand tons of ore per year (OOO Russdragmet, JSC Kazts
The region occupies the extreme southeast of Eastern Siberia. Its area is 431.5 thousand km, the greatest length is almost 1000 km in the longitudinal direction and 800 km in the latitudinal direction. The territory of the region is located in the temperate latitudes of the northern hemisphere within the continent of Eurasia.
The region is in the eighth time zone. The time difference between Moscow and Chita is 6 hours.
The territory is part of the mountain taiga, forest-steppe and steppe natural zones.
The region is located at a considerable distance from the oceans. From The Pacific it is more than 1000 km away, and almost 2000 km from the Northern Arctic.
Zabaykalsky Krai. Photo: Marmelad
The Trans-Baikal Territory is a mountainous territory, within which plain territories are found only in intermontane depressions and valleys of large rivers. The relief of the area was formed under the influence of both internal (endogenous) and external (exogenous) processes that manifest themselves on the Earth.
Medium-altitude mountains play the main role in the relief. The subordinate place is occupied by ridges with absolute heights of 2500-3000 m and areas of low mountains. Of these, the Kodar and Udokan ridges can be distinguished, which are located in the northern part of the region. High ridges with chars up to 2500 m are located in the south of the region - these are the Sokhondo char (2508 m) and the Burun-Shibertui char (2523 m). There are no lowlands in the region, and flat territories are located between mountain ranges in depressions at an altitude of 600-800 m above sea level.
The main relief-forming processes are physical and chemical weathering, permafrost phenomena, the activity of river flows and glaciers.
The erosional and accumulative activity of water flows that form river terraces, floodplains, and ravines plays an important role in the formation of the modern relief. The formation of ravines is observed in Chita, Petrovsk-Zabaikalsky, Khilka, Shilka, as well as in the territories of Krasnochikoisky and Uletovsky districts.
The features of the structure of the relief of the region make it possible to single out the most characteristic areas, which are distinguished by a pronounced originality.
The northern region is a high-mountainous territory that is part of the Stanovoy Upland. The Kodar and Udokan ridges border the Chara depression from the north and south. Kodar has steep peaked peaks, its slopes are dissected by deep canyon-like gorges. Udokan, unlike Kodar, has flat domed peaks.
The southwestern region occupies an area between the Chikoi and Ingoda rivers. This is the northern part of the Khentei-Chikoysky highlands. The mountains are up to 2500 m high. They are massive, the intermontane valleys are narrow, and the basins are small in size. From the slopes of the Stanovik, Chikokonsky, Menzinsky ridges, the speeches of Onon, Chikoy, Ingoda, Menza originate. At the sources of these rivers there are the highest points - the Sokhondo char (2490 m) and the Barun-Shibertui mountain (2523 m). The Sokhondinsky Biosphere Reserve was formed in this area. The nature here is very peculiar: there are many rare species of plants, fish, birds.
The central region is located north of the Chikoya and Ingoda rivers. The mountains are of medium height, up to 1500 m, although the highest points of the Malkhansky, Yablonevy and Chersky ridges exceed 1600 m. There are vast valleys and hollows between the ridges. The presence of permafrost soils has led to special relief forms.
Prishilkinsky district occupies the territory adjacent to the river. Shilka. Mountains 1000-1500 m high, with flat peaks. Intermontane valleys and basins are small in size.
The southeastern region includes medium and low-altitude mountain ranges in the extreme southeast of the region. They are elongated hills with out-of-the-way slopes. There are separate massifs - outliers (Sherlova Gora, Adun-Chelon) and groups of hills. The relief of the area is determined by the activity of rivers and wind.
On the territory of the Trans-Baikal Territory, the climate is sharply continental, characterized by long cold winters and short hot summers. The consequence of this is a significant fluctuation in air temperature and a small amount of precipitation.
The large extent of the territory from north to south determines the uneven inflow of solar radiation. In the northern regions, the annual total radiation is 90 (Chara), and in the southern regions - 126 (Kailastui) kcal / cm 2, that is, it is distributed depending on the geographical latitude.
The average annual air temperature throughout the territory is negative (below zero). When moving from south to north and from west to east, the average annual temperatures decrease (Mangut - 1, 3 ° С, Chita - 2, 7 ° С, Chara - 7, 8 ° С, Uleta -1, 0 ° С, Nerchinsky Zavod - 3, 3 ° C).
The coldest month is January, the average monthly temperature of which ranges from -19.7 ° C to -37.5 ° C (Katushno), for the most part the temperature is from -25 ° C to -30 ° C. The air temperature in January drops to -60 ° С in Ksenievskaya.
The warmest month is July, the average temperature of which varies from + 13 ° С (Udokan, Cheremkhovsky Pass) to 20.7 ° С (Kailastui). The maximum air temperature in July rises to + 42 ° С (Novo-Tsuruhaituy).
On the territory of the region, precipitation is distributed unevenly. The largest number precipitation falls on the extreme eastern regions of Olekminsky Stanovik (700 mm and more). In the central regions of the Khentei-Chikoysky highlands, in eastern parts the Udokan and Yankan ridges, the amount of precipitation is 600 mm and more.
Precipitation falls in the form of rain, snow and hail. The rains in summer are mostly heavy. During periods of displacement of cyclones and the spread of monsoon circulation, heavy rains are observed.
The maximum depth of snow cover varies from 13 to 55 cm. Highest values in the northern (Chara, 52 cm; Kalakan, 55 cm), eastern and southeastern (Nerchinsky Zavod, 46 cm; Kailastui, 50 cm) areas.
The rivers of the Trans-Baikal Territory belong to three basins: Amur, Lensky and Yenisei. The rivers belong to the Amur Basin and flow eastward. Khilok, Chikoy and their tributaries belong to the Yenisei basin and flow to the west. The rivers Vitim, Karenga, Chara, Olekma belong to the Lena basin and flow in a northerly direction.
The main source of water for rivers is rainwater. Groundwater plays a secondary role in river feeding, and thawed snow plays an intermediate role. In winter, the rivers are fed by groundwater. The amount of water in them decreases sharply, the runoff is the smallest per year.
There are more than 20 thousand lakes in the Trans-Baikal Territory, which are subdivided into four territorial groups.
The Chara group of lakes (Bolshoye and Maloye Leprindo, Davatchan, Leprindokan, Kithatka) is of tectonic and glacial origin, flowing with soft yellowish-brown water. They freeze in late October, open in mid-late June.
The Ivano-Arakhlei group (about. Ivan, Tasey, Shaksha, Arakhley, Undugun, Irgen) are located in a tectonic depression, raised 1000 m above sea level. The lakes are flowing with soft fresh water.
The Torey group (Barun-Torey, Zun-Torey) is dominated by salty, bitter-saline lakes with a variable water regime and degree of mineralization.
Central group (Ugdan Island, Kenon, Arey, Balsoy, Doroninskoe). They are drainless, their area is less than 1 km, their depth is up to 1.5 m. In the river valleys of the region, there are oxbow lakes, and in the permafrost regions there are small thermokarst lakes.
The soils are characterized by great originality, which is associated with the wide distribution of permafrost and the mountainous nature of the relief. Specific natural conditions areas have conditioned a wide variety of soils. All major soil types are represented here, with the exception of subtropical soils.
There are few flat soils. They are found only on flat watersheds and plains. Permafrost taiga, mountain permafrost sod-taiga, mountain podzolic and sod-podzolic, etc.; in the forest-steppe - gray forest, permafrost dark gray, forest, meadow, meadow-chernozem, mountain brown forest, etc.; in the steppe - black earth and chestnut.
In the steppe zone, there are soils characteristic of semi-desert and desert zones, salt licks and salt marshes. Azonal soils are also developed in the region: alluvial. In the northern regions, bog and meadow-bog soils prevail.
The Daurian flora prevails in the Trans-Baikal Territory.
Climatic features and a significant elongation of the region in the direction from north to south determined the manifestation of latitudinal zoning of the vegetation cover here. Due to the mountainous relief and high position in relation to sea level, the altitudinal zonation of vegetation is expressed.
Latitude vegetation zones violated by high-altitude belts, one zone wedges into another. This is one of the features of the plant community.
Three vegetation zones can be traced on the territory of the region: mountain taiga, forest-steppe and steppe.
Mountain taiga. The mountain-taiga vegetation zone is light coniferous. The main forest-forming species are larch, pine, fir and spruce.
In the southwestern part, in well-drained areas, in large valleys and on the southern slopes of mountain ranges with warmer soils, Siberian larch grows. The most common Daurian larch is found in the cold bottoms of small valleys, swampy terraces and slopes with permafrost.
The second place in terms of area in the mountain taiga belongs to Scots pine. Along with it, there are two more types of pine: Siberian (cedar) and dwarf cedar.
Dark coniferous species - Siberian spruce, Siberian fir - are less widespread.
Deciduous species also grow in the mountain taiga. They are represented by a small-leaved group and belong to the birch family. The most common birch is flat-leaved. Aspen belongs to small-leaved ones. In the valleys, you can see chozenia and scented poplar.
In the southeastern regions, some species of Far Eastern flora appear in the forest cover - Siberian apricot, low elm, Daurian buckthorn.
In taiga forests, shrub, dwarf shrub, herbaceous and ground layers are developed. The shrub layer is represented by Daurian rhododendron, alder, willow, spirea, wild rose, shrub birch. The herbaceous layer consists of forbs (wormwood - tansy, cold, silky, lumbago, squat rank, eastern strawberry), there are grasses (bluegrass, foxtail). The shrub layer is formed by lingonberries, blueberries, and marsh wild rosemary.
Forest-steppe. The forest-steppe is most widespread in the basins of the Chikoya, Khilka, Ingoda, Onon, Nerch, Kuenga and Shilka rivers.
Forest vegetation is represented by birch, larch-birch, aspen and pine forests. In the valley of the Urov River, the only broad-leaved genus, the elm, is noted. The herbaceous cover is sparse; forbs (bedstraw, basil, lumbago, burnet), legumes (vetch, ranks) and cereals predominate.
Steppe. The steppes of our region (Nerchinsky district) are the northern end of the steppes of the Eurasian continent. There are few annual plants in the steppe, typical for the European part of Russia, Western Siberia and Kazakhstan.
The vegetation of the steppes is diverse. The steppes are characterized by a variegated species composition, mosaicism and complexity of vegetation, indistinct contours of the boundaries of individual formations. On the territory of the region there are mountain, meadow, real and lithophilic steppes, less often peony-sedge.
In the steppes, forest islets are sometimes found. For example, the Tsirik-Narasun pine forest on the Onon River, where the forest-forming species are Krylov's pine, Daurian larch, aspen, and birch. This pine forest has been declared a natural monument and is protected by the state.
In the Trans-Baikal Territory, there are five main types of fauna characteristic of the natural complexes of Transbaikalia: highlands, taiga, forest-steppe, steppe and water bodies.
Highland animals. The fauna of the highlands is characterized by the poor species composition, which is explained by the harsh climatic conditions. The highland tundra is found in reindeer and bighorn sheep. Of the small mammals, the most typical are the common pika, the chipmunk, and the black-capped marmot. The species composition of birds is not rich. You can find tundra partridge, horned lark, crow, nutcracker.
Taiga animals. Among mammals, the most common are representatives of the orders of ungulates, rodents and carnivores. Red deer, roe deer, musk deer are typical inhabitants. White hare, squirrel, ermine, sable, wolf are widespread. Among the rodents, the most typical inhabitants of the taiga are the chipmunk, flying squirrel, red, red-gray and Ungur voles, and the Asiatic wood mouse. The brown bear is considered the owner of the taiga, preferring places rich in berries and pine nuts. The species composition of the taiga birds is not rich. The most widely represented species are black grouse, woodpecker, corvids and carnivores. The most common of the grouse is the stone capercaillie. Grouse are widespread. In the northern regions of the taiga, the ptarmigan is found. Black grouse is common in forest clearings, edges, fries. Owls and eagle owls are quite widespread. Of the birds of prey, the goshawk is more common. Reptiles in the taiga are few in number; the common viper and viviparous lizard are noted.
Fauna of the forest-steppe and steppe zones. Rodents and ungulates are most widespread in the forest-steppe. Among the rodents, the most common are the long-tailed and Daurian ground squirrels, the Dzungarian and Daurian hamsters, and Brandt's vole. In the south of the zone, there is a jerboa jumper. The largest rodent species is the Mongolian marmot (tarbagan). A very rare species of the steppes is the Daurian hedgehog, which belongs to the order of insectivores. A characteristic forest-steppe species is the Siberian roe deer. Antelope - gazelle is considered a typical steppe species. Demoiselles and gray cranes are found among crane-like birds, and the Daurian crane is more rare. A large endangered species of the crane-like order - the bustard. Common and numerous larks, Lesser Larks, Gray Larks, and Mongolian Larks. Reptiles are rare and are represented by the Pallas mouton and the Mongolian foot-and-mouth disease.
The Trans-Baikal Territory is a region of Eastern Siberia, which is famous not only for its unique natural phenomena but also a hospitable population. A huge number of tourists come here every year to see the Charsk Sands with their own eyes and to improve their health in one of the many resorts. The healing mineral waters of Transbaikalia will help to cope with any disease.
How did the region come about?
The Trans-Baikal Territory can be called a relatively young region. The first people appeared here no more than 35 thousand years ago. The first settlements were discovered near the current capital.
The formation of the Trans-Baikal Territory began with the unification of the Buryat Autonomous Okrug in 2007. The heads of local self-government sent an official letter to the President of the Russian Federation. The official date of the creation of the region is March 11, 2007. On this day, a referendum was held. The people had to express their opinion on the unification of several administrative units in the Trans-Baikal Territory. The capital of the region was chosen a little later.
Today Transbaikalia is a fairly large region in which people of various nationalities live. According to the latest census, the total population of the Trans-Baikal Territory is 1,087,479 people. The most populated is the central part of the region. But in the northern part, the population is rather weak.
Chita
Several regions are combined into the Trans-Baikal Territory. Their capital is the same. The city of Chita with a population of more than 300 thousand people was chosen as the center of the region. The settlement got its name thanks to the river that flows nearby. Chita is still the real pride of Transbaikalia.
The capital has a sharply continental climate with a characteristic temperature regime. In winter, the average temperature here is about 25 degrees Celsius below zero. Summers are warm and humid. Temperatures rarely rise above 20 degrees Celsius. The warmest period in Chita lasts only 77 days.
The capital is located in the time zone of Irkutsk time. The offset is 5 hours relative to Moscow time.
The government of the Trans-Baikal Territory is located in Chita. A local government represented by the Duma of the city district, as well as the local city administration. The head of the administration is the mayor, who is elected by the people.
Chita is not just the center of Transbaikalia, but a real cultural capital. There are a huge number of museums and theaters here. The visitor will be able to get great pleasure walking the streets. The ancient architecture of the city is impressive. And in spring and summer many festivals take place in Chita, attracting tourists not only from Russia, but also from other neighboring countries.
Government of the Trans-Baikal Territory
The highest official in the region is the Governor, who is elected for a term of 5 years. The head can only be appointed by the Legislative Assembly, which consists of 50 deputies. Elections for members of the representative body also take place every five years. The executive body of power is the Government of the Trans-Baikal Territory, headed by the governor.
The first Governor of Transbaikalia was elected only on February 5, 2008. It was Ravil Geniatulin. A little later, elections of deputies to the representative body of power took place. Some of the members of the Legislative Assembly were elected according to party lists. Some deputies were able to get into the government in single-mandate constituencies.
The laws of the Trans-Baikal Territory appear thanks to the representative body of power. If most of the deputies vote for a particular project, it is referred to the governor for signature. The law comes into force only when it is approved by the highest official in the region.
Districts of the Trans-Baikal Territory
The Trans-Baikal Territory includes 31 districts. These include 10 cities, 41 and 750 rural settlements. This administrative-territorial division explains the main employment of the population. Most of the inhabitants of Transbaikalia live in villages. Farmers, thanks to good black soil and clean air, have a good income.
The largest settlement in the region is Chita. The second place is taken by the city of Krasnokamensk. It is home to about 50 thousand people. The population in most cities and towns does not exceed 20 thousand people.
Development of the region
Like the rest of Russia, the Trans-Baikal Territory has good economic indicators. A huge amount of black soil makes it possible to perfectly develop agriculture. Most of the products consumed by the local population are produced in Transbaikalia.
Due to the large number of rivers and lakes, the region has enormous hydropower potential. But, unfortunately, very little work has been done in this area to date. Great emphasis is placed on other areas of the economy. The excellent development of the Trans-Baikal Territory is due to the large reserves of valuable precious metals, copper, tin, molybdenum, polymetallic ores. The main base of the Russian nuclear industry is also located in the Trans-Baikal Territory.
The development of the region is also characterized by a good educational base. Zabaikalsk (Trans-Baikal Territory) is famous for three higher educational institutions... More than 7000 students can study here at the same time. This is the pride not only of the region, but of the whole Russian Federation... After all, university graduates receive a really high-quality education thanks to a good teaching staff. Much attention is paid to the sports development of youth.
Healthcare in the region
Today, more than 120 medical institutions function in Transbaikalia. Patients are assisted by qualified doctors with a higher medical education... In this regard, the Trans-Baikal Territory can be called quite developed. The capital of the region is famous for educational institutions, which successfully treat cancer.
In rural areas, assistance is provided to people in feldsher-obstetric centers. Here both childbirth is accepted, and appointments are made for the treatment of simple diseases. V difficult cases the patient is sent to the regional center or the capital.
Religion
In terms of religion, the Trans-Baikal Territory can be called quite versatile. Today, there are still traditional beliefs of ancient peoples - shamanism, totemism and fetishism. Some are Muslim and Judaic.
With the emergence of the Russian-speaking population on the territory of modern Transbaikalia in the 17th century, Orthodoxy also came here. The first Resurrection Church was built in 1670. It has survived to this day.
Nature in Transbaikalia
The relief of the region is represented by both mountains and plains. There are many mountains in the northern part of the Trans-Baikal Territory, but in the south, steppe prevails. The mountainous area is dominated by forests. The Department of the Trans-Baikal Territory reports that in 2006 the total area of the forest fund was more than 34 thousand hectares. This is 67% of the total area of the entire region. Thanks to the forests, the air in Transbaikalia is clean and fresh. Many resort areas are located in the pine forests.
Transbaikalia is also famous for its water resources. The largest rivers are Shilka, Onon, Khilok, Argun. But the largest groups of lakes include Torey and Kuando-Chara.
The good ones contribute to the high level of the economy of the Trans-Baikal Territory. The region has concentrated reserves of silver and copper in large quantities. More than 2% of all-Russian reserves of hard coal are also concentrated in Transbaikalia.
Tourism in the Trans-Baikal Territory
The whole region is divided into several tourist areas... The Southwest is considered the most popular with visitors. Huge attention of tourists attracts. Whole hikes with overnight stays in the open air are organized here. In summer, tourists travel by kayak, and in winter - on skis. The mountainous area also attracts many. But only experienced tourists can afford to climb the hill.
The South-East attracts sports tourists much less. Despite this, there are many natural and cultural attractions here. That only national culture is worth - Aginsky datsan, Tsugolsky datsan. In the Alkhanai National Park, every tourist can relax in body and soul. There are many monuments here that tell about the history and culture of Transbaikalia.
The Trans-Baikal Territory is famous for its beautiful architecture. The capital shows the contrast between antiquity and modern times. Near the old buildings are modern buildings and cottages.
The north of Transbaikalia attracts tourists with its mountainous terrain. Ascents to the highest point of Transbaikalia - Bam Peak are organized. The ridge is characterized by difficult passes and turbulent rivers. Therefore, it is not recommended to go here on your own.
sights
They are very popular in the region. Every year, many tourists come to the Sokhondninsky and Daursky reserves. Here there are such sights as the Charskie sands tract, Lamsky town, the Polosatik rock.
Buddhist centers are of great interest to tourists. Their age is over 200 years. It is here that the most ancient architectural monuments of the Buryat people have been preserved. It will be interesting for tourists to look at the building of the cathedral temple of Tsokchen-dugan, as well as numerous incense burners. Tourists have vivid impressions after visiting the service in the temple.
The Trans-Baikal Territory is a constituent entity of the Russian Federation located in the eastern Transbaikalia. Part of the Siberian federal district.
Territory - 431,892 sq. Km, which is 2.53% of the area of Russia. According to this indicator, the region ranks 12th in the country.
The population according to the 2013 census is 1,095,169 people.
It borders on the Amur and Irkutsk regions, the republics of Buryatia and Yakutia, has an external border with China and Mongolia.
The administrative center is the city of Chita.
The large strike of the region from north to south determined three latitudinal natural zones in it: taiga, forest-steppe and steppe. It exerts its influence on the nature of Eastern Transbaikalia and the relief, which is dominated by mountains, highlands and plateaus.
Climate
The climate of the region, like most of Eastern Siberia, is sharply continental with insufficient precipitation.
Winters are long and harsh, summers are short and warm, dry in the first half and humid in the second. Fluctuations in daily and annual temperatures are large, in some areas the annual amplitude is 94 ° C or more. The transitional seasons spring and autumn are short. The average January temperature is -20 ° C in the south and -37 ° C in the north. The average July temperature is + 13 ° С in the north to + 21 ° С in the south. The frost-free period is 80-140 days on average. Also characteristic feature climate is a significant duration of sunshine per year up to 2600 hours, while, for example, in Sochi the average annual number of hours of sunshine is 2154 hours.
Geography, relief, flora and fauna
The relief is dominated by medium-altitude mountains - the Yablonovy, Chersky, Borshchovochny, Daursky and others ridges; and the intermontane basins separating them. In the north, the mountains rise to a height of 3072 m (Kodar ridge). In the south is the vast Prionon plain.
Unique flora and fauna of Zabaikalsky national park On the territory of which the largest seal rookery and noisy bird colonies are located on the territory of Lake Baikal, they invariably arouse interest among scientists; the park is especially popular. In the park, you can find such rare, listed in the Red Book, bird species such as whooper swan, black crane and black stork, peregrine falcon and white-tailed eagle.
Economy
Nonferrous and ferrous metallurgy, machine building (car assembly plant, mining equipment plant), electric power industry (Chita and Kharanorskaya state district power stations), coal, light industry (worsted-cloth combine) are developed in the region.
The region is a large agricultural region east of Lake Baikal, specialized in fine-wool sheep breeding. Meat and dairy and beef cattle breeding, partly pig breeding, poultry farming are also developed. Plant growing takes place, the main sown areas are concentrated in the central, southern and southeastern regions. Hunting is developed in the mountain taiga and northern regions.
Transbaikalia is significantly removed from the western part of the country, at the same time it is close to the Russian Far East and occupies a key position on the way to the Pacific Ocean and countries South-East Asia... The distance by rail from Chita to Moscow is 6074 km, Yekaterinburg - 4386, Novosibirsk - 2861, Khabarovsk - 3327, Irkutsk - 1013 km.
The region is rich in natural resources such as non-ferrous and precious metals, iron ore, coal, fluorspar, and various construction materials. The most famous deposits: polymetallic ores - Novoshirokinskoe; copper ores - Udokan; titanium-magnetite ores - Kruchininskoe; coal - Kharanorskoe.
History
Materials obtained in the course of archaeological research in Transbaikalia indicate that, most likely, the first man appeared in these places 100-40 thousand years ago. In the valleys of the Onon and Ilya rivers, at Lake Balzino, more than 25 sites of Stone Age residents were discovered. The inhabitants of the Mousterian camps - Neanderthals - hunted woolly rhinoceroses, bison, and horses. About 40 thousand years ago, in Transbaikalia, the sites of a modern human species - Homo sapiens, whose culture was called the Upper (Late) Paleolithic, appeared.
In the subsequent Mesolithic era (25-10 thousand years ago), on the territory of the modern Aginsky Buryat Okrug, there were several archaeological cultures, conventionally called Kunaleiskaya, Sannomysskaya, Studenovskaya, which differ in stone processing technique and tool shapes. Man hunted with a bow and arrow, and caught fish with harpoons and hooks. Primitive agriculture and the beginnings of cattle breeding appeared.
In 1100-300 BC. In the steppes of Transbaikalia and Mongolia, a culture of slab graves was formed, which lasted about 800 years. The name of the people who built these burial grounds is unknown, and the bearers of this culture even in scientific literature are conventionally called "tilers". The territory of the tilers' settlement was unusually wide: from the northern shores of Lake Baikal to the foothills of the Tien Shan in the south and from the ridges of the Great Khingan in the east to the foothills of Altai in the west. Numerous burials remained from the tilers in the steppes. More than 3 thousand such burial grounds have been recorded on the territory of the region.
At the end of the 3rd century BC. the territory of Transbaikalia is inhabited by the Huns. The Khunsky period of the history of Transbaikalia covers from 209 BC to until the end of the 1st century AD, it was of great importance and decided the fate and the specifics of the development of the ancient and medieval Mongolian and Turkic tribes.
In the II century BC. the Xiongnu suffered serious defeats in clashes with the Xianbi tribes, which partly conquered the Xiongnu, and partly forced them to leave to the west, where in history European countries known as the Huns. Written sources testify that the unusual appearance of the Huns terrified the Europeans.
In the 6th-9th centuries, the Uighur Turks lived in Transbaikalia. In the X-XII centuries, the southern part of the region became part of the state of the Mongol Khitan tribes, whose state is known as the Liao Empire. The most famous monuments of these times are the necropolis in the Ilmovaya Pad, the Kokuy settlement and the Genghis Khan Val.
In the XIII century, Transbaikalia entered the empire of Genghis Khan. Before joining the Russian state, the region was dependent on the Mongol and Manchu khans.
In the 16th - first half of the 17th century, Khorintsy (Buryats) migrated to the territory of the region from Southern Mongolia.
Since the end of the 1620s, Russians have appeared in Transbaikalia. The accession and entry of the Buryats into the Russian state begins.
In 1648 he founded the Barguzinsky prison, in 1649 - Verkhneudinsk, in 1654 - the Nerchinsky prison, 4 years later the city of Nerchinsk was founded, in 1665 - Selenginsk. At the end of the 17th century, there were already 3 cities and 9 forts in the region.
Almost from the time of the occupation, Transbaikalia served as a place of exile.
The industrial development of the territory began in the 18th century. In 1700, the Nerchinsk silver-lead plant was built, and by the end of the 18th century, 9 factories were already operating here, including the Petrovsky iron foundry and iron foundry. Tin and gold mining were actively developing.
Having fortified themselves in Transbaikalia, the Russians service people began to oppress the Buryat population, seizing their lands. In 1702, the Khorin Buryats were forced to send a delegation headed by a Zaisan of the Galzat clan Badan Turakin to Moscow with a petition to Peter I. Having met with the delegation, Peter I issued a decree on March 22, 1703 and ordered to "bring together servicemen and other ranks of people on the other side of the Selenga: so that they are not completely ruinous for foreigners from their tax and insults. "
On October 21, 1727, through the efforts of Count Savva Vladislavich-Raguzinsky, by the highest order, the Burinsky Treaty was concluded between Russia, China and Mongolia, according to which the lands occupied by the Buryats were transferred to Russia. A demarcation line of the border was made, movement along it ceased, and the Buryats were finally entrenched as subjects of Russia.
According to the Imperial Decree given to the Governing Senate on July 11, 1851, Transbaikalia, which consisted of two districts - Verkhneudinsky and Nerchinsky, was separated from the Irkutsk province and transformed into an independent region, and Chita was built into a regional city, and Troitskosavsk, Kyakhta and Ust-Kyakhta city administration. Border Cossacks, the Trans-Baikal City Cossack Regiment, Stanitsa Cossacks, the Tungus and Buryat regiments, as well as the population who settled in the border strip, made up the Trans-Baikal Cossack Army, which was obliged to exhibit 6 cavalry regiments of six hundred.
In 1884, the region, which had previously belonged to the East Siberian General Governorship, became part of the newly formed Priamursk General Governorship. On March 17, 1906, the Trans-Baikal Region became part of the Irkutsk Governor-General.
At the beginning of the 20th century, revolutionary sentiments came to Transbaikalia. The Russo-Chinese War of 1900 is going on, Russo-Japanese war 1904-1905, World War I.
Soviet power in Chita was established on February 16, 1918, but in 1918-1920 a white state re-existed on this territory.
In April 1920, on the territory of Transbaikalia and the Far East, the Far Eastern Republic was created, with its center in Verkhneudinsk (now Ulan-Ude), and then in Chita, which existed until November 1922.
Since at that time the war with Japan was completely undesirable for Soviet Russia, the Central Committee of the RCP (b) decided to create the Far Eastern Republic (FER) as a union buffer state with a democratic structure, but with a capitalist economy. To manage the work in March 1920, the Far Eastern Bureau of the RCP (b) was specially created (since August - the Far Eastern Bureau of the Central Committee of the RCP (b)), whose members A.A. Shiryamov, A.M. Krasnoshchekov and N.K. Goncharov were sent to Verkhneudinsk to organize a new state.
The republic was proclaimed on April 6, 1920 by the Constituent Congress of the Workers of the Baikal Region; the capital is Verkhneudinsk.
Soviet Russia officially recognized the FER on May 14, 1920, providing it with financial, diplomatic, personnel, economic and military assistance from the very beginning. This allowed Moscow to control the internal and foreign policy FER and create the People's Revolutionary Army (NRA) on the basis of the red divisions. It should be noted that the FER was recognized only by the RSFSR.
The proclamation of the FER contributed to the prevention of a direct military conflict between Soviet Russia and Japan and the withdrawal of foreign troops from the territory of the Far Eastern Territory, which made it possible for Soviet Russia to defeat the non-Soviet republics of Transbaikalia and the Amur Region with the help of the NRA.
At the negotiations held at the Gongota station (May 24-July 15, 1920), the Japanese delegation was forced to agree to the evacuation of their troops from Transbaikalia. This diplomatic victory of Moscow and the betrayal of the Kolchak generals in the fall of 1920, who were at the head of the Far Eastern army, made it possible for the NRA in October-November 1920 to defeat the Armed Forces of the Eastern outskirts of Ataman Semyonov. On October 22, 1920, after lengthy battles, units of the NRA and partisans occupied Chita, which became the new capital of the Far Eastern Republic. At the same time, Japanese troops were evacuated from Khabarovsk, which led to the actual unification of the Far Eastern regions within the Far Eastern Republic.
At a conference held in Chita on October 28 - November 11, 1920, representatives of three regional governments (Transbaikal, Amur, Primorsky regions) legislatively formalized the unification into the Far Eastern Republic, the capital was moved to Chita. In fact, at that time, the Far Eastern Republic controlled the Amur Region, the Khabarovsk District and the Baikal region.
The strengthening of the international and internal position of Soviet Russia and the Far Eastern Republic, the diplomatic isolation of Japan at the Washington Conference of 1921-1922, and the dissatisfaction of broad strata of its population with the continuation of the intervention in the Far East forced the Japanese government to evacuate its troops from Primorye. On October 25, 1922, NRA troops entered Vladivostok. The workers of the FER at rallies organized by Bolshevik activists demanded reunification with the RSFSR. The People's Assembly of the FER of the II convocation at its session on November 4-15, 1922, adopted a resolution on its dissolution and the restoration of Soviet power in the Far East. Later, late in the evening on November 14, 1922, the commanders of the NRA FER units, on behalf of the FER People's Assembly, turned to the All-Russian Central Executive Committee with a request to include the FER into the RSFSR, which, a few hours later, on November 15, 1922, included the republic in the RSFSR as the Far Eastern region, which on January 4, 1926 was transformed into the Far Eastern Territory. On July 30, 1930, the Chita and Sretensky districts of the DVK were transferred to the newly formed East Siberian Territory.
Coming Soviet power in Transbaikalia was marked by the construction of the nationalization of enterprises, the collectivization of agriculture, the cultural revolution. In 1935, with the aim of strengthening the military potential, the Trans-Baikal Military District was created.
The East Siberian region existed until 1936, when the East Siberian region was separated from it, which, at one time, on September 26, 1937 was divided into Irkutsk and Chita regions, the latter included the Aginsky Buryat-Mongolian national district, formed from the Aginsky and Ulan-Onon aimags of the Buryat-Mongolian ASSR.
During the Great Patriotic War, September 15, 1941, on the basis of the Trans-Baikal Military District, the Trans-Baikal Front was formed. During the Great Patriotic War tens of thousands of Transbaikal residents were drafted into the army. In connection with the threat of an attack by the Kwantung Army of Japan, the Trans-Baikal Front was created on the basis of the ZabVO. In 1943, 37 evacuation hospitals worked in the region.
In 1945, after the defeat of Nazi Germany, hostilities began against Japan. This war became the hardest for the people.
After termination Japanese army resistance on October 9, 1945, the Trans-Baikal Front was disbanded. The front's field administration was reorganized into the administration of the Trans-Baikal-Amur Military District, with the inclusion of the armies of the Trans-Baikal Front. Mongolian formations and units of the mechanized cavalry group returned to the troops of the Mongolian People's Republic.
The post-war years were extremely difficult for Transbaikalia. As a result of the drought of 1946, there was a very difficult food situation, which led to massive deaths from hunger and the spread of dystrophy. The social situation was complicated by repression. Until 1949, there were 77 thousand Japanese prisoners of war in the region, who worked at various facilities. The economy was fully restored only by 1950.
In 1949 the Chita Geological Administration was established. Large-scale geological exploration work was carried out, which made it possible to create a reliable basis for the development of the mining industry. In 1949-1951, the Bor ITL in the north of the region was mining uranium ores.
On September 16, 1958, after the change of the ethnonym "Buryat-Mongols" to "Buryats", the Aginsky Buryat-Mongolian national district was renamed into the Aginsky Buryat national district.
After complications in relations with China in the 1960s, the military potential in the region increased, which had a significant impact on the economic development and employment of the population. A part of the population was evicted from the border area of Priargunya, a strict border regime was established.
On October 7, 1977, the Aginsky Buryat National District was renamed into the Aginsky Buryat autonomous region, Which became an independent subject of the Russian Federation on March 31, 1992.
On March 1, 2008, as a result of the unification of the Chita Region and the Aginsky Buryat Autonomous Okrug, the Trans-Baikal Territory was formed, within which the creation of an administrative-territorial unit with a special status - the Aginsky Buryat Okrug was proclaimed.
ZABAIKALSKY REGION
1.1. GEOGRAPHICAL POSITION AND CLIMATIC CONDITIONS
The Trans-Baikal Territory, which united the Chita Region and the Aginsky Buryat Autonomous Okrug in 2008, is a subject of the Russian Federation of a new quality level with an increased potential of natural and mineral resources. The region is one of the largest administrative-territorial units of Russia (Figure 1.1.1). The total length of the borders of the Trans-Baikal Territory is 4,770 kilometers. In the south, the region borders on Mongolia and China. The length of the state border with these countries is 800 and 850 kilometers, respectively. The length of the border with the Republic of Buryatia is 1,700 kilometers, Sakha (Yakutia) - 200 kilometers, Irkutsk and Amur regions - 520 and 700 kilometers.
The Trans-Baikal Territory is located in temperate... His extreme points located in the north at 58º27 "N, in the south at 49º08" N, in the west at 107º45 "East and in the east at 112º10" East.
The area of the Trans-Baikal Territory is 431.5 thousand square kilometers, which exceeds the area of a number of European states. The length of the region from west to east is more than 800 kilometers, from north to south - almost 1000 kilometers, the height difference reaches 2781 meters.
The region occupies an inland position, but its distance from the oceans is not the same. Seas of the Pacific Ocean - Okhotsk and Yellow are located 850-1000 kilometers from the Trans-Baikal Territory. The nearest of the seas of the Arctic Ocean, the Laptev Sea, is 1700 kilometers away from the edge.
Trans-Baikal Territory is eastern part the vast Central Asian world watershed of the Pacific and Arctic oceans. Here originate the upper sources of the main waterways of Siberia, the Far East and Central Asia. These are the sources of the Amur, Lena and Yenisei. Western part The region belongs to the basin of Lake Baikal, declared in 1996 by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. More than 20% of the world's purest reserves are concentrated in the lake. fresh water... The North of the Territory - Stanovoe Upland - is located in the Baikal rift zone, which is characterized by high tectonic activity. The extreme south of the region belongs to the Torey drainless basin.
The climate of the Trans-Baikal Territory is sharply continental with an uneven distribution of precipitation throughout the year and significant annual and daily fluctuations in air temperature. Winter is long and cold. During this period, there is little rainfall. Summers are short but relatively warm. The main part of the annual precipitation falls precisely during this period, as a result of which a series of floods, often of a catastrophic nature, form on the rivers.
The continental climate of the region is expressed much more sharply than at the same latitudes of Western Siberia, the Far East or Europe. Although the middle part of the Trans-Baikal Territory is located at the same latitude as Minsk, Moscow, Voronezh, and the southern part is at the latitude of Kiev, in terms of the severity of the climate, the territory of the Territory is partly close to Yakutia.
The peculiarity of the climate lies in the contrast of the factors that determine it, which include a long duration of sunshine and a large influx of solar radiation in combination with a lower air temperature. Low cloudiness and high transparency of the atmosphere over the territory of Transbaikalia also have a large input of solar radiation. In terms of the duration of sunshine, Eastern Transbaikalia surpasses even the famous resorts of the Caucasus
Rice. 1.1.1 Territory of the Trans-Baikal Territory
However, the high elevation of Eastern Transbaikalia and intense radiation cooling in the cold season form a harsh continental climate, much more severe than in other territories of the same latitudes, and in the depressions and valleys of the northern regions, not just a continental, but a sharply continental climate is formed.
Winter in the region is long and harsh, with little snow with stable clear dry weather. It is characterized by calmness, severe frosts, sudden temperature changes during the day. Summers are short and warm, hot in some years. The spring is short, clear and dry. Late and early frosts are typical for spring and autumn. The average January temperature is -20 ° C in the south and -37 ° C in the north. The absolute minimum is -64 ° C. The average July temperature is + 15 ° С; in the north up to + 21 ° С in the south, the absolute maximum is + 42 ° С.
Falls from 300 (in the south) to 600 millimeters (in the north) of precipitation per year, most of them fall in summer and autumn
The great length of the region, the complex relief of the territory, a wide range of climate-forming factors led to the formation of various natural territorial complexes. Most of the territory of the region is occupied by the mountain taiga zone. In fact, it stretches from the western borders of the region to the eastern and from the southern borders in the Khentei-Chikoysky highlands, to the northern tip in the Stanovoy highlands. Taiga plays a significant water-regulating role: it retains moisture, therefore the river network is well developed in the mountain taiga.
The mountain-taiga natural zone in the middle zone of the region, in the south and south-west along the southern slopes of the mountain ranges, is replaced by a forest-steppe. It is most widespread in the river basins - Chikoya, Khilka, Ingoda, Onona, Nerch, Argun. A sufficient amount of moisture, a moderate amount of heat contribute to the development of an extensive hydrographic network.
In the southeast of the Trans-Baikal Territory, the forest-steppe turns into a steppe natural area, which is the northern outskirts of the Mongolian steppes. The steppe zone is characterized by a lack of moisture, as a result of which the river network is more rare here than in previous natural complexes. In the steppe zone, there are often drainless basins, in which lakes with high salt mineralization are formed, the so-called salt and bitter-salt lakes.
In the mountainous regions of the Trans-Baikal Territory (Stanovoe Upland and Olekminsky Stavik in the north, Khentey-Chikoiskoe Upland in the south-west, etc.), an azonal mountain complex is distinguished, associated with the latest tectonic movements leading to the formation of high (more than 2.5 kilometers above sea level) mountains.
Within the limits of Central and Eastern Transbaikalia, both mountain and plain morphostructures are widespread with a clear predominance of the former. On the generally accepted orographic schemes, 50 ridges are distinguished, some of which are part of the Khentey-Chikoysky, Stanovoy, Patomsky and Olekma-Charsky highlands, most of which are included in the Transbaikal middle mountains. Most of the ridges and depressions of the Trans-Baikal type are stretched from the southwest to the northeast.
Rivers flow along the lowest places of depressions or depressions are filled with lakes. The latter include the Beklemishevskaya depression, located in depressions, which are the preserved remnants of the ancient leveling surface. Along the bottom of the Beklemishevskaya depression, there is a system of large Ivano-Arakhlei lakes, which are the favorite resting places of the Trans-Baikal people.
Depressions of the Trans-Baikal type, occupied by river systems, are found much more often than depressions occupied by lake systems. The largest river systems are the Chita-Ingodinskaya, Sredneononskaya, Argunsko-Urulyunguiskaya, Verkhneshilkinskaya, Verkhneborzinskaya, Kalakanskaya, Gazimurovskaya, Chikoiskaya and other systems.
The features of the Trans-Baikal Territory include a significant number of anthropogenic landforms, which is associated with the predominant development of the mining industry in the region. Huge quarries and pits, sinkholes and waste heaps, slag fields and dumps are common in areas of intensive development of the mining industry. Many quarries, pits and dips are filled with water and are of recreational interest.
1.2. ADMINISTRATIVE-TERRITORIAL DIVISION. SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
As of January 01, 2014, the Trans-Baikal Territory includes 31 districts: Aginsky, Akshinsky, Aleksandrovo-Zavodsky, Baleisky, Borzinsky, Gazimuro-Zavodskoy, Duldurginsky, Zabaikalsky, Kalarsky, Kalgan, Karymsky, Krasnokamensky, Krasnochikoisky, Kyrinsky, Mogoituisky, Mogochikoysky , Nerchinsky, Nerchinsko-Zavodsky, Olovyanninsky, Ononsky, Petrovsk-Zabaikalsky, Priargunsky, Sretensky, Tungiro-Olekminsky, Tungokochensky, Uletovsky, Khiloksky, Chernyshevsky, Chita, Shelopuginsky, Shilkinsky; 10 cities: Chita, Baley, Borzya, Krasnokamensk, Petrovsk-Zabaikalsky, Mogocha, Nerchinsk, Khilok, Sretensk, Shilka; 41 urban-type settlements, 750 rural settlements and the Aginsky Buryat District is an administrative-territorial unit with a special status.
The administrative center of the Trans-Baikal Territory is the city of Chita. The area of the Trans-Baikal Territory is 431.9 thousand km², including the city of Chita - 534.0 km². The distance from the city of Chita to the city of Moscow is 6074 km. The population of the Trans-Baikal Territory as of 01.01.2014 is 1,090.4 thousand people, including the city of Chita - 336.2 thousand people.
Resources. The Trans-Baikal Territory is one of the richest mineral and raw material regions of the country. The depths of the region contain 87% of the explored uranium reserves of the Russian Federation, 42% of fluorspar, 36% of zirconium, 30% of molybdenum, 25% of copper, 23% of titanium, 16% of tungsten, 13% of silver, 9% of lead, 9% of gold, 6 % tin, 3% zinc, 2% iron ore and 1.3% coal.
Socio-economic development. In 2013, macroeconomic indicators in the Trans-Baikal Territory had multidirectional dynamics. There was an increase in production volumes by type of activity: industrial production, retail turnover, turnover Catering, volume paid services the population. The population's monetary incomes and the average monthly accrued wages increased.
At the same time, there was a decrease in the types of activity - manufacturing, transport and communications. The situation remained at the level of the previous year in terms of the types of activity - agriculture and construction.
Gross Regional Product. In 2013, the production of the gross regional product was estimated at 257.9 billion rubles, which is 3.4% more than in 2012.
Industry. In 2013, the volume of shipped goods of own production, performed works and services on their own for mining, manufacturing, production and distribution of electricity, gas and water amounted to 87754.9 million rubles or 106.5% to the level of 2012 . In 2013, the Trans-Baikal Territory ranked third among the regions of the Siberian Federal District in terms of industrial production growth.
In the structure of industrial production, the largest share belongs to the extraction of minerals - 48.8%, the share of processing industries is 23.4%, the production and distribution of electricity, gas and water - 27.8%.
An increase in the growth rate of industrial production was facilitated by stable work in the areas of activity "mining" (110%) and the production and distribution of electricity, gas and water (106.8%).
The extraction of fuel and energy minerals increased by 11.9% against the level of the previous year (the share in the total volume of minerals extraction was 65.5%).
Coal production increased by 5.6%, while the production of brown coal increased significantly - by 11.4% (due to the growth in production of Open-pit mine Kharanorsky, LLC Chitaugol, Open-pit mine Urtuisky (JSC PIMCU), in due to an increase in consumer demand), coal mining - by 2.2% (Arctic Development LLC).
Extraction of minerals, except for fuel and energy, increased by 7.4% against the level of the corresponding period of the previous year (share - 34.5%), while the extraction of metal ores increased by 7.5%. This was facilitated by: an increase in gold production (by 12.7%) PC "Artel of prospectors" Dauria ", OJSC" Priisk "Ust-Kara", LLC "Gazimur", LLC "GRE-324", LLC "Artel of prospectors" Baldzha " , LLC ZK Uryum, LLC Darasunsky mine; an increase in the production of lead (by 12.3%) and zinc (1.5 times) concentrates at Novo-Shirokinskiy mine.
There was a decrease in the production volumes of molybdenum (by 34.3%) and copper (by 15.6%) concentrates at Zhireken Ferromolybdenum Plant LLC due to a drop in the price of molybdenum.
Due to the unfavorable situation in the ferromolybdenum market, which led to the fact that the cost of production of the products of JSC Zhireken GOK and LLC Zhireken Ferromolybdenum Plant significantly exceeds the possible price of its sale, there was a need for a temporary suspension of production activities with the subsequent conservation of enterprises ... From October 1, 2013, these enterprises have ceased mining and processing of ore.
In 2013, the downward trend in volumes in the areas of activity was not overcome: manufacturing, transport and communications.
Out of 12 types of manufacturing industries in 2013, there is a decrease in 10 types (the decline in production was 21.9%).
By the end of the year, the decline in volumes was overcome only in wood processing and production of wood products, as well as in the production of uranium concentrate.
In the field of activity "production of electricity, gas and water" the growth of production amounted to 6.8% compared to the previous year. In 2013, electricity was produced 7614.9 million kWh (109.3% against the level of the previous year), heat energy - 8663.6 thousand Gcal (96.6%). The increase in electricity output was due to an increase in the volume of its own electricity generation at the Kharanorskaya GRES in connection with the commissioning of the III power unit, as well as due to an increase in electricity generation by JSC TGK-14.
Agriculture. In 2013, the volume of gross agricultural output in current prices in all categories of farms amounted to 17,789.0 million rubles, or 100.1% in a comparable estimate to the level of 2012.
In 2013, 393.8 million rubles were allocated from the regional budget for the implementation of measures to support agricultural production, and 352.6 million rubles from the federal budget.
In the structure of agricultural production, the population accounted for 79.1% of the volume of production, agricultural organizations - 12.3%, peasant (farmer) households and individual entrepreneurs - 8.6%.
Construction. The volume of work performed in the type of activity "Construction" in 2013 amounted to 24609.0 million rubles, or 100.1% to the level of 2012.
Organizations of all forms of ownership and the population built 4,210 apartments with a total area of 290.2 thousand square meters (95.8% to the level of the previous year), including for residents of urban areas – 245.2 thousand square meters (93.0%), rural areas - 45.0 thousand square meters (114.5%).
The population of the region at the expense of their own and borrowed funds built 1112 residential buildings with a total area of 111.9 thousand square meters (38.6% of the total volume of housing commissioned in the region).
Average market price 1 square meter the total area of housing in the primary market was 43.944 thousand rubles, in the secondary market - 47.308 thousand rubles.
Investments. In 2013, the development and implementation of measures aimed at creating a favorable investment climate and stimulating investment activities continued.
For the development of the economy and social sphere directed 52,946.5 million rubles of investments in fixed assets, which in comparable prices is 74.4% to the level of 2012.
In 2013, in the structure of investments in fixed assets by type of economic activity, the largest share was occupied by "transport and communications", "mining", "production and distribution of electricity, gas and water", "construction".
Almost 90% of the total investment was used for construction, expansion, reconstruction and technical re-equipment of production facilities.
The following investment projects were implemented: "Creation of transport infrastructure for the development of mineral resources in the southeast of the Trans-Baikal Territory (I and II stages)"; "Comprehensive reconstruction of the Karymskaya - Zabaikalsk section of the Trans-Baikal Railway"; "Development of the Udokan copper deposit"; "Development of the Berezovsky iron ore deposit"; "Development of the Noyon-Tologoi polymetallic deposit"; "Development of the Chineysky deposit of titanium-magnetite ores"; "Development of the Apsatsky coal deposit"; "Creation of the timber industry complex of LLC CPC" Polyarnaya "in the north-eastern regions of the Trans-Baikal Territory."
Foreign investment. In 2013, the volume of foreign investments amounted to USD 150.0 million, or 69.7% to the level of 2012. The decrease occurred as a result of a decrease in investment in the implementation of an investment project for the development of the Berezovsky iron ore deposit.
Foreign investments went to the implementation of investment projects for the creation of a timber processing complex of OOO CPK Polyarnaya in the northeastern regions of the Trans-Baikal Territory, the development of the Noion-Tologoysky polymetallic deposit, the Berezovsky iron ore deposit and other activities.
Transport. The transport network of the Trans-Baikal Territory is represented by rail, road, aviation, and to a small extent water (river) transport.
In 2013, the volume of transportation (shipments) of goods by rail as a whole on the Trans-Baikal Railway decreased by 38.6% compared to the level of the previous year, which is mainly due to the reduction in the transportation of coal and timber cargo; by road - by 3.2%.
The volume of freight turnover by all types of transport increased by 0.7%.
The volume of passenger traffic on the Trans-Baikal Railway decreased by 15.4% compared to the previous year, which is associated with a decrease in the number of passengers on both long-distance and suburban routes.
Connection. At present, in the territory of the region, basically, the whole range of existing information and telecommunication services is provided, which indicates a full-fledged communication market in the region.
In 2013, revenues from communication services were estimated at 9584.9 million rubles, or 99.3% of the level of 2012, including the population - 5193.2 million rubles, or 96.4%.
The decrease is due to a reduction in the volume of long-distance and international communication services due to the replacement of traditional communication with alternative communication means (cellular communication and IP-telephony).
Communication services in the Trans-Baikal Territory are provided by 78 communication operators with 141 licenses. About 65% of the total volume of provided communication services falls on mobile operators. In addition, communication services in the Trans-Baikal Territory are represented by local telephony, long-distance and international, postal, documentary telecommunications, wire broadcasting, radio broadcasting, and television.
Foreign trade (turnover), including export and import. The foreign trade turnover of the Trans-Baikal Territory in 2013 amounted to 718.3 million US dollars and decreased by 2.2% compared to 2012. The volume of export operations amounted to USD 186.6 million (86.0% against the level of the previous year), import operations - USD 531.6 million (102.8%). The trade balance was negative and amounted to USD 345.0 million. The ratio of exports and imports was as follows: exports - 26.0%, imports - 74.0%. The bulk of the turnover falls on non-CIS countries (98.9%).
The structure of exports by commodity groups in 2013 remained largely unchanged. The main exported commodity groups were: engineering products (the share in export operations was 32.9%), coal and lignite - 17.2%, ferrous metals - 15.8%, processed timber - 18.1%.
The main imported commodity groups were: food products and agricultural raw materials (the share in imports was 48.7%), engineering products - 22.0%.
The structure of imports by country has not undergone significant changes; China remains the main partner.
Small and medium businesses.
In 2013, according to estimates, the number of small and medium-sized enterprises amounted to 5768 units, or 104.9% against the level of the previous year. The largest share in the structure of small and medium-sized enterprises of the region is occupied by wholesale and retail trade, repair of household goods and personal items (40.3%). The share of small and medium-sized enterprises operating in construction amounted to 11.8%, industry - 8.8%. The number of small enterprises per 1,000 people of the population of the Trans-Baikal Territory was 5 units.
The average number of employees of small and medium-sized enterprises amounted to 51.6 thousand people (106.4% to the level of the previous year). The share of the average number of employees (excluding external part-time workers) of small and medium-sized enterprises in the average number of employees (excluding external part-time workers) of all enterprises and organizations in 2013 increased to 16.0% (in 2012 - 15.2%).
The turnover of small and medium-sized enterprises in 2013 was estimated at 81.2 billion rubles, or 107.8% of the 2012 level.
The share of products manufactured by small businesses in the total gross regional product in 2013 was, according to estimates, 9.0%, which is 0.5 percentage points higher than the level of 2012.
In 2013, the activities of the regional long-term target programs “Development of small and medium-sized businesses in the Trans-Baikal Territory for 2010–2013”, “Development of small and medium-sized businesses in the Trans-Baikal Territory for 2013–2015” were implemented, the amount of funding for which amounted to 403, 2 million rubles (in 2012 - 287.2 million rubles), including from the federal budget - 314.9 million rubles, the regional budget - 88.3 million rubles.
In the Trans-Baikal Territory, the regional infrastructure for supporting small and medium-sized businesses is effectively functioning. It includes 14 municipal funds to support small businesses, 2 business incubators, 2 leasing companies, 80 credit cooperatives operating mainly in the field of rural small business, the Small Business Development Fund of the Trans-Baikal Territory, the Investment Development Fund of the Trans-Baikal Territory, the Trans-Baikal Microfinance Center, a guarantee fund Trans-Baikal Territory, 35 municipal business support centers.
In order to ensure access to credit resources for small and medium-sized businesses that do not have sufficient collateral, Guarantee Fund of the Trans-Baikal Territory LLC provided support in the form of a guarantee to 90 small and medium-sized businesses for a total amount of 349.2 million rubles. The surety is provided up to 70% of the required collateral.
To provide real access to financial resources of entrepreneurs, there are three organizations that provide loans: the Fund for Support of Small and Medium-Sized Businesses of the Trans-Baikal Territory, the OJSC Investment Development Fund of the Trans-Baikal Territory and the LLC Zabaikalsky Microfinance Center. These organizations issued 473 microloans to small businesses for a total amount of 258.0 million rubles.
Labor market. The economically active population in 2013 amounted to 537.6 thousand people.
The general unemployment rate (according to the methodology of the International Labor Organization) in 2013 was 10.5%. The number of registered unemployed as of January 1, 2014 amounted to 10.2 thousand people (1.9% of the economically active population).
The coefficient of tension in the labor market (the number of citizens not employed in labor activity per one declared vacancy) was 2 people per job in December 2013 (3 people in December 2012).
In order to stabilize the situation on the labor market in 2013, the regional long-term target program "Promotion of employment of the population of the Trans-Baikal Territory (2013-2015)" and the regional target program "Additional activities on the labor market of the Trans-Baikal Territory in 2013" were implemented. These programs were aimed at retaining the staff of employees of organizations, as well as stimulating the transition of unemployed citizens to the status of individual entrepreneurs by promoting self-employment, through improving the qualifications of workers, their retraining.
Mass media. The mass media of the Trans-Baikal Territory are represented by several dozen regional and regional newspapers. Federal and local TV channels and radio stations broadcast in the region.
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