He showed high organizational abilities and the talent of the commander during Azov campaigns (GG), in the Northern War (GG.), Prut campaign 1711, during the Persian campaign (GG.). He personally commanded the troops when taking a Noteburg in 1702, in the battle of the village of Forest in 1708, under the direct leadership of Peter I in the famous Poltava battle on June 27 (July 8), 1709, the troops of the Swedish king of Charles XII were defeated. Peter I entered the story as an outstanding state and military leader of Russia, the founder of the regular army and fleet, a talented commander and a diplomat, who, even in the West, when compared with Friedrich II, called "a truly great person."

Feldmarshal general, outstanding Russian commander and statesman. The largest victories were obsessed during the first Russian-Turkish war (GG.), Especially in battles with a row grave, Large and Cagule and many other battles. The Turkish army was crushed. Rumyantsev became the first cavalier of the Order of St. George I degree and received the title of Zadunaysky. As a commander, theorist and practitioner of military art, Rumyantsev was brave and wise, could focus the basic forces in decisive directions, carefully developed a combat plan. He became one of the initiators of the transition from the linear tactics to the tactics of columns and loose. In combat orders, he preferred to use divisional, regimental and battalion squares in combination with the loose of the shooters, gave preference to light cavalry before heavier. He was convinced of the advantage of offensive tactics before defensive, and the preparation of troops, their moral spirit attached great importance. Rumyantsev outlined their views on the "Rules of General" and "Road Service".

Future light prince Tauride and Feldmarshal General. During the Russian-Turkish War 1768-1774. Participated in battles at Fokshani, Brailov, Ryaboy grave, Large and Cagule. In 1774, he was produced in the rank of General-Annef and appointed by the Vice-President of the Military College .. In 1766, he was appointed Governor-General Novorossiysk, Azov, Astrakhansky. Being in this post contributed to the development of Russia of the Northern Black Sea region, promoted the creation and strengthening of the Black Sea Fleet. In 1775, at the initiative of Potemkin, Zaporizhzhya was eliminated. In 1783, he implemented his project to joining the Crimea to Russia, after which he received the title of the Llest Prince Taurical, and in 1784 he was appointed president of the Military Collegium.

The native of the Scottish Inverking, served in the British Fleet. In 1764, he moved to the service in the Russian fleet, having received the rank of captain of the 1st rank. Member of the Russian-Turkish War, Commander, the Linear Ship "Three Hierarch", as part of the Squadron G.A. Spiridova made a campaign to the Mediterranean Sea. The commander of Cordibataly, distinguished himself during the sea battle in the Chios Strait on June 24, 1770. During the destruction of the Turkish fleet in the Chesmen Bay, on June 26, 1770, he carried out the direct guidance of Russian ships that participated in this operation. S.K. Greig in 1775 delivered to Kronstadt the self-printed princess E. Tarakanov, captured by A.G. Orlovy Chesmensky. In gratitude for this, he was appointed chief commander of the Kronstadt port. In 1782, Greig was erected into the rank of Admiral. During the Russian-Swedish war. He commanded the Baltic Fleet, defeated the Swedish squadron of the Duke K. Zudmanland in the gogindian battle (July 6, 1788), blocking the enemy's ships in the Sveaborg Maritime Area. Soon he was seriously ill, was evacuated in Revel, where he died.

Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov is a famous Russian commander, Ramnica Count (1789), Prince ITALY (1799), Generalissimus (1799). For 55 years of military activities, all the steps of the army service were held - from ordinary to Generalissimus. In two wars against Ottoman Empire Suvorov was finally recognized as the "first sword of Russia." It was he who, on December 24, 1790, he assigned an impregnable fortress Izmail, defeated the Turks at Ramnica and Fokshans in 1789, at Kinburn in 1787. Italian and Swiss marchs of 1799, victory over the French on the rivers of Adda and the demand and with Novi, the immortal transition through the Alps were the crown of his commander art. In the history of Russia, Suvorov entered as a commander-innovative, who made a huge contribution to the development of military art, developed and carried out an original system of views on the methods and forms of warfare and fighting, education and training of troops. The strategy of Suvorov was offensive. Suvorov strategy and tactics were set forth in labor "Science to win." The essence of its tactics is three Military arts: Eyemer, speed, onslaught. For their lives, the legendary commander spent 63 battles, and they were all victorious. His name became synonymous with victory, military mastery, heroism and patriotism. Suvorov heritage and now used in training and upbringing troops.

Admiral. He laid the foundations of the new marine tactics, founded the Black Sea Military Fleet, talentedly led them, having won a number of wonderful victories on the Black and Mediterranean Seas: in the Kerch Sea Battle of 1790, in the battles of the Tenra Island on August 28 (September 8), 1790 and Cape Kaliacria in 1791. The Government of the Ushakov's significant victory was the capture of Corfu Island in February 1799, where the combined actions of ships and the land landing were successfully used.

In 1783, Ushakov was transferred to the Black Sea Fleet. Here he led the construction of the fleet ships in Kherson, participated in the construction of Sevastopol - the city and the main base of the Russian Black Sea Fleet. At the beginning of the Russian-Turkish war 1787-1791. Ushakov commanded the Linear Ship "Saint Paul". In 1789, Ushakov was produced in counter-admirals, and in 1790 he was appointed commander to all Black Sea Fleet. F.F. Ushakov - The Creator of the New Maritime Tactic In 1793, Ushakov received rank vice-admiral. In 1798, at the request of Western powers, he led the campaign of the Russian Black Sea squadron to the Mediterranean Sea to participate in the war against France.

Gorezhevalova Natalia Yuryevna
Position: history teacher and social studies
Educational institution: MKOU Novopogorylovskaya schools them. L.I. Buinsev
Locality: Karsynsky district, village New Pogorelovo
Name of material: article
Subject: "Russian commander of 18-19 centuries"
Publication date: 04.10.2018
Section: Full education

Commandments of the XVIII - nineteenth centuries.

Introduction

Relevance: The history of our state has more than a thousand years,

just since that time, when Christianity was taken in Russia. And during the extent

in total, very often our ancestors had to fight,

defending the freedom and independence of their homeland. Different these were wars but

united them one, these were wars against those who wanted to enjoy

a piece of russian land who could not enslave freedom-loving

slavic peoples who did not like our customs and our gods, our

culture and our language.

Thanks to patriotism and heroism of the masses, Russia managed to go out

of the most difficult situations in the most difficult periods of its history. I am like

the teacher of history is obliged to help schoolchildren to survive and comprehend all

living, which was in the past. Assimilation of the ideas of love for homeland

all mankind, the impulse of the normal norms of morality is

the most important stage of the formation of citizenship, education of a citizen

Russia. This is achieved when the ideas of patriotism are revealed before the mind and

the heart of the pupil in bright, emotional images, awaken in them

empathy, gratitude to the courageous fighters for the celebration of the right

dy, justice. At the same time, knowledge of the homeland should not only cause

pride for its achievements, but also heartache, anxiety, concern that

that we have not still like that it should be.

It seems to me that this is especially important now when many people are lost

value benchmarks are lost a sense of love for their homeland. Gorky aware

to give that in our modern society citizens do not associate themselves, their own

life with prosperity and power of the Fatherland, forgot his story, not understood

mute that "no past there is no present, there can be no future that without

bVVE for the Fatherland is not, and can not be love for humanity. "

From pages of magazines, newspapers, from television screens, the topic disappeared

Motherland, silent or contracted by her past, many facts are distorted.

The country forgot his heroes, forgot those who owe their existence

eM, its independence.

Each war, the course of the history of the development of our state and, finally,

the people put forward on the historic arena of the most talented, the most faithful

the sons of the Fatherland, which on the field of brave with a weapon in the hands mined

independence of the Fatherland and Freedom to His people, multiplied power and glory

the Great and Disposher Enemies of the Russian Earth. Alexander Nevsky and Dmitry

Don, Minin and Pozharsky, Suvorov and Kutuzov, Ushakov and Nakhimov,

Skobeliev, Raevsky, Dragomirov, Makarov, Zhukov, Rokossovsky, Vasilevsky

and many others whose names are gold letters forever inscribed in history

our state, who will always remember the noble descendants, whose

fate is inextricably linked with the destiny of the country in which they were born and

the fate of the people, in whose name they lived, fought and defeated the enemy.

Russia and our great people will live and flourish until it is

lives Army and fleet, two great ally of Russia, two hands of our

states, hope and support of the country and the people.

That is why for me there was never a problem in choosing the topic of work, for

the theme of the protection of the fatherland, the topic of loyalty to military duty, the theme of patriotism

always were and will be relevant. Our people always challenged the feat.

defender of the Fatherland, gave a tribute to the memory and respect for people whose life was

delivered to the service of the country, because there is such a profession - to defend the Motherland.

Probably impossible to list books, movies, other works

arts in which the defenders of the Motherland are told about the talented

commander and military bosses, about soldiers and sailors, whose life is an example

for imitation.

Territorial boundaries:Russian empire.

Object Writing:historical data on Russian commander.

Chronological framework: XVIII - XIX century.

Subject of writing: Biography, commander career, military hiking.

Purpose: Find out the value, the role of commander in history on the example more

outstanding and great commander of Russia.

Tasks:

1) to explore the activities of Russian commander.

2) Determine the features of Russian commander.

Chapter I. Commander of the XVIII century. Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov.

Education and formation of the worldview A. V. Suvorov.

Alexander Vasilyevich did not have equal among the commander of time. His

brilliant victories contributed to the strengthening of the power of Russia in the last

third XVIII century. The head of Suvorov and his training system and

the upbringing of troops was ahead of the development of military art, both in Russia and in

Western Europe. It was advanced military art due to

the historical features of Russia's development in the XVIII century.

SUVOROVA LIFE - a high moral example of serving homeland. Suvorov -

not just a commander who took place among the great commander of the world

stories - It is a historical phenomenon. Advanced military

the art of Suvorov and especially his training system and troops,

wearing objectively bourgeois character, included in contradiction with

the autocrete-frontest system of the Russian Empire, with his military

the system designed to strengthen feudalism in Russia. The merit of Suvorov

recognized with the ruling circles of Russia only half: for honors

historiography has attached not enough effort to distort and remake

the image of the Great Russian Communion, diminishing his role in the development of Russian

military art. However, in the pre-historic historiography of Suvorov

limitations managed to fully fully and objectively reflect his life and

activity. Pupils and associates of the Great Communication Save for

subsequent generations of the Russian Army Suvorov Principles of Military

art.

Suvorov traditions in our country have become the property and the younger generation

soviet officers, which was reflected and creating in August 1943

Suvorov military schools.

In 1950, a 150-year-old anniversary of death was celebrated in our country

Suvorov. To prepare and conduct this anniversary was established

the solemn atmosphere on the commune square was the bookmark

monument to the Great Russian Communion.

"The grateful descendants will never forget about the brilliant tricks of Suvorov,"

whose name "gold letters is inscribed in the heroic history of our

Motherland ... "

The XVIII century, in which A. V. Suvorov, was proceeded, was

time folding new capitalist system. During this century in

russia's national life has been indigenous.

Social bundle of the village, the formation of the market of hired workers,

the occurrence of private entrepreneurship was the essence of the jump in

development of the country's productive forces. "From the 60s - 70s of the XVIII century

we can talk about the presence of a bourgeois economy system in the depths of feudal

friend building, "says N.M. Druzhinin

Under the influence of the development of productive forces and production relations

methods of warfare were improved. Russian Army of the XVIII century

path from the strategy of maneuver and linear tactics to the strategy

the general battle and tactics of columns. Folding forms and methods

war and hostilities occurred during numerous wars.

Wars were a practical measure of the feasibility of organization and

devices for troops. War gave birth to new phenomena of martial arts that

summarized the commander in the charters and instructions. Revolutionizing

at the same time, it was not "free creativity of the mind" ingenious

commander, and the invention of better weapons and a change in the living soldiers

material.

Under the influence of all these factors, an worldview of A.V. Suvorov.

The beginning was made at home. Father Suvorov, Vasily Ivanovich Suvorov,

belonged to that part of the Russian military intelligentsia, which

formed in the period of Petrovsky transformations. IN last years Life

Peter I V.I. Suvorov consisted of a twin king and, as a trustee, performed

his special orders. After the death of Peter I V.I. Suvorov as a military

the engineer served as the prosecutor of the Berg-College. In the period of a seven-year war

i conducted the organization of the rear of the Russian army. Already in the rank of lieutenant general he

held the post of military governor of East Prussia included in

Russia during the seven-year war. IN AND. Suvorov possessed quite wide

knowledge of engineering business. His library contained writings

by military history, engineering and artillery.

Druzhinin N.M. The genesis of capitalism in Russia, 1955, p. 24.

See: Marx K., Engels F. Op. 2nd ed., Vol. 20, p.171.

Vasily Ivanovich led the home upbringing of his son. He privile

he is love for independent classes. Acquaintance of young Suvorov with

works of Türrenna, Kegorne, Moritz Saxon, Evgenia Savoy and with

description of the campaigns of Alexander Macedonsky, Julia Caesar and others

collens of antiquity introduced the need for deep

studying the military experience of past times. Even in adulthood he

adhered to this belief. "Take yourself into the sample of the hero of ancient times,

The Suvorov of the young Miloradovich, who, who was a Swiss campaign, -

watch it, go after him, lay, head, overtake - thank you! I chose

Caesar - Alpine Mountains for us ... Eagles Russians flew out of Roman eagles "

Essentially, Suvorov studied military history and science by

independent reading. Biographer Suvorova A. Petrushevsky fairly

noted that he "won first the area of \u200b\u200bscience and the experiments of the past centuries, and

then victory and glory. "

He hit contemporaries with his knowledge.

Since most of the works on military issues went on

foreign languages, then Father Suvorov drew the attention of his son on

the need for their development. First of all, young Suvorov studied

french I. german languagesand then already, being in the army, acquired

knowledge eastern languages - Turkish, Tatar, as well as Polish, Finnish

and Italian. He considered it necessary to know the language of the country where the Russian army

i had to fight.

A large place in the formation of the worldview of Suvorov was studying

philosophical views Leibnitsa, Wolf and Locke. With the concepts of these authors

young Suvorov got acquainted as by independent reading, so

perhaps and during the free visit of high school classes

Petrushevsky a. Generalissimus Prince Suvorov: B3-X t. SPb, 1884, t.

The landlock housing, where history, geography and military were studied

SUVOROVA undoubtedly affected the social and political influence

the situation in the country in the middle of the XVIII century. On his sights

the impact of progressive ideas and in the land case, where it was published

magazine "Society of Lovers of Russian Literature" "Monthly

works. " On the pages of the journal rose important questions about meaning

transformations for the life of society, about the role of a person in society, about the meaning

mind in human life, etc. Gave tribute to these plots and Suvorov. It

places in the journal two essays on philosophical topics: "Conversation in the kingdom

dead between Alexander Great and Herostratom "and" Conversation in the kingdom

dead - Cortex and Motetsemum "

Both of these essays reveal the topic

man's subordination of man's good homeland.

The views of Suvorov had an influence of the propagandaed Russian and

french enlighteners antipodeal bourgeois moral in which

the main place was the idea of \u200b\u200bserving homeland.

Suvorov's views on the role of a person in society were spontaneous

materialistic, which was reflected in the system being developed

training and upbringing troops. Suvorov rejected tyranny, he also rejected

non-erectic moral nobility nobility. He recognized natural

equality of people and the need to enlighten the people. He considered the ministry

fatherland duty of every person and believed that society should be

arranged on the basis of "virtue and justice."

Monthly writings, benefits and entertainment employees. St. Petersburg, 1755, Part 2, p. 156-161; 1756, part 2, p. 18-30.

The magazine was published by A.P. Sumarokov and M.M. Heraskov.

Suvorov could not pass by acute controversy on the problems of serf

building, but he saw the paths of eradicating shortcomings not in the fight against the principles

serfdom, but in mitigating the application of the latter. Suvorov played

against the defects of a serfdom. He picked up the order at which

the ministry of Fatherland was replaced by serving the throne. Human dignity

Suvorov puts above the grazing of the throne: "Russia was so used in the service

(Discharge my. - LB) "

The peasant war under the leadership of Pugacheva

changed Suvorov's views. In an effort as quickly as possible to suppress uprisings,

Catherine II sent to the "Inner Front" of combat generals, and among them

A.V. Savorova. He arrived in the Volga region, when the uprising was essentially

depressed by the troops of P.I. Panina and I.I. Michelson. On Suvorov was

the task is to transmit the peasant leader to Simbirsk, and then in

Moscow. His main promotion was announced on behalf of Catherine II Amnesty

rebel than he caused the indignation of the queen and St. Petersburg nobility

we strive for violence over all participants of the uprising. About yourself he

wrote: "I myself did not revenge anywhere, below refresh, did the slightest execution, is it

civil and then one immoral instigators, but don

hummingly insension, promise of the highest imperial

mercy. "

Cropped in France revolution of 1789 demanded to determine the attitude

to her Suvorov. Suvorov did not accept the revolution. His terrible thought is that

"Russia will be Francian." He was outraged by the results of this revolution. He noted

that she did not bring the people of real freedom and only replaced the form

operation of the people. "Where is the tree of liberty that the French promised

werewind over the flames visa? - asked Suvorov - Oh,

A.V. Suvorov. Documents: in 4 m. M., 1951, vol. 2, p. 409.

bounce! "

Bourgeois France, said Suvorov, did not bring

liberation and other] peoples. France rulers held Italian

the people "under the yoke of three year old slavery", which they brought "under the name

freedom and equality. "

At the same time, Suvorov saw that under the influence of revolutionary ideas

"The feudal system disintegrates." But he believed that the transition to the new

society must be done in a peaceful way, as a result of the victory "Kingdom

On this basis, Suvorov's views on the role of a person in life

societies. "We," said Suvorov, "his members - must sacrifice himself,

arrange our abilities ... in order for him (society) more useful

Suvorov adhered to advanced views until the end of life. He stayed

below them at all stages of activity.

Soldier School Suvorova (1742 - 1754)

The formation of Suvorov as a professional military took place

in parallel with the folding of his worldview. His father, Vasily Ivanovich,

he began to prepare her son to the civil service. Then yielding urgent

the requests of the Son, recorded it in the guard, to the Semenov regiment. In decree

it was said: "1742, October 22nd by decree E.I.V. in the Life Guard

Semenov Regiment ordered those who appeared with the passions of the following

delicate, namely ... Alexander Suvorova ... to paint the Life Guard in

Semenovsky regiment in soldiers over a set without salary and for learning

specified sciences ... Let them go to the houses for two years

Jokes of Prince Itali, Count Suvorov-Rymiksky / ed. E. Fuchs. SPb, 1900, p.67

Father Suvorov taught his son to watch the service as a homeland service. It

demanded to see in the rank of "soldiers" a high meaning in accordance with

petrovsky Charter of 1716, where it was said: "The name of the soldier simply contains in

all people who are in the troops are essentially

the last Musketeer, horse and honey "

At the departure of the two year term of the Savior Savior Service decided in 1747

g. In the actual service of a corporal in the same Semenov Regiment. Per

successful service was produced in the subpenters in 1749, and then to sergeants in

Suvorov was given to military service with full responsibility and became not

fictitious, and "valid" soldier. The soldier's service was not for

it is a number of boring formal duties. He began to learn the soldiers

service in all its manifestations. He willingly performed the duties of the soldier and

capral and acquainted with all sides of the soldiers' life. Soldier

he combined with physical development and strengthening of the body, since

possessed relatively weak health. Suvorov lived the life of soldiers and

she tried to carry all the soldier's service. He remained faithful military

asceticism all his life. Suvorov's regular commander wrote his father: "He has

only one passion is the service, and one pleasure is the bosses over the soldiers.

There was no more than a soldier, but it was not more discerning nonzer-

officer, like your son. Off-service he and soldiers as a brother, but in the service -

inexorable. " Every word Suvorov reached the soldiers' heart. About him

m.I. wrote exceptional qualities Kalinin: "... world famous

the commander knew the road to the heart of their soldiers, their army. They were

masters of High Spirit Forces, kneel how to unwab in the soul of a solid

trust to yourself. Such were, for example, Suvorov and Kutuzov. "

Officers School Suvorova (1754 - 1768.

"Officer School" Suvorov passed in a seven-year war. In this war

the Russian army met with the Prussian army, extruded by Friedrich II.

On the 25th year of life, in 1754, Suvorov was produced in Lieutenants and translated

to the army inherman infantry regiment. In early 1756 he was

was made to the captains and received an appointment in Novgorod to the post of

provitmouser ("rank of the captain"). After 10 months it was appointed

lieutenant-General, and after another month in December 1756 he received

chin Premier Major.

In 1757, in connection with the initiating military actions in Eastern Prussia

preparation of reserves began (which were third infantry battalions

regiments) for the overseas army. Premiered Major A. V. Suvorov

it was instructed to equip backup battalions for 17 regiments and then

conduct them to Prussia to the existing army. By doing this

suvorov's instructions was in 1758 produced in lieutenant colonels and appointed

commandant of the city of Memel, where army shops were concentrated,

supposed foreign army with logistically.

It can be assumed that this appointment was made not without the knowledge of his father,

major General to this time and who performed important orders

for the service of the rear of the army.

Both of these appointments allowed Suvorov to meet questions

organization of the rear on the scale of the army. However, the activities of Ober-Krigs-

commissioner did not satisfy A.V. Suvorov, and he filed a report on translated into

Acting overseas army. The request of Lieutenant Colonel Suvorov was

satisfied, and it was defined in the Kazan Infantry Regiment, which was

under the command of General-Major M.N. Volkonsky, but soon was translated

in the headquarters of the commander-in-chief of General-Ansefa V.V. Fermora on the position

major headquarters (so called a duty officer at the commander). On the

suvorov was well acquainted with the army management methods.

In the role of Headquarters, Suvorov participated in the biggest in history

1759. The defeat of the Army of Friedrich II made a big impression on

young Suvorov, but he was surprised by the fact that the commander-in-chief of I.S.

Saltykov instead of developing success and move to the Prussian capital,

did not even send the Cossack Connection after the receding Prussian army. In

any case, young Suvorov could observe the international situation and

assess the actions of the commanding troops.

Most of all produced at Suvorov the impression of the defeat of the Prussian army,

considered the best in Europe. Of course, it was a well-established military

the machine in which the linear tactic was worked out. On the

the fields of Cunesdorf met two armies, and the Russian army won. In 1759

Suvorov also participated in the battle at Pilzig.

Perhaps the most interesting was the service of Suvorov as a commander

cavalry regiment. In 1760, the Russian army under the command of General

P.A. Rumyantseva led the siege of the Kolberg fortress, which served as the base for Prussian

cavalry platform platform. Rumyantsev put on the platten

corpus General G.G. Berg.

In 1761, at the initiative of P.A. Rumyantsev was undertook

mobile corps on Berlin. The commander of this building Berg asked

general A. B. Buturlin, newly appointed by the post of commander-in-chief

An overseas army, send him Lieutenant Colonel Suvorov. He performed

this request. In the order on this it was said: "Since Major General

Berg snatching the special ability of the Lieutenant Colonel of the Kazan Infantry

shelf Suvorov, then to appear in the team of the meaningful general. "

In the housing of Berg Suvorov commanded first by Tver Kirassirian regiment

(Before the return of the sick commander). In the course of military operations regiment

Suvorov took possession of Landerberg and destroyed the bridge over the river. Warta than delayed

promotion of Prussians. Then he defeated the Prussian detachment from

Golnah. After that, Suvorov acts against the Prussian troops under

Bernstein and Regenswald, Storugard and in a number of other items

Actions

Suvorov was distinguished by courage and determination and, most importantly, a variety

tactical techniques. Suvorov himself showed himself a courageous commander,

i submitted an example of fearless in battle. Rumyantsev presented Suvorov

Bourning to award. He wrote that the young cavalry commander "himself

before others, much distinguished "

In 1761, the commander of the Tver Regiment returned to his duties. Pass this

the regiment, Suvorov took the Arkhanghelogo Dragunsky regiment to the team.

Rumyantsev noted that in this post Suvorov brilliantly proven himself.

It is "fast with reconnecting, leaning in battle and cold-blooded in danger"

In 1762, Suvorov was sent to St. Petersburg with deppendes. He arrived in

the capital, when Catherine II was already on the Russian throne, which produced him in

chin Colonel and appointed commander of the Astrakhan infantry shelf.

Thus, Suvorov from 1754 to 1762 passed the way from the lieutenant to

colonel. During the war, Suvorov got acquainted with the work of the rear of the army, her headquarters

and the work of the commander of the regiment. Relative manifold of activity forms

contributed to the military development of Suvorov. But it was especially important

familiarity with the dominant at the time in all European armies linear

A.V. Suvorov. Documents, vol. 1, p. 63-66.

Petrushevsky A. Decree. Cit., T. 1, p. thirty.

tactics. This tactic reached its higher Development In the Army of Friedrich II.

Its essence was that the army extends as one battalion in general

team. This was achieved by stretching the entire army in one line. Building

the army took place very slowly. Turns could be done either by

flange, or along the center axis. The weak place of combat construction was

flanges that were covered by cavalry. Artillery was located in

front directly in combat order. Main role in the offensive

performed the infantry producing the fire by Ploungi or the entire line. how

the rule, the Prussian army did not reach the hand-to-hand fight and, if not reached

success in firing battle, immediately retreated. Bnyk and the Prussian army was considered

defensive means. Russian infantry exceeded Prussians her

courage, resistance and skill.

Suvorov came to the conclusion that the strategic dominant in the West

five-input system and brought to automatism linear tactics serve

okova for troops and interfere with the ability to make maneuver as on the theater

wars and on the battlefield. The main thing, believed Suvorov, is to find

the most rational forms of combat training than those established in

modern armies. This task was solved by Suvorov during the command

Suzdal regiment. It was during this period that he had to take shape

the military-puggy system, the development of which he gave all his life.

Suvorov developed at this time a boiler activity on reorganization regiment on

new beginnings. He started from the device to the barracks and the creation of a regimental school.

The main attention was paid to the definition of "what to learn and how to learn". He saw

in a soldier of a living person, Defender of the Fatherland. Soldier, in theory of Suvorov, -

this is the main factor of war, so it must be appropriately

teach and raise. New principles of combat training were reflected in

instructions "Regimental Institution". Being hated Musters, Suvorov

he taught his regiment to what was really necessary in the war.

in bayonets, crossing the crossing, aiming shooting, etc. Methods

training involved the study of the elements of the system, ways of keeping

shooting and solving tactical tasks. A feature of the Suvorov system

there was a close connection of training with education, ensuring the development of soldiers

conscious attitude towards military service and the formation of a sense of pride

for your regiment and their homeland.

Suvorov played for the advanced combat training system. The main thing he wrote

later, "good exercise troops ... never retreat, the best army

always in moving".

Already at that time, he presented high demands primarily to

commanders. He strongly condemned the "Pretorians of Colonels",

we took care only to "rub to higher". "They are annoying

his officers are court manners; They are equipped ... Sibarites, not

spartans, they inspire to despise glory and disbelief Jean-Jacques - Virtue

for every mind ..., with the help of speeches sweet or ambiguous they them

[officers] teach this way to hide its drawbacks ... in the war you need

other colonels and other headquarters, army origin. " One of

important conclusions to which Suvorov came during service in the Army

shelves were a conclusion about the big role of junior officers who came out of

soldier Rows: "The most decent now become junior officers,

(At the same time) not from a free nobility "

When it came in 1796. Suvorov was still headed by Russian troops,

located in the south-west of Russia. From Tulchina he carefully followed

development of events on the Rhine and in Italy. He was increasingly inclined to the thought that

the near future, France will be an opponent in Russia. He is fair

seen in the actions of bourgeois france a gripful aspirations

an example was the actions of Napoleon in Northern Italy in 1796. Russian

the government worried the possibility of creating a hostile coalition from

states, at the head of which the bourgeois France can become. Between Russia

Austria and England came negotiations on the creation of a combat coalition. IN

instructions in the Russian Messenger in Vienna A. K. Razumovsky indicated:

"Today it is to reorganize the coalition on others

principles than the first, putting before it in the form of the only task -

the task to force the French to stop your invasions, refuse victories and

return to the same borders »

It followed that it was not so much about recovery in France

overthrown by the revolution of the bourbon dynasty, how much about the cessation of conquest

french directory. When between Russia, Austria, Prussia and England

negotiations about the Union, Ekaterina II died. New king - Paul I postponed

the estimated hike of Suvorov to Europe and engaged in strengthening

fastener orders in Russia, this was also the establishment

prussian system in the troops. Suvorov met the innovation of Paul with

indignation. Particularly irritated Suvorov instructions Paul Put soldiers

in the barracks: "Car barracks, where will be shoved at night, - prison"

decisively he condemned the widespread victims of soldiers who degraded them

dignity. Just more outraged Suvorov ban on the injected

southwest Russia his system. At that time, said Suvorov like "my

prussian tactics take, and old, leaving left: from this

french them beat them

The new king introduces it to the Russian army.

The provision of Suvorov complicated due to the conspiracy

Paul I. Strengthening the reaction at the end of the reign of Catherine II and with Pavel I

forced noble leaders to choose illegal methods of combating

Narzarnitsky A.L. International relations of European states from 1794 to 1830 M., 1946, p.11.

A.V. Suvorov. Documents, T.3, p. 573.

A.V. Suvorov. Documents, T.3, p. 572.

absolutism. The conspiracy arose in 1797 covered not only the nobility

central and Western provinces, but also touched upon officer circles of the army

Suvorov

In Tulchin itself there were officers, ready to join the military

speech against Pavlovsky regime. They were headed by Colonel

A.M.Koyovsky. He suggested that Suvorov stand at the head of the army for

speeches at the time of changing persons on the throne. Convincing the need for this

Kakhovsky spoke Suvorov that the whole army will go behind him. However, the commander

did not accept his suggestions: "Silent, silent. I can not. Blood fellow citizens! "

the fact of circulation of Kakhovsky to Suvorov testifies that he himself and his

the like-minded people were not afraid of exposure from his part.

All this contributed to the submission to the Suvorov report to the king on dismissal in

a single day vacation. Paul I first refused Suvorov in granting

vacation, and then ordered him to arrive in St. Petersburg. Suvorov, however, did not go

in the capital and instead, at the beginning of February, he filed a resignation report. But even before

receipt of this report issued a decree on the dismissal of Feld-Marshal from service in

army. The dismissal of Suvorov caused discontent in the army. In protest in

the resignation was filed several dozen officers. Some of them headed together

with Suvorov in his estate - the Kobrin key. The king considered Suvorov in one

from the heads of the political conspiracy, while the head is very

dangerous due to the vast popularity of the commander. It is only possible

supervision for officers "Sweet Suvorov". In the decree of the Novgorod Governor

P.P. Mitusov said they "do not have intercourse and dating

living in the Novgorod province former Feldmarshal Count

Suvorov.

Snytko E.G. New materials on history public Movement The end of the XVIII century. - questions of history

events in Western Europe. By this time, the situation in Europe is sharply

completed. French bourgeoisie came to power began openly

she strives to seize other people's territories and enslave the peoples. Fair

defensive Wars, what bourgeois france led in the early years

revolutions, began to grow into a prisoner's war. Her expansion was

directed to the east.

The Italian campaign of Napoleon 1796 ended with the seizure of Northern Italy.

French bourgeoisie has long attracted Egypt, which was trading

center of Levant. It was an item from where it was possible to threaten the pearl

english Crown - India. "Not far a while," wrote Napoleon, - when

we will feel that in order to actually defeat England, we

need to master Egypt "

Suvorov carefully followed developing events. Special

he showed anxiety in connection with the successes of the French troops in North

Italy. He understood that France era directory is no longer

a defending country, and her desire will be established in northern Italy not

brought to the Italian people of liberation from the Austrian domination.

Being a supporter of the National People's Liberation of Italy, Suvorov

believed expedient the revival of the independence of Piedmont, which in

the end of the Italian people could be headed by the end. Suvorov.

believed that Russia could not stay away from the rapidly developed

events, and began to develop provisions that could follow the basis

strategic War Plan with France.

major Preview de Lumian, who arrived on behalf of Paul I in Konchansky

from St. Petersburg in order to clarify the views of Suvorov. They are evaluated

military-political situation and formulates the principles that

it must be guided in the fight against the directory. They cooled to K.

regulations:

"one. Only offensive

2. Quickness in the campaign, hotness in attacks with cold weapons.

3. No methodicity with a good eyelary.

4. Full power to the Ansfeor General.

5.Access and beat the enemy in the open field.

6. Do not waste the siege ...

7. Never spray forces to save various items.

8. So, only the observation case is needed to Strasbourg, still mobile

case on Luxembourg; his tip to promote with continuous battles to

paris himself like the main point "

Paul not only was interested in the opinion of Suvorov, but even made an attempt

again to attract Feldmarshal to the service in the army. For these purposes, Suvorov was

his nephew, the young Andrei Gorchakov, who consisted

adjutant with Pavel I.

He managed to prove Suvorov the need for reconciliation with the king. However, this

the meeting did not bring a positive result. Suvorov demanded freedom

action in the army and did not recognize the innovations of the king. For this reason he

i asked permission to return to Konchansky.

Meanwhile, the affairs of the Austrian troops in northern Italy deteriorated sharply: they

were expelled from northern Italy. The troops of the directory began to threaten

A.V. Suvorov. Documents, T.3, p. 587-588

by direct invasion of the territory of Austria. Governments

Austria and England turned to Paul I with a wish to put in the chapter

tolbukhin's Flegene Adjutant Tolbukhin: "I now got, Count

Alexander Vasilyevich, news about the ultimate worship of the Vienna yard,

so that you leading to his armies in Italy, where and my case

Rosenberg and German goes. And so therefore and under the current European

i read the circumstances with a debt not from my own face, but also on behalf of others

suggest you to take the case and the team for yourself and arrive here for departure in

Vienna. " "Now there is no time to pay," Pavel I wrote in a private letter.

Suvorov agreed to command the Allied Army, but provided

providing full freedom of action. Forced to give consent to this

Paul I said: "We wad a war in your own way, as you can do." Ringing Suvorov, Paul

believed that for him will be safer to keep the commander abroad than in

Konchnsky.

In Italy, Suvorov won a number of victories, less than five months expelled

french from northern Italy. Punching through the Alps to the aid of Roman

Korsakov, barely restraining onslaught in Zurich, he arrives

too late and forced to retreat. Soon him together with the Russian army

it became. But after death, he pursued royal disfavor. Khoronili

the commander is not as generalissimus, but on the staff of Field Marshal. With the exception of

connogvardeys, the guard did not fit on the funeral. Neither king nor yard on

the burial was not present. But thousands of crowds of the people appeared on

wires of their favorite.

1.5. Principles of military training A. V. Suvorov. "Science to win."

In the face of Suvorov, we saw not only the great commander, but also the teachers

russian army who created a military-educational system that

objectively, it consisted in a contradiction with the feudal-serfral system,

dominated in Russia in the second half of the XVIII century.

A distinctive feature of the editorial art A.V. Savorova is

that in it the main goal of hostilities was destroyed

the armed forces of the enemy. Full victory, according to Suvorov, is possible only

as a result of the defeat of the live strength of the enemy. He said: "Open

enemy - failure; destroyed - victory ",

Great Suvorov for the first time allowed the tasks of military education in the process

active learning. Proper understanding of learning and education as

the unified process provided it to the implementation of the task - the creation

invincible Russian army.

the base on which the slender system of training and education of Suvorov has grown

army. Learning went from simple to complex, from solitaryous to the cumulative and

based on three principles: systematically, sequence and

continuity.

Education of moral qualities was subordinated to the problem of forming

soldiers and officers of will and firm character. The rod of upbringing was

the formation of those qualities that determined consciousness, courage and

the courage of Suvorov's miracle warns.

Suvorovskaya "Science to win" the greatest monument to the Russian military

geniya remains surprisingly relevant and understood. A. V. Suvorov completed

the development of the Russian military doctrine and formulated its main

principles: originality, the predominance of high-quality element over

quantitative, national pride, conscious attitude to their

the case, the initiative, the use of success to the end. And the crown of everything victory, small

blood obsessed.

The ideas of Suvorov were developed in the Russian army and in the second half of the XIX century.

M.I. Dragomirov, who spent the tireless propagandist Suvorov

With a new force, Suvorov principles sounded in soviet time On days

October revolution. The main provisions of "Science to defeat" were

included VI Lenin in the "Book of Red Army", compiled by the highest

military inspection. The last section of the service "Book of Red Army"

contains a material that determines combat and political and moral education

red Army. "Science to win" is set out mainly close to the text

summary of Suvorov. Editorial changes were made in order to

approaching it to the tasks of modernity and turned into slogans

appeals.

"Science to win"

1. The soldier should be healthy, brave, solid and truthful.

2. Any warrior must understand his maneuver.

3. It is hard in teaching - easily in the campaign; Easy in teaching is hard in the campaign.

4. Shoot rarely, but aptive, Kolya Kolya tight.

5. Where the deer passes, there will be a soldier.

6. The citizens of the republic are not offended. Soldier is not a robber.

7. Three Military Arts: The first - Eyemer, the second - speed, third -

8. Human learning - light, not by studying darkness; Master's business is afraid.

Dragomirov M.I. Selected Works. Issues of education and training of troops. M., 1956.

9. Observation, training, discipline, cleanliness, health, tidy,

cheerness, courage, courage - victory.

10. Announted that soldier who answers: "I can not know." Damned "I can not

know ", from" Multi-Multi-Multi-Thick "

After this part in the "Book of Red Army" included 10 rules-aphorisms

under the heading "Remember"

1. Dye himself - comrade will cut out (and comrade in trouble will help himself)

2. Do not be afraid of death; Then probably beat. Two deaths do not go, and one

do not power.

3. Never disable, and always Bay himself, one beat the enemy will not overcome.

4. It is difficult for you, but also the enemy is not easy (and you will start to beat him - he

nemogot will be more likely to request a sorry).

5. Wherever the enemy appears, it can always be reached either a bullet, or

bayonet. The more handy, the Bay; and lose your head from the fact that the enemy did not appear

from there, from where we expected, and on the side or behind, it means to climb himself in

6. There is no change in battle, there is only support. Wide the enemy, then the service

will end.

7. No matter how bad it happens, never despair, hold on until the strength

8. While fighting is a fight - cut out healthy, and they will pick up wounded without you. We beat

the enemy - everything will be easier immediately: and the wounded and healthy.

9. Failed to overcome the enemy immediately, climb on him in another, the third, the fourth time

and so without end, until you defeat him (because he will not leave you alone

until it does not finish at all).

10. Clear, but boldly climb ahead (rather beat the enemy and more easily

Output.

Generalissimus Suvorov entered world history as a great commander and

military thinker. He left a huge theoretical heritage, enriched

all fields of military affairs with new conclusions and provisions. Suvorov.

developed and applied in the commander the most perfect

for its time form and ways of conducting an armed struggle that

raised Russian military art on an unprecedented height. Victorious

suvorov's campaign glorified our homeland, they are bright and unforgettable

the page of her glorious military past.

principles.

The name of Suvorov belongs to our people. In the ministry of Russia he saw

the main destination of your life. "Leave your good name, - wrote

Suvorov, - contemporaries and offspring "

Years have passed, but the name of Generalissimus Suvorov is pronounced Russians with

full respect and love. He is a true folk hero, a military genius,

the component of the honor and glory of Russia.

Chapter 2. Commands of the XIX century. Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov.

Young years of Kutuzov.

The surname of the xolenich-Kutuzov was formed in the 15th century. One of the ancestors

- Fedor Alexandrovich wore the nickname "Kutuz", and his brother Anany had a son

Vasily ninted "Gorel". The genus was notable, this is confirmed by

the fact that Ivan 4 Grozny issued Maria Andreevna Kutuzov for the former

Kazan king Simeon.

Illarion Matveyevich - Father of the Communist Party - was a major military engineer.

Beginning military service Under Peter 1, he participated in the wars of the 18th century. Having left B.

resigning in the rank of General Lieutenant, continued to serve in civil

department. Lieutenar General and Senator Illarion Matveich, who served 30 years in

engineering building and participating in the first Russian-Turkish war under

banners of Rumyantsev-Zadunaysky, was a man extremely smart

diversedly educated, for which they nicknamed his "reasonable book." His

the name has become especially known in connection with the development of the channel of the channel,

built in St. Petersburg under Catherine 2 to deliver the residents of the capital

from the disastrous floods of a full-flower Neva.

it was a Velikorvsky commander, his name - Mikhail Illarionovich

Kutuzov. He lost her mother early, and first his grandmother was engaged in her upbringing,

and then father.

Young Kutuzov S. early years Preparing Kutuzov military activities. In 1757.

12-year-old boy he enters Engineering school, founded by Peter

1 and transformed in 1858 in the United Artsillery Engineering

school, prepared officer personnel for the Russian army. Thanks to effort

P.I.Shvalov, designated 1756 by Geralfeldschmeter, in

the subordination of which was the school system of training pupils

improved significantly. Leading disciplines were artillery,

fortification, tactics. Along with military disciplines pupils

general educational items: algebra, geometry, physics,

history, geography, literature, foreign languages. And on the position

shuvalov teachers invited prominent professionals.

A great influence on school pupils provided a great Russian scientist

M.V. Lomonosov. He helped Shuvalov in improving teaching

at school. Many general educational disciplines were included in

training program for the Board of Lomonosov. Pupils of the school experienced

direct influence of Lomonosov, visiting his lectures at the Academy of Sciences.

With enthusiasm listened to these lectures and Mikhail Kutuzov.

He devoted all his free time and established himself extremely

diligent and exclusively capable student. Exceptionable, Kutuzov in

perfection mastered not only military sciences, but also fell in love

philosophy, story, Russian and foreign literature, mathematics, good

studied a number of foreign languages, including English, Polish, German and

french, and later Swedish and Turkish.

In 1759, Kutuzov graduated from the course and by order Shuvalov was left in

school in teaching work: "Artillery Catentarmus Mikhail

Kutuzov for its special fitness and languages \u200b\u200band in mathematics knowledge, and pucha

that ... the engineer has a tendency to promote other things

i was produced in the engineering building of the first class by the conductor ... and

leaving still at school, to the auxiliary officers for learning

The actual military service of Kutuzov began in 1761 by the commander

rotes of the Astrakhan Infantry Regiment, where he was directed by him

ultimate request after a half-year teaching mathematics in

Artillery and Engineering School. Here he first met with

A.V. Svorov, who commanded the Astrakhan regiment, as part of which

there was a company Kutuzov. Almost a year of Kutuzov passed unforgettable lessons Suvorov

military science. Suvorov noticed a capable officer and brought him closer to him,

he became his mentor. He explained Kutuzov that the power of the Russian army in a soldier,

that "the soldier teaching loves, it would be fat," what to trust the soldier,

take care of him and then he will be ready to go after you in the fire and water will

can crush any enemy.

This time they briefly served together. But after decades of fighting and hikes,

throughout his life, he was careful and carried out Kutuzov instructions

his teacher. In 1764, when Russian troops moved to Poland, Captain

Kutuzov achieved the transfer to the current army where he received a combat

2.2. Russian-Turkish wars.

One of the most important externally political tasks of Russia in the 2nd half of the 18th century.

there was a task to get out to the Black Sea. On the way to her solutions stood

Turkey and some European states who did not want to strengthen Russia

strengthening its influence in the East.

In 1768, Turkey is incited, France, declared the war of Russia. For

the conduct of hostilities in the south of the country two armies were created - the first

general P.A. Rumyantseva and the second general of Panin. In 1770 Kutuzov translated

in the army of Rumyantsev, acting against the Turkish troops in Moldova and

Valahia. The young officer was lucky: he entered the disposal

outstanding commander.

During the fighting 1770, being a Ober-Apartment Master in the Corps

Rumyantsev and being in the forefront of the upcoming troops, Kutuzov performed

M. I. Kutuzov: Sat. documents. M., 1950-1956. from. fifteen

difficult and responsible orders, "suggested all dangerous cases" and

became known to the army commander as a brave and capable staff

an officer. He takes the most active participation In battles with a row grave,

Large and the Kagul River, in which the main forces of the Turks were crushed.

In the future, Kutuzov in the rank of Premier Major was translated from the army headquarters in

Smolensky infantry regiment, with whom he participated in a number of battles, including

when practicing. For courage and courage shown in these battles, Kutuzov

produced in lieutenant colonels.

For M.I. Kutuzov These battles became an unforgettable school of military

art. He fasted the strategy of the crushing of Rumyantsev, who considered that

"No one takes the cities, not undressed with his troops defended."

here I saw Kutuzov that the strategy of Rumyantsev is not only and not

always in the offensive. Kutuzov assigned the main ideas of the strategy and

tactics Rumyantsev: the defeat and complete destruction of the enemy army, coverage

enemy army and blows on it from the front, from the rear, with flanks, and most importantly

the use of ingenuity in battle.

The Kutuzov service in the Rumyantsev army unexpectedly stopped. Who-

then from the "friends" of Kutuzov, Donons Rumyantsev, that in the hours of leisure for fun

comrades Captain Kutuzov copied the gait and manners of the commander-in-chief.

And Field Marshal was very touching and did not love joker.

Impeccable service and combat merit saved a young officer from anger

commander-in-Chief, he was satisfied with the transfer of a mockery to the Crimean

This event left a deep mark in the character of Mikhail

Illarionovich. He became secretive and incredulous. Externally he was the same

Kutuzov, cheerful sociable, but closely knew him people said that

"The hearts of people are open to Kutuzov, but his heart is closed for them."

In 1722, the Kutuzov service begins in the Crimean Army under the command

V.M. Dolgorukova. During the battle at the village of Nois, where Turkish

troops overlapping the road to Alushta, Kutuzov, feeding a personal example, with

the banner in his hands led the battalion in the attack. In the hot fiction of the Turks were knocked out

from their positions, the road to Alushta is open. In this battle Kutuzov received

heavy wound in the head: "This headquarters received a bullet that,

hitting it between the eye and the temple, came out in the same place on another

the side of the face, "- said in the Relukov report. The wound was so heavy

what doctors have not hoped for recovery. But Kutuzov recovered. Arriving B.

Petersburg, he received a long vacation for treating abroad.

In addition, Kutuzov received at the direction of Catherine 2 thousand Chervons and

he was awarded the Order of St. George 4 degrees.

Mikhail Illarionovich traveled a lot in Europe: he visited Prussia,

Austria, Holland, Italy, England, where he was not only treated, but also

used the slightest opportunity to replenish his knowledge for

familiarization with Western European military art and international

politics. He lived longer in Leiden - the then center of science. He is there

meets with scientists, advanced people in Europe and European

commandments - Friedrich 2 and Laudon.

Meanwhile, the war is 1768-74 digging by the defeat of Turkey. Kuchuk-

Kaynardzhi Treaty Russia received land between Dnipro and Bug,

a number of fortresses and the right of free swimming in the Black Sea through the straits

Bosphorus and Dardanelles.

Upon returning to their homeland in 1777, Kutuzov was appointed to the troops,

located in the southern edges of Russia, in the Crimea. On the same military theater

action served in those years of Suvorov. These were relatively peaceful years.

Crimea as a result of wars with Turkey was declared independent, fighting

Turkey for influence on the Crimean Tatars continued. This struggle was conducted at

helping diplomacy than Suvorov as he himself said to do not love

therefore, he provided Kutuzov all the delicate political affairs that

performed perfectly. Here for the first time Kutuzov found his

diplomatic abilities. Highly appreciating cutuzov diplomacy,

Suvorov said: "Oh, the smart, oh, heter, no one will deceive it."

In these years, Kutuzov again passed the Suvorov school of training and education

troops. What happened in the Astrakhan Shepherd twenty years ago, now

stone and turned into the Suvorov "Science to defeat". Kutuzov suffered

the most important rules of science to win: "Eyemer, speed, Natisk."

Another rule introduced by Suvorov, which Kutuzov applied in practice,

it was that "He understands his maneuver in any way." It was

coup in training and education of troops. In the era when dominated

linear tactics based on the disbelief in the mind of soldiers built

in the line so that the officers can constantly observe, lead

each movement of the soldier, Suvorov developed the initiative of the troops. Soldiers

Suvorov and Kutuzov were those soldiers, to the mind, combat mixture and

the courage of which believed and these qualities developed.

All these were new phenomena in military art, they spread

thanks to Suvorov, he and Rumyantsev, Kutuzov, in these years perceived

Sinelnikov F. Life, Military and Political Acts of His Lightness

general Feldmarshal Prince Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishcheva-Kutuzov-

Smolensky ... St. Petersburg., 1813-1814. Part 2, p. 33.

offensive strategy, tactics and new methods of upbringing and learning

troops. Also at this time, Kutuzov begins to advance in service: by

the petition of Suvorov he was produced in the colonel, in 1782 he got chin

brigadier, and when in 1784 the first corps of the hurkers were formed -

the best soldiers of the Russian army, command the Bug Egersk Corps

assigned one of its best generals - M.I. Kutuzov.

In 1787, a new war flashed with Turkey. Kutuzov covered his body

borders of Russia in Bugu, then the troops of the Kutuzov were included in the composition

acting Ekaterinoslav Army. Commander of Ekaterinoslavskaya

the Army Potemkin decided to take the Black Sea Turkish Fortress of Ochakov.

Russian troops and including Cutuzov's corps were siegeous to Ochakov. Potemkin

medilled with storm, and military actions were limited to small

clashes.

During one of the treasures of the Turks attacked the cover of Henmen Bugsky

cases. A serious battle has ringed. Kutuzov led the troops in the attack and was

heavyly wounded. The bullet struck his head to the departure almost in the same place as

first wound. Doctors sentenced him to death, believing that he would not live to

in the morning. But Kutuzov survived, only the right eye began to blind.

Barely recovered from the wound, three and a half months of Kutuzov already

participated in the storming and taking of obstacle, as well as in the future in battles on

Dniester and on the Bug, in the storming of the castle of Hadzhibay, on the site of the current Odessa. AND

everywhere: then with battalions of hurkers, then at the head of the Cossack detachments when taking

fortresses Bender and Akkerman and in the field battle - Kutuzov always, by

certificate of contemporaries, "won the surface."

She walked 1790, the war was delayed, military operations did not bring the desired

for Russia, results. Russian government decided to achieve a large

victory to raise the Turks to conclude a profitable world. Taking a few

fortresses, the Russian army approached the strong fortress Izmail.

Located on the Danube, she had an extremely important strategic

value.

Russian troops, including Kutuzov, had 30 thousand people,

and the garrison of the fortress - more than 36 thousand. Turks were well secured

martial supplies and food, so Potemkin, not risking to take

the leadership of the siege for himself, urgently asked in the letter of Suvorov to help take

fortress.

The decision to take Izmail was accepted at the military council, where Suvorov turned

to those present, among whom were Kutuzov, with the following words:

"True, that difficulties are great: the fortress is strong, the garrison is a whole army, but

nothing will stand against Russian weapons ... I decided to master this

fortress. "

In accordance with the disposition of Kutuzov, he commanded the 6th assault column on

the left flank, which was supposed to attack the bastion near the Kyili gate.

fire, the storm columns in the dark approached counterclarpu, threw

the fascines of Rips, rapidly descended down and, putting the stairs to the shaft,

climbed on it.

The Kutuzov column broke into the shaft, where a heavy hand-to-hand combat row. On the

some of the Turks began to close Kutuzov, and he turned to Suvorov for

support, but he knows that his student will cost and without reinforcements,

sent an officer with a message that the report was sent to the capture of Izmail and

Kutuzov was appointed by his commandant. At this difficult moment of Kutuzov introduced into battle

all his reserve, overturned the Turks and captured the bastion. For dawn Russian

the troops knocked the enemy from external fortifications, and after 6 o'clock destroyed

outstanding on the streets of the towns of Turks.

Representing Kutuzov to award for Izmail, Suvorov wrote about his

beloved student and comrades: "Major-General and Kavulev-Kutuzov Kavaler

provided new experiences of art and the courage of his own, overcame under strong

fire enemy all the difficulties, got on the shaft, mastered the bastion, and when

an excellent enemy forced him to stop him, he served as an example.

courage, held a place, overwhelming a strong enemy, established himself in

fortresses and continued to strike enemies ... he walked on the left flank, but was mine

right hand ... "

After the fall, Ishmail Kutuzov asked the commander: "Why your

the shine congratulated me with the appointment of a commandant when success was still

doubts? ". "Suvorov knows Kutuzov, and Kutuzov knows Suvorov, - followed

answer. "If I hadn't been taken Izmail, we both would die under his walls." Per

Ishmail Kutuzov was awarded the Order of St. George 3 degrees and rank general

lieutenant. At the final stage of the war with Turkey, the role of Kutuzov increased.

Kutuzov remained the commandant Izmail and the head of the troops located

between the Dniester and Prut. Taking a strategic major fortress, although

predicted the outcome of war, but the struggle for crossing the Danube, for the cities of Machin,

Babadag and over the Black Sea coast continued. Kutuzov led her in difficult

highland conditions against mobile and numerous detachments

turk. Besides the inherent calm and prudency, he showed

wonderful art of maneuver on flanks and rear enemy, the greatest

perseverance and determination in the attack. He becomes one of the famous and

recognized generals of the Russian army.

In 1791 in the city of Iasi, the world was concluded in which Turkey gave way

Russia of the earth between the rivers Southern Bug and Dniester and agreed to admit

the accession of the Crimea to Russia. This was completed by the age-old struggle for access.

to the Black Sea, necessary for economic Development Russia.

With the end of the Russian-Turkish war 1787-1791. Ended an important period

life and activity of Kutuzov. In the harsh practice of the military everyday life, in hot

fights with enemies in the fields of bloody battles passed

one of the most talented and distinctive commander of Russia. By top

19th century Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov grew up in a military leader

large scale possessing deep knowledge military affairs and combat

experience capable of solving complex tasks in the field of strategy and tactics.

Peaceful service.

Since 1793, in the life of Kutuzov began new stage: He becomes a diplomat.

Catherine did not miss Kutuzov out of sight and unexpectedly appointed him

messenger in Constantinople.

year, but for this short period of time he managed to do a lot for Russia.

The tasks of his diplomatic mission were limited, but not easy. Necessary

it was warned by the conclusion of the Union between France and Turkey and eliminate

danger of Penetration of the Russian Fleet in the Black Sea. At the same time you need

was to collect information about the Slavic and Greek filed by Turkey, and most importantly

provide a hijacker of the world with the Turks. All these goals were achieved in

the course of his stay in the Turkish capital.

After the Constantinople mission, a certain break in the military

career and diplomatic activities of Kutuzov.

In September 1794, Mikhail Illarionovich was appointed director

the land of the Cadet Corps, where he managed learning and upbringing

future officers of the Russian army. I myself read lectures on military history,

first introduced tactics in the building.

Kutuzov visited responsible positions: was Kazan and Vyatsky and

vyatsky Governor-General, Commander of Ground Forces

commander of Flotilla in Finland, and in 1798 he went to Berlin to help

prince Repnin, who was sent to eliminate dangerous for Russia

the consequences of the Separation of Prussia with France. He did for repnin all

demanding diplomatic work and reached some important

results: Union with France Prussia did not conclude.

Kutuzov was supposed to command the Ukrainian Dniester "Inspections" in

case of war with Austria.

With the arrival of Alexander, the political situation in the country has become

change, and as much significantly changed the service position of Kutuzov.

Opals began with the fact that Alexander, first appointed Kutuzov

petersburg military governor, suddenly quite unexpectedly in August

1802 fired him from this position (or rather, he deleted from St. Petersburg), and

Kutuzov promoted 3 years in the village, away from affairs. Already then the king did not believe

Kutuzov. Genuine cause of Alexander's hatred was awareness

Kutuzov about the conspiracy against Paul 1, his murder and involvement in this

events of the new emperor. It is under Alexandra 1 in Kutuzov's career in

opals alternated correctly, when Kutuzov removed

from affairs or given him sometimes still significant civilian posts, and

then, just as unexpectedly called on the highest military post.

Alexander could not love Kutuzov, but he needed his mind and talent Kutuzov and

in his reputation in the army, where he was considered the direct heir to Suvorov.

Military company 1805.

Cutuzov remembered when they hurt the danger over the entire Europe - the danger

"Hydra of the Revolution" Napoleon Bonaparte, which for 1805 g has already crushed two

coalition of feudal states. The war began to third coalition against

Napoleon. Then in 1805, an emergency was sent to the village to Kutuzov

courier from the king. Kutuzov offered to be commander-in-chief on a decisive

front section against the French army, held under the authorities

Napoleon.

According to the coalition plan, the United Russian-Austrian collected on Danube

the army was to move to France. Kutuzov entered into command

collected on the Volyne fifty-thousandth army in order to take her deep into

Europe, towards the French troops. Cutuzov's troops amounted to only

part of the stinky-tenty Russian army, which is obliged to put

Alexander 1 on the coalition side. But it was them and I had to withstand

the main burden of struggle. For the first time the Russian army was to fight with

deploted French, personally led by Napoleon.

Many alarm were waiting for this meeting, fearing for Kutuzov, as he was less

known in Europe and no one knew about his abroad abroad. While

as Napoleon managed to provide himself with the names of the battles at Lod, Marrengo, Rivoli.

A large difference between Kutuzov and Napoleon was also in that

that the French emperor was the only leader of his troops, and

Kutuzov was under the supervision of two nothing thinking in the strategy

emperors.

One way or another, in August 1805, the Russian army spoke to Bavaria on

connection with Austrians. Overcoming the MILITOVER WAY, it is in October

reached Brownau. At this time, the Austrian troops were in the area of

Ulma. Kutuzov remained to go through several transitions to connect with

austrians. But Napoleon, having committed a rapid march, large forces

bypassed the Austrian army of Ersgertzog Ferdinand, which actually

commanded General McC and threatened to defeat it to capitulate.

The thirty thousands of Austrian army ceased to exist, and Napoleon

immediately began actions against Kutuzov. Kutuzov knew what was

in the hard position that Napoleon is completely free after Ulma

and that he has three times more troops. Kutuzov accepted the only right

the decision - hastily go to the east to Vienna, and if you need it to Vienna

on the connection with the second Russian army under the command of General F.F.

Buksgeveden, approaching Russia.

Kutuzov came out of the desperate position. He is completely unexpected for

Napoleon, rendered the upcoming army cool reversal: broke the advanced building

Napoleon at Amesetten, and so far Marshal Mortier recovered, became on his way

krems and here already put a very strong blow. Napoleon, being on

another bank of the Danube, did not have time to assist Mariers. Defeat the French

it was complete. But the danger did not pass. Napoleon without a fight took Vienna and again

chasing for Kutuzov. Never the Russian army was so close to danger

substitute to defeat or surrender, as at this moment. For Kutuzov

murat chased, who needed how much way to delay at least

for the shortest time Russian so that they do not have time to join

standing in Olmyuta Russian army. Murat started imaginary negotiations about the world.

But Kutuzov could not be held, he from the first moment I solved the trick

Murata and, now agreeing on the "negotiations", even more accelerated

the movement of its army to the east at Olmyuz. Kutuzov understood that every other day

another French guess that there are no talks and will not. But he

knew who he got a hard thing to serve a barrier from stead

french army. Arierhard was already standing between Hlabrune and Schangraben

Bagration. Bagration was a building in 6 thousand people, Murata in four

times bigger and Bagration all day delayed violently doing

the enemy, and although she paved not enough of his own, but also a lot of French, and did not go

anxious by them. Kutuzov, during this time, was already departed to Olmyuts and connected with

the main forces of Buksghevden, having slept there and Bagration. Everything

attempts by Napoleon to surround the Russian army were unsuccessful.

In the history of military art, the retreat of the Russian army from Brownau to

Olmyutu is considered an outstanding model of a strategic march maneuver, in

the result of which the ratio of forces has changed in favor of the allies:

Napoleon to Olmyutu had only 50 thousand people, the cutuzov strength along with

austrians have increased to 86 thousand. At the military council in Olmyuts Kutuzov,

given the fatigue of troops and the strengthening of the Napoleonic army with new forces,

forces run enough, and give them a battle there.

Unfortunately, Kutuzov's plan was rejected by Austrians and Alexander 1,

which, dreaming about the colonical glory of Napoleon, together with Franz 1

he arrived in the army and actually removed Kutuzov from leadership by troops. IN

the result was made an erroneous decision - immediately oppose

Napoleon, moving all the forks to Austerlitz.

The plan of the offensive of the allies compiled by the talentless Austrian General

Weoter, was designed for passive actions of Napoleon, did not take into account

area features in the Austerlitz area. Kutuzov proved danger

the battle in such conditions, but no one listened to him.

heroism of Russian soldiers and officers, combat experience of Kutuzov, Bagration,

Dohturova, Miloradovich - talented generals of the Russian army. Napoleon

well aware of the plans of the allies blow to the center broke through the front

allied troops and made them fight with an inverted front. As a result

russian-Austrian troops suffered a crushing defeat. Only

thanks to the courage and perseverance of Russian soldiers, Napoleon failed

carry out a plan of complete defeat of the union armies, although losses were

huge: Russians lost 21 thousand killed and wounded, Austrians -

about 6 thousand people. The defeat under Austerlitz led to the collapse

anti-Manzu coalition and the conclusion of the separate contract between

Austria and France.

The blame for the defeat Alexander 1 shifted on Kutuzov, but when everyone became

it is clear that the culprit of Austerlitsky defeat the Russian emperor himself, and not

Kutuzov king even more hated him.

2.5. M.I. Kutuzov - diplomat.

After Austerlitz Kutuzov was in full opal, and only the enemy is not

could see this recognition of defeat, the former commander-in-chief was

after all, the Kiev military governor is appointed by the Kiev military governor, thus applied to him

insult.

But he had to govern the unrestramor. In 1806 - 1807. During very

severe war with France, when after the complete defeat of Prussia Napoleon

winned under Friedland and achieved unprofitable for Russia

Of the Tilzite world, Alexander on bitter experience was convinced that without Kutuzov he

not enough. And Kutuzov forgotten during the war 1806 -1807. with french

caused him to correct things in another war, which Russia continued

whether after Tilzit, in the war against Turkey.

It began in 1806 and took a protracted character, as Turks did not want

deliver, relying on support from France. Generals A.A.

Prozorovsky, P.I. Bagration, N.M. Kamensky commander Russian

for the troops in different years, could not defeat the victory and force

the Turks go to the conclusion of the world. In the situation of the approaching war with

France Alexander 1 was forced to appoint the commander of Moldavian

army Kutuzov.

In early 1811, Kutuzov arrived in Bucharest and took office

commander-in-Chief of the Army, which had 45 thousand soldiers, and the Turks

there were more than 70 thousand. By this time, the Russian army was significantly

weakened - almost half of its composition withdrawn to the fight against Napoleon.

The main task that Kutuzov was to solve was soon

the end of the war and the conclusion of the world profitable for Russia. For her solution

it was necessary to defeat the Turkish army. After long preparations and

the year struck the Turkish visiting under the guilty a serious defeat. Position

russian troops have become better, but still continued to remain critical

especially since after the deliberately rough scene to Napoleon Ambassador

it remained. And the Turks, incited by the French Messenger, intended

fight and fight. Then Kutuzov came up with a tricky plan for full victory over

big Army Vizier.

Kutuzov, convincing the enemy in his weakness because he blows the fortresses and

retreats, lured the Turks to the left bank of the Danube, where he focused his main

forces. Part of Kutuzov's troops sent to the right bank in order to close

the path to the retreat of the Turks. As a result, Kutuzov pressed the army of Vizier to the river and

surrounded by Reduta from all sides. Vizier realized that the troops in such

conditions face full extermination, secretly fled from his deposited

N. Munkov "M. I. Kutuzov - diplomat, "p. 27.

the army surrendered to Russian.

After the capitulation of the troops of Ahmet-Pasha peaceful negotiations lasted yet

half a year - spores went mainly by section of the territories. In the spring of 1812 due to

approaching Napoleon's troops The king has already walked to agree to admit

Rod border, but demanded that Kutuzov insisted on the signing of the Union

agreement between Turkey and Russia. Turks were in no hurry to sign such

agreement, as they hoped for the quick joining Russia in the war with France.

Here Kutuzov let go all the efforts of his huge mind and diplomatic

subtleties. He managed to assure the Turks that the war between Napoleon and Russia

not yet completely solved, but what if Turkey does not reconcile in time

with Russia, Napoleon will again resume friendly relations with Alexander,

and then both emperors will share Turkey in half.

was concluded: Russia not only released for war against Napoleon all

his Danube army, but above it received from Turkey to eternal

possession of all Besarabia. The results that Kutuzov achieved, subsequently in

Europe was determined as a diplomatic "paradox".

Such was the first blow to the time, which caused Napoleon Kutuzov-

diplomat almost three and a half months before him on Borodino

the field struck the second punch Kutuzov-strategist.

M.I. Kutuzov is a great commander.

The most important national liberation war in the early 19th century, in which

the fate of not only Russia, but also Europe, was the Patriotic War

N. Munkov "M. I. Kutuzov - diplomat, "p. 56.

In the Western Russian border, by June 1812, three were concentrated

powerful groups of French troops who had 500 thousand people of infantry and

cavalry at 1372 guns. Working out a hike plan, Napoleon counted

rapid blow to defeat Russian troops in border battles,

put Russia on his knees and thus even more strengthening its power

in Europe.

limits of Russia. The main blow to the French troops was sent to Moscow.

War for Russia began in a disadvantageous strategic environment,

an adverse relationship of forces. The number of Russian troops on the Western

the border was 300 thousand soldiers at 1200 guns stretched on a wide

front from black to the Baltic Seas. Western border of the country defended

three Arms: The 1st West Army of General Barklay de Tolly was located in

Lithuania and covered the St. Petersburg direction; 2nd Western Army General

Bagration covered the Moscow; 3rd Western Army under the command

Tormasov defended Kiev direction. In addition to Valahia

there was a Danube army under the command of Admiral Chichagov.

War plans developed in St. Petersburg had a number of serious miscalculations in

organization of the country's defense. It created huge for the Russian army

difficulties and has become the reason for its retreat.

The goal pursued by Napoleon is not to join the armies, but to break them

single or impose a decisive battle of the Russian army. but

napoleon's strategic plan from the very beginning gave a crack. To general

the battle of Russians did not go, reasonably considering that for him time

the battle, where the courage and heroism of Russian warriors were clearly shown.

At first they detained the enemy at the walls of the city, and then, unresponsible,

they switched to the Moscow road, they were preparing for new inevitable battles. Take

Smolensk cost Napoleon in 20 thousand soldiers, and in the meantime to Russian

the army has studied more and more militia.

The retreat of Russian troops, the loss of extensive territories caused growing

dissatisfaction with the army, among the nobility and in the wide masses

government activities to lead military operations,

the lack of a single command is in the noticing army. All persistent

the requirements for the appointment of Kutuzov commander-in-chief sounded. Especially

created emergency committee to solve the issue to give fate

army and Russia, stated that members of the Committee unanimously chose Kutuzov.

Emergency Committee and signed a decree on the appointment of Kutuzov

commander.

caused a universal lifting of the Spirit in the Russian army. "Cutuzov came to beat

the French, "the soldiers said.

Documents indicate what a huge work I did M. I. Kutuzov

after his destination. He paid attention to just all: the war plan

action and reserves, supply of the army and the state of roads, organization

militia and partisan detachments, medical care and attitude

the key to future success. While Kutuzov drove to the army, she went off with battles

east. Napoleonic troops seized a significant part of the Russian

empire. Having familiarized with the business in the army, then postpone

the general battle was no longer possible, and the Kutuzov takes

the final decision to give it. The people and the army can no longer wait. It

gives the appropriate order by the acting chief of the main

headquarters L. L. Benigsen find a suitable position. Command

stopped on the Borodino field to which the army began to approach in the morning 22

The area in the Borodino region, located 12 kilometers west of

Mozhaisk, heavily sobmlen and crossed a significant number of rivers and

brooks formed deep ravines. East End fields bigger

elevated than western. The River River is flowing through the village, which is in 4- x

kilometers from the village flows into the Moscow river. The river had a tall and obscure

coast, well-covered the right flank of the position of the Russian army. Left

flaring approached close to the fine forest, strongly powder

shrubs and places of marshy.

Most of the tributaries of Kaoche thick walked by shrub, through the village

two Smolensk roads took place: new and old. Having made a position for

Borodino, the Russian army had many advantages. The choice of place is one of

cutuzov's row arts. The difficulty of moving the cavalry and infantry

the enemy, overlapping roads leading to Moscow.

Before the battle, the French army consisted of 135 thousand soldiers and

587Ards. She was opposed by the Russian army of 120 thousand war and 624 guns.

Napoleon considered the Borodino battle as an opportunity for one blow

solve the war in its favor. His plan was to break through

russian positions on the left flank and in the center, push the Kutuzov army in

empty of the Moscow River when the river river is pushed and destroy. Kutuzov

put before the troops, the task is to wrap and bleed the enemy in

defensive battle, so that in a favorable moment to intercept

initiative and go to the counteroffensive. The ratio of forces was still on

side Napoleon, but Kutuzov had superiority in artillery. Kutuzov

tried to take advantage of this superiority and put the army so that

Napoleon could not get around her and attack and rear. Kutuzov put the battery on

height right in the center of the army, near the battery were placed infantry

shelves to reflect the attacks of the French on the battery. On the right wing of the Russians

kutuzov's armies put 1 - the barkala army - de Tolly, on the left wing

there were earthy fortifications (floss) in the form of an angle, they were taken by the 2nd Army

Bagration. Also a few kilometers ahead on the left flank was

shevardinsky has been exposed, and the leftmost body of Tuchkov was left. 24.

august French attacked Shevardinsky Reduce. This allowed to win

time and strengthen the main positions.

Early in the morning, the first shot rang out, then also - it started

"Battle of Giants". Napoleon, using the tactic, moved

basic forces on the left flank. He expected to quickly smash them, and

using confusion to attack from the flank and from the rear. On the left flank.

Napoleon pulled almost all artillery. But it did not bring Napoleon

expected results, because on the left flank stood brave and smart

Bagration, who managed to make everywhere and covered the flanks.

Continuously followed the attacks of the French, to which the Russians were answered

counterattacks. Russians stood on death, the struggle lasted for 7 hours. Only B.

mid day after 8 attacks, after Bagration is deadly wounded

the fights were taken by the battle, the French took flush, but the Russians did not pass positions, they

only retreated for the ravine. Failed to Napoleon to break through in the center.

The French stubbornly sought to capture the battery (Kurgan height), but

each time they were discarded with bayonet attacks. Here bravely

warriors in the fight Raevsky, Dohturov, Miloradovich, and then Baarklay de Tolly

Only at the end of the day, the French have managed to capture huge losses

central battery, but the Russians did not pass positions, they only moved to 800

meters. Russians fought, as they could, but it was seen that long they were not

such. Then Kutuzov went to the same move, which decided the outcome of the battle.

Kutuzov sent two cavalry parts of General M. I. Platov and F. P.

Uvarov, bypassing the Army of Napoleon. Parts appeared so unexpectedly that

french panic. Napoleon did not decide to introduce the old guard to the battle.

Throughout the battle, Kutuzov was in the full sense of the word of the Russian brain

army. Throughout the struggle for Bagration Flash, then for Kurgan

height, then during the brilliant defeat of the cavalry of understatest, finally,

upon termination of the battle for him and the adjutants brought to him

relations and tested against him.

The battle lasted for 15 hours, calmed down only late in the evening. Kutuzov performed

his plan and practically won the battle. The French retreated to the old

position, without solving the task, to destroy the Russian army.

The losses of both armies were huge: the French left 50 thousand

soldier, Russian 38 thousand.

general Feldmarshal, wrote: "Batalia 26 of the former, was the most

the bloody of all those in the newest times are known. A place

the battles we completely disappeared, and the enemy was retracted then to that

the position in which you came to attack. "

Speaking about the Borodino battle, Napoleon was forced to admit: "Of

fifty battles, my data, in the battle of Moscow imposed the most

valit and won the smallest success. "

"When evaluating the Borodino battle," said Military historian P. A. Zhilin,

It should be noted 3 of the main results: Napoleonic army did not break

resistance to Russians, failed and defeat it, thereby opening the road

to Moscow; The Russian army brought half of his troops from the enemy; on the

Borodino field French army suffered irreparable moral

the shock, while the Russian troops increased confidence in victory. "

After the Borodino battle, the events began to develop rapidly.

Kutuzov decided to sacrifice Moscow for the whole of Russia. Leaving the capital

south to rich provinces for the army to rest and gained strength.

But behind these simple actions was what, by going to Tarutin,

Kutuzov turned out to be in the flank of the Napoleonic troops and could calmly cut off

Napoleon from its stocks. This brilliant Tarutinsky maneuver Kutuzov

committed, leaving for Ryazan and Kaluga roads, and Murat

himself so confused that, repeating Napoleon said: "Russian

the army disappeared. " Staying less than a month in Moscow and without having achieved peace from

increasedness of your hike. He was heading, as expected to South

russian provinces in the hope of overwrieving, but the position was already

busy all foreseen Kutuzov. First major clashes

french army with Russian troops near Moscow, which ended

this moment began the infinite twread defeat of the "Great" Army on

russian land. Then there were Maloyaroslavets, Vyazma, Red and Russian everywhere

people won victory. It even reached the point that Napoleon could not stand and

he left his army, fled to Poland.

It is impossible not to note in the months of the war action guerrillas they were a consequence

pariotic lifting in the Russian people. But all this could not happen without

Kutuzov, who was the only one of the commander at that time felt the soul

russian people, believed in him and hoped for his unshakable. Kutuzov

connected with the leaders of partisan detachments, coordinated their actions and

the people were ready to follow him anywhere.

And in December 1812, Napoleon fled, there was no longer a great army, but

russian troops, crushing early unbeatable enemies, found themselves in a wine.

Now, by making courage, King Alexander arrived in the army 1. Kutuzov

i met him with big honors, bowed to his feet dozens of trophy

banners, and the king awarded the commander to the highest combat distinction of the Russian army -

George "First" degree. Both of them remained irreconcilable enemies.

In the future, Kutuzov led the army to Europe, but here he was awarded glory.

The Night Attack was taken by Königsberg, who defended Marshal McDonold.

Delivered without Baia Warsaw. Surrounded by the Cossacks, Dankig Fortress fell.

Poznan, Kalish, dozens of other Polish and german cities among

they are Dresden Leipzig, Berlin.

In Prussia, Mikhail Illarionovich was seriously cold and his condition with

each day has deteriorated. In the city of Bunzlau Kutuzov, being in heavy

position broke into bed, but even then he continued to give orders

army. Shortly before death, Alexander came to him 1. The hypocrite from the first

years of his reign by Mikhail Illarionovich, now

hangeesca asked for a dying about forgiveness, to which he answered: "I, your

majesty, goodbye, but forgive whether Russia will forgive. "

we have applied and drove to the east, to Russia. All over the way in sorrow

silence people met a mourning procession.

Kutuzov performed his duty - he saved the Fatherland from death for descendants, he

was able to withdraw Russia from a difficult situation, glorify it to the whole world as

invincible and all this thanks to not only his genius, but also his

sincere love to your people.

Output.

Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov is the figure in the history of the state

Russian, which can be put in one row with its founder, since

salvation from foreign invaders can be considered the second birth. Such

births History of Russia worried more than once, but it was most convinced

Europe in durability and unshakable Russian character. It would seem already

everything is lost, the war is deadly for Russia, but the Russian people

never surrenders and fights to the last drop of blood, achieving success in

practically hopeless situations. This characteristic feature for Russians

manifested itself in all wars, but the cutuzov used her best, or rather

the people gave him this right. War of 1812 has become one of those rare cases

stories when the people united around one person not because of his glory and

success, not because of his wisdom and mind, although it served as determining

moment, and because of the fact that it was like nobody

i close to him, he expressed the will of the people and it was not given to everyone.

Kutuzov was before the versatile man that could defend interests

Russia in any field of activity and on any front. Can be imagined

no matter how much he has benefited by the state if the king would have passed personal

the cause of hostility and would put the interests of Russia above all, but

Alexander preferred to enter the interests of the country. It was a sample

egoism and irresponsibility, what always opposed the character traits

Kutuzov.

In Kutuzov, lies and some mysteriousness, which is intertwined like me

it seems with his wisdom. In all the pictures, he is depicted thoughtful and

looking somewhere in the depth knowing what great truth about

the existence of all mankind. He seems to be sees through the century and knows

in advance about all accomplishments. Sometimes it seems that by choosing Humanitarian

the path of development, it would be a great philosopher.

Today I do not freely compare Kutuzov with political and state

figures of this time and understand that there are no people among them

means that these people have nothing near people, they have no problems

who inherent in their people, and they have no kinship soul with their people -

because they are not guided by the principles of state, but personal as

onceselves Alexander. And who is not guided by them? Maybe this

honest kutuzov some kind of special, maybe he was specially sent

humanity God for salvation from bloodthirsty Napoleon?

Europe whose peoples were exhausted from the oppression of Napoleon servants. In connection with

Conclusion.

Summing up the spiritual and moral appearance of the Russian soldier in the XVIII - XIX

centuries, we can say that the Russian warrior was primarily strong

spiritually: during the training, he began to realize that she shed his blood for

Fatherland and Orthodox faith, sacrificing life, following the commandments "For friends

The Russian soldier was an example of high morality, expressed in

pious attitude towards ordinary people and civilians. Russian warrior

possessed high morality and smelting, which allowed him to overcome any

the enemy, what the next word "science to win" is evidenced by:

"Bogatyr clutch half a dozen, and I saw and more."

In today's time, the meaning of the great Russian commander especially

great. Designed by Suvorov perfect forms for their time and

methods for conducting an armed struggle that rose Russian military

art on unprecedented height is relevant and in our time.

He left a huge theoretical heritage, enriched all the fields of the military

cases with new conclusions and provisions. Victorious hiking of Suvorov

glorified our homeland.

In the days of great Patriotic War 1941 - 1945 Soviet government

established Order Suvorov, which is one of the highest awards for combat

merit to homeland. During the war, Suvorov

colleges in which military training in the spirit of Suvorov

principles.

A great contribution to the history of Russia at all M.I. Kutuzov.

He is the figure in the history of the Russian state, which can

put in one row with its founder, as salvation from foreign

Russia worried more than once, but it was most convinced of Europe in perseverance and

unshakable Russian.

One way or another, the value of Kutuzov is great not only for all Russia, which he

savils from the enslavers of the harvesters, but also for the whole world, and in particular

Europe, whose peoples were exhausted from the oppression of Napoleonic servants. In connection with

this is Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov, the Great Russian man,

name not otherwise as a "savior of Europe".

Communion, is not a post and not chin.

The commander - this is the warlord, whose personal qualities allow

troops under his leadership to prevent exploits, win great successes and

make a noticeable contribution to shared victory. Every commander makes something

its own character, knowledge, knowledge and experience, in organizing and

maintaining battles, operations and battles.

In military history there are no commander who created the world glory that are not

would love their troops. This means that world-famous

the commander were not only masters of strategy and tactics, but also knew the road

to the heart of his soldiers, his army. They were masters of high spirit of troops,

spelled to unwake in the soul of the soldier, strong confidence in herself.

Bibliography.

A.V. Suvorov. Documents in 4 tons. M., 1951, vol. 1, p. 63-66.

A.V. Suvorov. Documents in 4 m. M., 1951, vol. 2, p. 409.

A.V. Suvorov. Documents in 4 tons. M., 1951, T.3, p. 572 - 573.

A.V. Suvorov. Documents in 4 tons. M., 1951, T.3, p. 587-588.

Bragin M. Zhzl M.I. Kutuzov, 1988, p. 25.

Dragomirov M.I. Selected Works. QUESTIONS OF EDUCATION AND EDUCATION

troops. M., 1956, p. 72.

Druzhinin N.M. The genesis of capitalism in Russia, 1955, p. 24.

Zhilin P.A. The death of the Napoleonic army in Russia, p. 57.

Marx K., Engels F. Op. 2nd ed., Vol. 20, p.171.

10. M. I. Kutuzov: Sat. documents. M., 1950-1956. from. fifteen

11. Mironov G.E. History of Russian Goverment.

M.: Book Chamber,

12. Narotinitsky A.L. International relations of European states with

1794 to 1830 M., 1946, p.11.

13. N. Munkov "M. I. Kutuzov - diplomat, "p. 27, p. 56.

14. Petrushevsky A. Decree. Cit., T. 1, p. thirty.

15. Petrushevsky A. Generalissimus Prince Suvorov: B3-X T. SPb., 1884, T.1,

16. Sinelnikov F. Life, military and political acts of his lightness

general-Field Marshal Prince Mikhail Illarionovich Gornishchev -

Kutuzov - Smolensky ... St. Petersburg., 1813-1814. Part 2, p. 33.

17. Tarla E.V. M.I. Kutuzov is a commander and diplomat. M.: 2007, p. 56.

18. Troitsky N.A. 1812. The Great Year of Russia. M.: 2003, p. four

Periodic printing:

Monthly writings, benefits and entertainment employees. St. Petersburg, 1755,

part 2, p. 156-161; 1756, part 2, p. 18-30. / Magazine published A.P. Sumarokov I.

MM Heraskov.

Snytko E.G. New materials on the history of the public movement of the end

XVIII century. - Questions of history, 1952, № 9

Reference materials:

Jokes of Prince Itali, Count Suvorov-Ramnica / ed. E.

Fuchs. SPB., 1990, p.67

Book of Red Army. M., 1918, p. 107 - 108.

Charter of military. See: PSZ-I, vol. 5, No. 3006

Cyt. Snytko T.G. Decree. Cit., S. 112.

Cyt. By: Tarla E.V. Napoleon. M., 1957, p.57

Slide 1.

Slide description:

Slide 2.

Slide description:

Slide 3.

Slide description:

Slide 4.

Slide description:

Slide 5.

Slide description:

Completion of the army in the first half of the 18th century (continued). The officers of the army initially completed for money (voluntary principle) from among foreign mercenaries, but after the defeat during Narva, 19.11.1700, Peter I introduced a forced set in the guardian soldiers of all young nobles, which after the passage of training was issued to the army officers. Guards shelves, thus played the role of training officer centers. The service life of officers was also not determined. The refusal of officer service entailed the deprivation of nobility. Since 1736, the service life of officers was limited to 25 years. In 1731, the first educational institution was opened to prepare officers - Cadet corps (However, the "School of Pushkar Order" was opened to prepare officers of artillery and engineering troops in 1701). Since 1737, it is forbidden to produce in the officers illiterate.

Slide 6.

Slide description:

Completion of the army in the second half of the 18th century. By the middle of the XVIII century. The Russian army consisted of 331 thousand people. In 1761. Peter III issues a decree "On the liberty of the nobility". Nobles are exempt from mandatory military service. At their discretion, they can choose military or civil service. From this point on, the completion of the army officers becomes purely voluntary. In 1762, the General Staff was organized. Permanent compounds are created in the army: divisions and hulls, which included all kinds of troops in their composition, and could solve various tactical tasks. The main native of the troops was infantry.

Slide 7.

Slide description:

Completion of the army in the second half of the 18th century (continued). In 1766, a document is published, which ordered the system of the recruitment of the army. It was the "general institution about the collection in the state recruit and about the orders, which when the set should be executed." Recruited service besides the fortress and state peasants, it was widespread on merchants, yard people, yasachny, proteinous, spiritual, foreigners, people attributed to the government factories. A cash contribution instead of recruited was allowed to make only the craftsmen and merchants. The age of recruits was set from 17 to 35 years, an increase of not lower than 159cm. Paul I after the Edema for the throne, decisively and severely broke the vicious practice of the linden service of noble children. From 1797, only graduates of cadet classes and schools could be produced in officers, and non-commissioned officers from nobles, who served at least three years. Unter-Officers from Nedranian could get an officer Chin after 12 years of service.

Slide 8.

Slide description:

Slide 9.

Slide description:

Slide 10.

Slide description:

Slide 11.

Slide description:

Slide 12.

Slide description:

Slide 13.

Slide description:

Slide 14.

Slide description:

Slide 15.

Slide description:

Slide 16.

Slide description:

Slide 17.

Slide description:

Slide 18.

Slide description:

Slide 19.

Slide description:

Slide 20.

Slide description:

Slide 21.

Slide description:

Slide 22.

Slide description:

Slide 23.

Slide description:

Slide description:

The accession of the Crimea to Russia (1783). The continuing threat from Turkey (for which the Crimea was a possible bridgehead in the event of an attack on Russia) forced to build powerful fortified lines in the southern borders of the country and distracted the forces and means from the economic development of the border provinces. Potemkin as the governor of these areas, seeing the complexity and instability of the political situation in Crimea, came to the final conclusion about the need to access it to Russia, which would completed the territorial expansion of the Empire to the south to natural borders and created a single economic region - the Northern Black Sea region. On December 14, 1782, the Empress sent Potemkin "the secret" rescript, in which she declared his will "for the assignment of the peninsula". In the spring of 1783, it was decided that Potemkin would go south and would personally manage the accession of the Crimean Khanate to Russia. Arriving in Kherson, Potemkin met with Shahin Gyrey and finally approved in the thoughts about the need for a speedy elimination of Han from the Crimean political arena. Believing that the greatest difficulties may arise in Kuban, he gave orders to Alexander Suvorov and his relative P. S. Potemkin to put forward troops to the Right-Bank Kuban.

Slide 26.

Slide description:

Slide 27.

Slide description:

Slide 28.

Slide description:

Slide 29.

Slide description:

Slide 30.

Slide description:

Siberian State Technological University

Abstract:
By history

Subject:
Russian commander of Russia 18-19 centuries.

Made a student:
Markov Stanislav V.
Course 1; Group 11-1.
Teacher:
Kuzmenko Alexander S.

2011
Content:

Rumyantsev - Sanny Peter Alexandrovich (1725 - 1796)

Ushakov Fedor Fedorovich (1744 - 1817)
Kornilov Vladimir Alekseevich (1806 - 1854)
Nakhimov Pavel Stepanovich (1802 - 1855)

Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov (1730 - 1800)

Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov, Generalissimus, Graph Rimniki, Prince Itali is considered one of the most famous Russian commander commander.
The actual military service of Suvorov began in 1748 by a soldier. After six years, the first officer rank was awarded the first officer. He received a fighting baptism in a seven-year war of 1756 - 1763, where the future great commander of Russia acquired a vast experience in the management of the army, the knowledge of its capabilities.
In August 1762, Suvorov was appointed commander of the Astrakhan Infantry Regiment. And from next year, he has already commanded the Suzdal infantry regiment. At this time, he created his famous "regimental institution" - the instruction containing the main provisions and rules for the education of soldiers, the internal service and combat training of troops.
In 1768 - 1772, in the rank of Brigadier and Major General, Alexander Vasilyevich participated in hostilities in Poland against the troops of the Barna Barpa Confederation. Commander by the brigade and individual detachments, Suvorov made rapid marchs and won the brilliant victories under the nuts, Landskrunny, Zamost, and Tableov, mastered Krakow castle.
In 1773, Suvorov was transferred to the existing army, which participated in the Russian-Turkish war of 1768 - 1774. He received a appointment in the 1st Army General - Field Marshal P. Rumyantsev, where he began to command a separate squad, with whom he made two successful hikes for the Danube and broke the major forces of the Turks from Turtukuka in 1773 and at Kozlugi in 1774.
With the beginning of the Russian-Turkish war 1787 - 1791, Suvorov led the defense of Kherson - Kinburg district, which Turks threatened from the sea and from the fortress of Ochakov. On October 1, 1787, Suvorov's troops destroyed a multi-thousand enemy landing at the Kinburg Spit. The commander personally participated in battle, was injured.
1789 gave him two shiny on the commander-based execution, Victory - Fokshan and during Ramnica. For the victory on the River Ramnik, he was awarded the Higher Military Order of Russia - St. George 1 degree.
On December 11, 1790, Russian troops under the command of Suvorov seized the strongest Turkish fortress Izmail, and the storming numerical
2
inferior to the enemy garrison. This battle does not have equal in world history, being the top of the military glory of an outstanding commander.
In 1795 - 1796, Suvorov commanded the troops in Ukraine. At that time, he wrote his famous "science to win." Alexander Vasilyevich, Alexander Vasilyevich, opposed the introduction of the alien Russian army of Prussian orders, which caused a hostile attitude towards the emperor and yard. In February 1797, the commander was dismissed and exiled in his estate. The link lasted for about two years.

Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov (1896 - 1974)

The most famous commander of the war of the Soviet people against Hitler Germany and its satellites was Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov 1896 - 1974, Marshal of the Soviet Union, four times the hero of the Soviet Union.
In the Russian army, since 1915, the participant of the First World War, the Unter-Officer, was awarded by two St. George crosses. In the Red Army since 1918. In the Civil War, Red Army, the commander of the platoon and the cavalry squadron. He participated in the battles on the eastern, western and southern fronts, in the elimination of banditry.
After Civil War Commanded a cavalry squadron, regiment and brigade. Since 1931, Assistant Inspector Cavalry of the Red Army, then the commander of the 4th Cavalry Division. Since 1937, the commander of the 3rd Cavalry Corps, since 1938 - the 6th Cavalry Corps. In July 1938, he was appointed deputy commander of the troops of the Belarusian Special Military District.
In July 1939, Zhukov appointed the commander of the 1st Army Group of Soviet troops in Mongolia. Together with the Mongolian army, the environment and the defeat of a large grouping of Japanese troops on the Khalkhin Gol River was carried out. For the skillful management of the operation and the manifested courage was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union.
Since July 1940, Zhukov commanded the troops of the Kiev Special Military District. From January to July 30, 1941 - Head of the General Staff - Deputy People's Commissar of the Defense of the USSR.
The colonical talent of Zhukov revealed during the Great Patriotic War. From June 23, 1941, he is a member of the Supreme Command Rate. From August 1942 - First Deputy People's Deputy

3
commissioner of Defense of the USSR and the Deputy Supreme Commander I.V. Stalin.
As a representative of the rate, he organizes Consturdar in the south-western front of the war in the area of \u200b\u200bthe city of Brody, thereby breaking the intention of the Nazis with his moving connections to break through to Kiev. In August - September 1941, General Zhukov commands the troops of the backup front and conducts an elone offensive operation. And September of the same year appointed commander of the Leningrad Front.

Matvey Ivanovich board (1753 - 1818)

Matvey Ivanovich Plates - Graph, General from Cavalry, Cossack. He participated in all wars of the end of the 18th - early 19th century. Since 1801 - Ataman Don Cossack troops. He participated in the battle in Passache-Eilau, then in the Turkish war. During the Patriotic War, first commanded by all the Cossack shelves on the border, and then, covering the retreat of the army, had successful cases with the enemy under the place of peace and Romanovo. During the retreat of the French army of the board, relentlessly pursuing it, the defeat of the city, the Colozza Monastery, Gzhatska, Tsarevo-Zahniki, under the shit, and when crossing the gaga river. For merit was erected into graphic dignity. In November, SMOLENSK took the board with the battle and broke the troops of Marshal Nei under Dubrovna. In early January 1813 he entered into the limits of Prussia and laid Danzig; In September, he received the authorities over the special corps with which he participated in the battle at Leipzig and, pursuing the enemy, captured about 15 thousand people. In 1814, he fought at the head of his regiments when taking Nemur, at Arsi-sur-both, Cesanna, Villenev.

Nikolai Nikolaevich Raevsky (1771 - 1829)

Nikolai Nikolayevich Raevsky - Russian Communion, Hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, General from Cavalry. For thirty years, impeccable service participated in many of the largest battles of the era. After the feat under Saltanovka became one of the most popular generals of the Russian army. The struggle for the Battery of Raevsky was one of the key episodes of Borodinsky. When in 1795 the Persian army invaded the territory of Georgia, and, fulfilling his obligations under the George Treatise, the Russian government declared Persia War. In March 1796
4
The Nizhny Novgorod regiment in the corps of V. A. Zudov went to a 16-month trip to Derbent. In May, after ten days of the siege, Derbent was taken. Together with the main forces, he reached the Kura River. In heavy mountain conditions, Rajews showed its best qualities: "The 23-year-old commander managed to preserve the full combat order and strict military discipline during the exhausting campaign."

Boris Petrovich Sheremetyev (1652 - 1719)

Boris Petrovich Sheremetyev - Graph, General - Field Marshal. Member of the Crimean, Azov. Commanded the army in a campaign against the Crimean Tatars. In battle for Erasper, in Liminity, a squad under his command broke the Swedes, the defeat of the Schlippenbach army during the gummelsgof (5 thousand people, 3 thousand percent). Russian flotilla forced Swedish ships to leave the Neva to the Finnish Bay. In 1703 they were taken by Noteburg, and then Nienshanz, Coporye, Yamburg. In Estlandia Sheremetev B.P. took lucky. Sheremetev B.P. Masked Derpt, which in July 13, 1704 surrendered. During the Astrakhan Uprising Sheremetev B.P. He was sent by Peter I on his suppression. In 1705 Sheremetev B.P. Took Astrakhan.

Rumyantsev - Sanny Peter Alexandrovich (1725 - 1796)

Count with 1744, Russian commander, Field Marshal General 1770. Son of the companion of Peter 1 A. I. Rumyantsev. As a child, he was recorded in the guard, in 1740 was produced in officers and during the Russian-Swedish war 1741 - 43 was in the existing army at his father. Drive the text of the Aboskogo Peace Treatment 1743 to St. Petersburg, for which it was produced into the colonels and was appointed commander of the infantry regiment. During the seven-year war, 1756 - 63 successfully commanded Brigade under Gros - Jersandorf 1757 and Division in the Cunesdorf Battle 1759. Commander Corps, led by Siege and Taking the Kolberg fortress (Kolobrzeg) 1761. In 1764 - 1796 President of the Malor Russian College and Governor's Governor President, Actively Conducted the liquidation policy of the autonomy of Ukraine, in 1783 introduced the pillow on the pillow, spread to Ukraine the action of a humble diploma to the nobility of 1785. At the beginning of the Russian-Turkish war, 1768 - 74 commanded the 2nd army, in 1769 - an expedition to class Azov since August 1769 - 1st army. In the summer of 1770, the Turkish, Large and Cagule defeated the Large and Cagule, defeated the left bank of the Danube, and in 1774, in 1774, a successful attack was forced to conclude Küchuk
5
Caynardzhiy world 1774. In 1775 he received an honorary addition to the name - Zadunaysky and was appointed commander of heavy cavalry. During the Russian-Turkish war, 1787 - 91 commanded the 2nd army, entered the conflict with the commander-in-chief of G. A. Potemkin and actually eliminated from the command. In 1794, nominally was nominated by the commander-in-chief army acting against Poland, but did not leave the disease from the estate. R.-Z. As the commander largely determined the development of Russian military art in the 2nd half of the 18th century. Already during the seven-year war R.-Z. He initiated the introduction of deep combat orders, they were first applied by battalon columns for maneuvering on the battlefield and attacks, light battalions (future huntsman) were created, acting in the loose rank, which meant the birth of new tactics. In the Russian-Turkish war, 1768 - 74 R.-Z. It was purposefully conducted by the principle of a decisive battle as the main way to achieve victory. Its headquarters was characterized by using moving squares, a skillful combination of frontal and flanking strikes, creating and using tactical reserves, the organization of interaction of troops. Special importance attached to massive and rapid shocks with light cavalry. Much attention R.-Z. She paid material support and education of soldiers. His ideas R. outlined in "Instructions" (1761), "Road Service" (1770) and "Thoughts" (1777), they were used in the development of the charters and the reorganization of the Russian army in the 2nd half of the 18th century.

Kutuzov Mikhail Illarionovich (1745 - 1813)

Bunzlow, now Boleslawiec, Poland, buried in St. Petersburg, in the Kazan Cathedral], Russian Communion, Field Marshal, August 31, 1812. Born in the family Engineer - General - Lieutenant. He graduated with honors from the noble artillery school of 1759 and was left under her teacher of mathematics. In 1761, it was produced in the ensign and appointed commander of the Rotaastragian infantry regiment. From 1762 Adjutant of the Revel General Governor, in 1764 - 65 commanded small detachments in actions against Polish confederates. During the Russian-Turkish War, 1768 - 74 - at staff posts, participated in the battles with a row of grave, Large, Cagule, and others. In 1774 under Alushta, he was seriously injured in the temple and the right eye. In 1784, he was produced in Majora General and he was charged with the formation of the Bug of Hheerage Corps, with whom he participated in the beginning of the Russian-Turkish war
6
1787 - 91. K. was a student and associate A. V. Suvorov. In December 1790 K., the commander of the 6th column, participated in the storm Izmail, then in battles under Babadag and Machin. In 1792 - 1794 headed the Emergency Russian Embassy in Constantinople, managed to achieve a number of foreign policy and trade advantages for Russia. In 1794, director of the landlocks of the Cadet Corps, in 1795 - 99, the commander and inspector of the troops in Finland, carried out a number of diplomatic orders (negotiations with Prussia and Sweden). In 1798, he was produced into generals from infanteria. He was Lithuanian 1799 - 1801 and St. Petersburg 1801 - 02 by the Military Governor. In 1802 K., hitting in opal, resigned from the army and was retired. In August 1805, during the Russian-Austria-French War, 1805 appointed commander-in-chief of the Russian army aimed at helping Austria. Having learned during the campaign on the surrender of the Austrian army of General K. Makka under Ulm, K. took the famous march maneuver from Brownau to Olmyz and skillfully brought Russian troops from under the strike of superior enemy forces, having won the victory for Ashtetten and Krems during the departure. The proposed plan of action against Napoleon was not adopted by Alexander I and its Austrian military advisers. Despite the objections to K., which was actually removed from the leadership of Russian-Austrian troops, the Allied monarchs (Alexander 1I and Franz 1) were given by Napoleon, the General Austerlitsky battle of 1805, which ended in the victory of the French. Although K. managed to save the retreating Russian troops from the complete defeat, he was subjected to opal Alexander I and was appointed for secondary posts: Kiev Military Governor 1806 - 07, Corps Commander in the Moldavian Army 1808, Lithuanian Military Governor 1809 - 11. In the conditions of a compelling war with Napoleon And the need to complete the tightened war 1806 - 12 with Turkey the king was forced on March 7, 1811 to appoint K. Commander-in-chief of the Moldavian army. K. Refused the former system of warfare, which was reduced to the seizure and retention of fortresses and cordonal arrangement of troops. He created a moving unit and began the spring campaign of 1811 active actions. On July 22, a major victory under the guilty, the Russian troops won, and in October, K., successfully implementing the strategic plan developed by him surrounded and captured under Slobodzey the entire Turkish army. For this victory, I received a title of Count on October 29, 1811. As an experienced diplomat, K. I achieved the signing of a Biacharest civil contract for Russia, 1812, for which he received the title of the brilliant prince July 29, 1812. At the beginning of the Patriotic War 1812
7
he was elected head of the Petersburg, and then the Moscow militia. After leaving the Russian troops Smolensk K. appointed on August 8 commander-in-chief. Arriving on August 17 to the army, K. decided to give on August 26 the general battle of Napoleon's troops under Borodin. In the Borodino battle of 1812, the French army did not achieve victory, but the strategic situation and lack of forces did not allow K. to move into counteroffensiveness. Seeking to preserve the army, k. without a fight passed by Napoleon Moscow and, having committed a bold flank march-maneuver from the Ryazan road to Kaluga, stopped at the Tarutinsky camp, where the troops replenished and organized partisan de
etc.................

Russia has always been rich in outstanding commander and fleecers.

1. Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky (Ok. 1220 - 1263). - Communion, at the age of 20, he defeated Swedish conquerors on the River River (1240), and in 22-German "dogs-knights" during the Ice Bullings (1242)

2. Dmitry Donskaya (1350 - 1389). - Communion, prince. Under his leadership, the greatest victory in the Kulikov field over Hallerances of Khan Mamaha, which was an important stage in the liberation of Russia and other peoples of Eastern Europe from Mongol-Tatar yoke.

3. Peter I - Russian King, an outstanding commander. He is the founder of the Russian regular army and military fleet. He showed high organizational abilities and the talent of the commander during the Azov campaigns (1695 - 1696), in the Northern War (1700 - 1721). During the Persian campaign (1722-1723), under the direct leadership of Peter in the famous Poltava battle (1709), the troops of the Swedish king Charles XII were defeated and captured.

4. Fedor Alekseevich Golovin (1650 - 1706) - Graph, General - Field Marshal, Admiral. Peter I companion, the greatest organizer, one of the creators of the Baltic Fleet

5 Boris Petrovich Sheremetyev (1652 - 1719) - Graph, General - Field Marshal. Member of the Crimean, Azov. Commanded the army in a campaign against the Crimean Tatars. In battle for Erasper, in Liminity, a squad under his command broke the Swedes, the defeat of the Schlippenbach army during the gummelsgof (5 thousand people, 3 thousand percent). Russian flotilla forced Swedish ships to leave the Neva to the Finnish Bay. In 1703 they were taken by Noteburg, and then Nienshanz, Coporye, Yamburg. In Estlandia Sheremetev B.P. took lucky. Sheremetev B.P. Masked Derpt, which in 13 Il 1704 surrendered. During the Astrakhan Uprising Sheremetev B.P. He was sent by Peter I on his suppression. In 1705 Sheremetev B.P. Took Astrakhan.

6 Alexander Danilovich Menshikov (1673-1729) - the bright prince, the companion of Peter I. Generalisimus of marine and ground troops. Member of the Northern War with Swedes, battles under Poltava.

7. Petr Alexandrovich Rumyantsev (1725 - 1796) - Count, General - Field Marshal. Member of the Russian-Swedish war, seven-year war. The largest victories were obsessed during the first Russian-Turkish war (1768 - 1774), especially in battles with a row grave, Large and Cagule and many other battles. The Turkish army was crushed. Rumyantsev became the first cavalier of the Order of St. George I degree and received the title of Zadunaysky.

8. Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov (1729-1800) - Llest Prince ITALIKI, Count Ramnica, Count of the Sacred Roman Empire, Generalissimus of Russian Land and Sea Forces, Field Marshal General of the Austrian and Sardinian Troops, Grand Sardinian Kingdom and the Royal Blood Prince (with the title "Cousin King "), the cavalier of all Russian and many foreign military orders, presented at the time.
Never in any of these battles did not suffer defeats. Moreover, in almost all these cases, he convincingly defeated with the numerical superiority of the enemy
He took the impact of the impregnable fortress Ishmael, defeated the Turks at Ramnica, Fokshans, Kinburn, etc. Italian campaign of 1799 and victory over the French, the immortal transition through the Alps was the crown of his commander.

9. Fedor Fedorovich Ushakov (1745-1817) - An outstanding Russian Flotodets, Admiral. Russian Orthodox Church ranked saints as righteous Warrior. Feodor Ushakov. He laid the foundations of the new maritime tactics, founded the Black Sea Military fleet, talentedly led them, having won a number of wonderful victories on the Black and Mediterranean seas: in the Kerch Sea Battle, in the battles of the tendra, Kaliacria, and others. The Ushakov island's significant victory was taking Corfu Island in February 1799 G., where the combined actions of ships and a land land decament were successfully used.
Admiral Ushakov held 40 nautical battles. And they all ended with brilliant victories. In the people, he was called "Fleet Suvorov."

10. Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov (1745 - 1813) - the famous Russian commander, General Field Marshal, a brilliant prince. Hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, a full cavalier of the Order of St. George. He fought against the Turks, Tatars, Poles, French in various positions, including the commander-in-chief armies and troops. Formed not existing in Russian little army Connection and infantry

11. Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolly (1761-1818) - Prince, Outstanding Russian Communist Party, General Field Marshal, Military Minister, Hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, full cavalier of the Order of St. George. Commanded the entire Russian army at the initial stage of the Patriotic War of 1812, after which M. I. Kutuzov was substituted. In the overseas campaign of the Russian army, 1813-1814 commanded the United Russian-Prussian army as part of the Bohemian Army of the Austrian Feldmarshal Schwarzenberg.

12. Peter Ivanovich Bagration (1769-1812) - Prince, Russian General from Infanteria, the hero of the Patriotic War of 1812. The descendant of the Georgian royal house of Bagrations. The branch of the Kartalin princes of Bagrations (Petra Ivanovich's ancestors) was made to the number of Russian-Princely gods on October 4, 1803, when approval by Emperor Alexander I, the seventh part of the "General Hercnevnik

13. Nikolai Nikolaevich Raevsky (1771-1829) - Russian commander, hero of the Patriotic War of 1812, General from Cavalry. For thirty years, impeccable service participated in many of the largest battles of the era. After the feat under Saltanovka became one of the most popular generals of the Russian army. The struggle for the Battery of Raevsky was one of the key episodes of the Borodino battle. To when in 1795, the Persian army invaded the territory of Georgia, and, fulfilling his obligations under the George Treatise, the Russian government declared Persia War. In March 1796, the Nizhny Novgorod Regiment as part of the corps V. A. Zudov went to the 16-month trip to Derbent. In May, after ten days of the siege, Derbent was taken. Together with the main forces, he reached the Kura River. In heavy mountain conditions, Rajews showed its best qualities: "The 23-year-old commander managed to preserve the full combat order and strict military discipline during the exhausting campaign."

14. Alexey Petrovich Yermolov (1777-1861) - Russian warlord and statesman, participant in many large wars, which Russian Empire led from 1790s to 1820s. General from infanteria. General from artillery. Hero of the Caucasian War. In the campaign of 1818, he led the construction of the fortress of Grozny. In his submission there were troops sent to pacify the Avarian Khan Shamil. In 1819, Yermolov began the construction of a new fortress - sudden. In 1823 he commanded combat actions in Dagestan, and in 1825 he fought with Chechens.

15. Mattheva Ivanovich board (1753-1818) - Graph, General from Cavalry, Cossack. He participated in all wars of the late XVIII - early XIX century. Since 1801 - Ataman Don Cossack troops. He participated in the battle in Passache-Eilau, then in the Turkish war. During the Patriotic War, first commanded by all the Cossack shelves on the border, and then, covering the retreat of the army, had successful cases with the enemy under the place of peace and Romanovo. During the retreat of the French army of the board, relentlessly pursuing it, the defeat of the city, the Colozza Monastery, Gzhatska, Tsarevo-Zahniki, under the shit, and when crossing the gaga river. For merit was erected into graphic dignity. In November, SMOLENSK took the board with the battle and broke the troops of Marshal Nei under Dubrovna. In early January 1813 he entered into the limits of Prussia and laid Danzig; In September, he received the authorities over the special corps with which he participated in the battle at Leipzig and, pursuing the enemy, captured about 15 thousand people. In 1814, he fought at the head of his regiments when taking Nemur, at Arsi-sur-both, Cesanna, Villenev.

16. Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev (1788-1851g.) - Russian Flotovodets and Maritime, Admiral, Cavalier of the Order of St. George IV class and the open-retractable Antarctica. Here in 1827, the commander of the Military Court "Azov", M. P. Lazarev took part in the Navarino battle. Fighting with five Turkish ships, destroyed them: he sank two large frigates and one corvette, burned the flagship ship under the flag of Tagir Pasha, forced to throw the 80-cannon linear ship, after which he burned and blew him. In addition, "Azov" under the command of Lazarev destroyed the flagship ship of Muharrem-Bay. For participation in the Navarino battle, Lazarev was produced in counter-admirals and was awarded at once in three orders (Greek - "Commander Cross of the Savior", English - Baths and French - Saint Louis, and his ship "Azov" received a St. George flag.

17. Pavel Stepanovich Nakhimov (1802-1855g.) - Russian Admiral. Under the Lazarev team M. P. Made in 1821-1825. circumnavigation On the frigate "Cruiser". During the swimming was produced in Lieutenants. In the Navarino battle, commanded the battery on the linear ship "Azov" under the command of Lazareva M. P. As part of the ADMIRAL Squadron L. P. Heyden; For the difference in the battle, he was awarded on December 21, 1827 by the Order of St. George IV class No. 4141 and produced in the captain-lieutenant. In 1828 Entered the command of the Corvette "Navarin", the trophy Turkish ship, which was previously the name "Nassabih Sabah". During the Russian-Turkish war, 1828-29, the commander of Corvette, as part of the Russian squadron blocked Dardanelles. In the period of Sevastopol defense 1854-55. showed a strategic approach to the defense of the city. In Sevastopol, Nakhimov, although he was listed by the fleet commander and port, but from February 1855, after the flooding of the fleet, defended, to appoint the commander-in-chief, the southern part of the city, with amazing energy management and enjoyed the greatest moral influence on the soldiers and sailors who called him "Father -Abodyna. "

18. Vladimir Alekseevich Kornilov (1806-1855g.) - Vice-Admiral (1852). Participant of the Navarino battle of 1827 and the Russian-Turkish war 1828-29. From 1849 - Head of Staff, from 1851 - the actual commander of the Black Sea Fleet. He played the re-equipment of ships and replacing the sailing fleet steam. In the Crimean War - one of the leaders of Sevastopol defense.

19. Stepan Osipovich Makarov (1849 - 1904) - he was the founder of the theory of the ship's non-optimability, one of the organizers of the creation of the Distribution Ships and the torpedo boats. During the Russian-Turkish War, 1877 - 1878. Successful attacks of enemy ships with sixth mines. He made two round-world travels and a number of Arctic flights. Skillfully commanded the Pacific squadron during the defense of Port Arthur in russian-Japanese war 1904 - 1905

20. Georgy Konstantinovich Zhukov (1896-1974) - the most famous Soviet commander is generally recognized by the Marshal of the Soviet Union. The development of plans for all the largest operations of the United Fronts, large groups of Soviet troops and their implementation were under his leadership. These operations have always ended victory they were crucial for the outcome of the war.

21. Konstantin Konstantinovich Rokossovsky (1896-1968) - an outstanding Soviet military commander, Marshal of the Soviet Union, Marshal Poland. Twice the hero of the Soviet Union

22. Ivan Stepanovich Konev (1897-1973) - Soviet commander, Marshal of the Soviet Union, twice the hero of the Soviet Union.

23. Leonid Alexandrovich Govorov (1897-1955) - Soviet commander, Marshal of the Soviet Union, Hero of the Soviet Union

24. Kirill Afanasyevich Meretkov (1997-1968) - Soviet military commander, Marshal of the Soviet Union, Hero of the Soviet Union

25. Semen Konstantinovich Tymoshenko (1895-1970) - Soviet military commander, Marshal of the Soviet Union, twice the hero of the Soviet Union. In May 1940 - July 1941 People's Commissar of the Defense of the USSR.

26. Fedor Ivanovich Tolbukhin (1894 - 1949) - Soviet warlord, Marshal of the Soviet Union, Hero of the Soviet Union

27. Vasily Ivanovich Chuikov (1900-1982) - Soviet military leader, Marshal of the Soviet Union, during the Great Patriotic War - Commander of the 62nd Army, who particularly distinguished in the Stalingrad battle of 2-waiting for the Hero of the USSR.

28. Andrei Ivanovich Yerömenko (1892-1970) - Marshal of the Soviet Union, Hero of the Soviet Union. One of the most prominent commander of the Great Patriotic War and World War II as a whole.

29. Radion Yakovlevich Malinovsky (1897-1967) - Soviet military leader and statesman. The commander of the Great Patriotic War, Marshal of the Soviet Union, from 1957 to 1967 - Minister of Defense of the USSR.

30. Nikolay Gerasimovich Kuznetsov (1904-1974) - Soviet Naval Worker, Admiral Fleet of the Soviet Union, headed the Soviet Navy (as the People's Commissar of the Navy (1939-1946), Naval Minister (1951-1953 ) and commander-in-chief)

31. Nikolai Fedorovich Vatutin (1901-1944) - General of the Army, Hero of the Soviet Union, belongs to the pleiad of the main commander of the Great Patriotic War.

32. Ivan Danilovich Chernyakhovsky (1906-1945) - an outstanding Soviet military leader, army general, twice hero of the Soviet Union.

33. Pavel Alekseevich Rotmistrov (1901-1982) - Soviet warlord, Hero of the Soviet Union, Chief Marshal of Armored Troops, Dr. Military Sciences, Professor.

And it is only part of the commander who is worth mentioning.