Concept of teaching physical culture at school. The main concepts of improving physical culture in school - Abstract

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The main concepts of the educational subject "Physical Culture"

By the 80th. The XX century has become an obvious need for a radical update of the educational process on the subject of "physical culture". By this time, the situation in the field of theory and practice of education in terms of democratization of the management of a company and the state was stabilized. Publications appeared in print, which covered the system of glances to improve teaching physical culture at school. Many developments were conceptual.

Most concepts critically evaluated traditional for the national system. physical education (especially its schooling) Approaches to an understanding of the target orientation of the subject "Physical Culture", the content of education in the discipline, the organization of the educational process and methods of its practical implementation. In the complex of measures aimed at radical reform of the teaching of the subject "Physical Culture" , ideas of reorientation were put forward objectives of the subject "Physical Culture"with the traditional interpretation of her interpretation on the formation of personal physical culture of schoolchildren: physical education of students, physical training for schoolchildren, the formation of health culture, education of the habits of a healthy lifestyle by the means and methods of physical culture, ensuring the general secondary physical education of schoolchildren.

Recommendations for reorienting target facilities, which were held in the mentioned and other concepts, led to the need for the modernization of other significant elements of scientific and methodological foundations of this discipline (pedagogical principles, the content of education, forms of organization and technology of the practical implementation of the educational process).

As an important component of updating the system of training, education and development in the process of teaching school physical education in concepts is justified complex principlesher restructuring:

- democratization, humanization, intensification, optimization of the educational process, as well as an active approach to the development of education;

- the adequacy of the content of physical training and the didactic apparatus of its (physical fitness) of ensuring the individual state of the person, the harmonization and optimization of physical training with the freedom of choice of the form of activity, based on the inclinations and abilities of the individual;

- Accounting for the features of the zone of the nearest geographical environment and cultural and historical experience in the field of physical culture of the population at the field of the functioning of secondary schools;

- the unity of the ideological, intellectual and bodily components in the formation of physical culture of the individual, polyvativativity and the diversity of physical education, its optimization, etc.

From topical problems for one of the first places there was a problem continuity in general and vocational educationin the field of physical culture in all aspects (purposes, objectives, content, means and methods) of their scientific and methodological grounds.

The object of special attention in many concepts is the content of education for the subject of "physical culture". Most of the positive recommendations that were kept in them are already implemented in state Standa General secondary education in his invariant field "Physical Culture". These are ideas about the alternativeness of curricula, their multi-level or multistage, accounting for regional and local traditions and climate-geographical peculiarities.

A special concept has been developed on this issue. It expressed recommendations that previously sounded in the mentioned and other concepts or already implemented in the State Educational Standard on discipline. It is also said about the need to focus on the development of education for the development of the physical culture of the student, to include educational material on the formation of the skills independently engage in physical culture, the content of education is proposed to bring in accordance with the provisions of the individual-differentiated approach, taking into account age and sexual peculiarities, the level of physical development, health and health status and Motor preparedness. At the same time, an attempt was made to present physical activity as a basis for the formation of an educational subject of the structure of the general secondary education "Physical Culture".

Interesting conceptual Innovative Ideaspresented in the concepts of physical education and sports training developed by the author's group under the leadership of V.V. Kuzina and V.K. Balsevich (2002). In the direction, the level of scientific and theoretical validity, socio-pedagogical significance, they have the prospect of radically update the process of physical education of the younger generations in the third millennium.

The basis for improving the effectiveness of compulsory physical education of children, adolescents and youth V.K. Balsevich considers the use of technologies of the wellness, conditioned and sports workout at the highest possible freedom of choice of physical activity, its shape, physical exertion indicators and personally acceptable level of planned results with the obligatory implementation of individually defined educational standards. The scientific and technological essence of organizational and methodological innovations in physical education consists in the priority content of the content pedagogical process In a secondary school for the assimilation of educational moral, intellectual, behavioral, motor, mobilization, communicative, formative and saving the health of the values \u200b\u200bof physical and sports culture on the conversion mechanism of acceptable elements of the elite national and global culture of sports training in mass physical education.

The problems of the Olympic Education are noteworthy: a place in the system of physical education, importance, essence, content, form of organization and implementation methods.

A significant place in the content of the Olympic Education is given to the history of games and their modern state, integration of sports and culture, the originality of the competition at the Olympic Games, the orientation of the ideas of Olympism on the formation of a person, promoting the Olympic movement and politics around him. The central place is given to the study of the Olympic Charter.

Among the ideas of modernization of the theory and practice of school physical culture, two dominant trends were allocated. One of them is the orientation of the content of the subject and technology of its implementation on the increase in the educational orientation of the discipline, the formation of the physical culture of the student's personality, the other is an increase in the training effect of the educational process.

Most concepts have been introduced into the practice of education, one on the scale of the country, others in the subjects of the Federation or regions.

In accordance with theoretical developments prepared learning programs:

A comprehensive program of physical education of students of I-XI classes;

Program of physical education of students I-XI classes based on one of the sports;

Physical education of students of I-XI classes with directional development of motor abilities;

Physical culture: educational program for students of the middle common-breeding school;

Program on physical culture for students of I-XI classes;

Antistress plastic gymnastics;

Spartan games and clubs in the education system, upbringing and organizing schoolchildren leisure;

Basics of Olympic Knowledge;

Approximate program In physical culture for students (initial, basic, complete) high School and etc.

In 2016, a lot of work was carried out to develop a concept subject area "Physical education". The first version of the project project is formed and aims to discuss in the subjects of the Russian Federation.
Specialists of physical culture and sports of the Kaliningrad region took an active part in the discussion of the project concept. The total number of participants in the discussion of the document was more than 120 people. Results of a discussion of the draft concept of modernization of the educational subject "Physical Culture" in the Russian Federation at the region level can be viewed on the evaluation of the Federal working Group, Kaliningrad region heads a list of regions that submitted the most constructive offers.

Presentation with a report on the development of the concept presented at the scientific and practical conference "Improving the content of education, educational technologies and programs of physical education in the implementation of the introduction of GTO and VFSC GTO" (April 20-21, 2017, Moscow) can be found .

We thank everyone who took part in the examination of the content of the concept!

In 2017, work continues on the formation of the concept of modernization of the educational subject "Physical Culture" in the Russian Federation (hereinafter - the Concept), taking into account proposals received from the pedagogical community of the regions.
In the new project of the Concept, a system of views on the main objectives, the tasks and directions of modernization of the educational subject "Physical Culture" in general education organizationsimplementing basic general education programs in the Russian Federation, and the strategy and the vector of development of the educational subject in the context of the trends of domestic and world experience is determined. The purpose of the concept is to increase the educational, educational and recreational potential of physical culture.

According to paragraph 4.1. new project concept for updating the content and teaching technologies of the educational subject it is advisable to detail the requirements for subject results Mastering the main general education programs in terms of physical culture.
Currently, working groups under the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation work is underway to detail the requirements for the results of learning, formulated in the federal state educational standards of the initial general Education And on May 26, a discussion of proposals for amending the current GEF of the NEO in terms of the requirements for subject results in physical culture has begun.

To familiarize yourself with the proposals for making changes to the GEF of primary general education in terms of the requirements for the planned substantive results in physical culture, we can pass onthis reference .

Dear Colleagues! We invite you to take part in the discussion of this draft change.

^ 1. The formation of the theory and methods of teaching the subject "Physical Culture"

2. Modern theories and methods of learning subject "physical culture"

^ 3. The place and significance of the subject "Physical Culture" in the content of general education

4. The main concepts of the educational subject "Physical Culture"

1. The formation of the theory and methods of teaching the subject "Physical Culture"

Physical culture is an invariant component of the content of the formation of a global nature independent of the political orientation and nature of production relations in states, racial, ethnic and confessional affiliation of citizens.

A positive role in the penetration of physical culture in educational plans of institutions of general education was played by the origin of the capitalist public system, the most interested in the physical development of man. Other important factors were: first, the development of pedagogical thought (physical education was considered an integral element of education of children and adolescents); secondly, the formation in the countries of the Western and Central European National (German, Swedish, French) and individual gymnastic systems; Thirdly, the emergence of related pedagogical reform trends, or movements - philanthropism and the so-called new education, which attached the ideas of physical

education systemic character, made them real. The considerable period of human history was required for the origin, the formation and development of national physical education systems. In them, as the main form of organizing classes, physical exercises, a lesson on the discipline of physical education orientation (physical culture, physical education, physical education, sports, recreation, gymnastics, etc.) was historically developed.

In Russia, a scientifically substantiated system of physical education P.F.Lesgafta was created and implemented. IN educational space Russia penetrated and "passed" German, Swedish and Sokol gymnastic systems, rolling games, on F Ramp. On the outskirts of Russia, in Siberia, in the Caucasus, the Far North, Far EastPhysical education was carried out using elements of folk physical culture.

The formation of the theory and teaching techniques educational disciplineaimed at physical education of students, in Russia occurred in the context of acute competitive struggle between supporters of foreign, individual and national-national systems of physical education. This has become one of the reasons that made the introduction of physical culture in the institution of general education and the formation of the foundations of his teaching method. Radical changes in the position of physical culture in schools and other educational institutions related to the creation of a socialist system of public education in the country. A fundamentally important thing in the substantiation of the place and role of physical culture in education and education in the socialist state was the attitude of V.I. Lenin to the issues of physical education of the younger generation. Physical education has become an invariant component of the process of forming a socialist type of personality: comprehensively developed, combining in itself spiritual wealth, moral purity and physical perfection. Introduction to the schools of schools I and II stages of the subject under this name was associated with the need to develop an appropriate functional purpose of the pedagogical system. One of the most difficult issues was the rationale for the target orientation, the content of education, the forms of organizing classes and methods of learning on discipline.

A positive contribution to the creation of basic provisions, which subsequently amounted to the method of teaching school physical culture, made A.A.zikmund, V.V. Belinovich, V.V. Gorizhevsky, G.A. Duperron, E.S.Piotrovsky. The publication of materials on pedagogical approaches to the creation of the methodological foundations of the subject "Physical Culture" in the publishing houses "Physical education and tourism", "Time", "Young Guard" and others were published scientific and methodological works, reflecting the theory and practice of French, German, Swedish , Sokolsk and American systems of physical education of young people.

As a result of the joint efforts of party organizations and the state, the search for specialists by the end of the 1920s. The country was born in the country of the formated national (Soviet) system of physical education.

In the works of the theorists of the physical culture G. A. Duperon, A. A. Zikmund, V.V. Gorijanevsky, I. P. Culturally, there were trends to determine the concept of "physical culture" and its concretization in relation to the object of learning in secondary schools; The formulation of the tasks of physical education in schools I and II steps appeared. In the following decades, these tasks performed the objects of the object "Physical Culture". There was an approach to understanding the content of education in physical culture. I strengthened his position a lesson of physical culture as the main form of classes.

In 1950-1960. The subject "Physical Culture" was transformed into the system-forming form of organizing physical education in general education institutions. He combined uncommitted (extracurricular) forms of organizing exercise activities: physical education and recreation activities in the school day (gymnastics before classes, physical education minutes and pauses in the lessons, games and physical culture fun on change), extracurricular and out-of-school sports work. During these years, a network of professional physical education institutions was created - institutions and technical schools of physical culture, branch and faculties of physical education of pedagogical schools. Teaching discipline was carried out according to unified programs and scientific and methodological settings. The discipline programs were focused on such basic sports as gymnastics, ski preparation, athletics, sports games (basketball, volleyball, manual ball and football elements). In these years, the three-part structure of the lesson of physical culture was strengthened. The continuity of the content of lessons and extracurricular shapes.

An important period for the formation of the scientific and methodological foundations of the subject "Physical Culture" was 1970-1980s, when scientific research works were actively conducted, which secured the socio-biological and psychological and pedagogical provisions of the subject "Physical Culture". Expanded the training centers of scientific and pedagogical frames outside of Moscow and Leningrad. The educational focus of the educational subject "Physical Culture" has been strengthened, a series of educational and methodological aids for physical education teacher, including the publication of an experimental training manual for students on the subject of "physical culture", was produced.

During these years, a set of regulatory documents were prepared, which streamlined the main issues of the theory and practice of school physical education: the Regulation on the physical education of students of secondary schools, the Regulation on sports competitions among children and young people, guidance and methodological letters "On extracurricular sports and improving work at school "and" On the assessment on the subject "Physical Culture" and others.

In the formation of the theory and methods of training, the subject "Physical Culture" with a certain convention can be distinguished by four significant stages.

The first stage is the most prolonged. Penetration of educational disciplines of physical education orientation into the structure of the content of general education. The completion of this stage should be considered the inclusion of the subject "Physical Culture" in schools of schools I and II of the steps of the Russian Federation.

Second Stage (1920-1940). Narget of the original educational and methodological base of learning the subject "Physical Culture" (training programs, lesson as the main form of organization educational process, guidance of the teacher, etc.).

Third Stage (1950-1970). The formation of the scientific and methodological foundations on which the theory and methodology of learning discipline could be based, which led to strengthen the theoretical and methodological foundations of its teaching.

Fourth stage (1980 - 2000). Transformation of the scientific and methodological foundations in the pedagogical system of the educational subject and the technology of its practical implementation.

2. Modern theories and teaching techniques subject "Physical Culture"

Physical culture, forming as a subject of learning in a secondary school, acquired the appropriate functions - the goal, the content of education, the form of organization of the educational process and the methods of its implementation, didactic processes, which, together with others, would be particular didactics or teaching methodology. To date, the subject "Physical Culture" still does not have holistic courses: there is neither private didactics as the theory of learning, nor the methodology as science on the laws of teaching this discipline. None of them makes it subject to research in the training centers (institutes, universities, academies) and advanced training of physical education teachers. Textbooks or tutorials On the theory and methods of physical education or physical culture, only individual questions (a lesson as the main form of educational process, program, planning, control, assessment, accounting, etc.) are covered.

The creation of a physical culture technique took place in conditions when

the main system-forming components of the scientific and methodological foundations of the discipline itself were not yet developed. Thus, school physical culture never had and does not have a real specifically formulated general goal. At various stages of the formation of the subject, the educational process was focused on various purposes (national systems of physical education, communist education, the formation of a new person, the physical education complex of the GTO, etc.). The absence of such a goal deprived the school physical culture of the stable content of learning, as the latter is naturally determined by the purpose of teaching. For this reason, the curriculum has often changed. Teacher of physical culture in the 1920-1990s. failed to teach children from the first to graduation class On one unchanged program. The loss of the target and meaningful components of the pedagogical system of discipline led to the fact that the educational process in physical culture is maintained mainly by didactic processes, not fully reflecting the peculiarities of the subject itself.

These circumstances in the complex with others make it difficult to fulfill the order of the state and society in the field of physical education of students of secondary schools - their physical improvement.

1. The discrepancy between the declarations on equality (or even prevailing) the role and importance of this discipline among others in the policy documents of the state and the party and its actual underevaluation of those who had to implement these plants (heads of education authorities, school administration, local party-state Nomenclature, etc.). Such a mismatch deprived of school physical culture real Support From the state, and scientific research work on the creation of the technique was sprayed, not reaching the goal.

2. Transfer of accent of public interests with the problems of mass culture for the sports and preparatory orientation of physical education with all the consequences arising from here (increasing the priority of scientific searches in the field of sports training before research on the methodology of physical culture and the corresponding redistribution of financing, material and moral incentives for scientific and practical employees, comparative simplicity of introduction, publication, etc.).

3. Creating the visibility that scientific and theoretical and methodical developmentTrained for sports training (motorway learning processes, motor development), or their simplified variants (lesson structure, formation of activities engaged in classrooms, methods of teaching and developing motor qualities, etc.) can be transferred to the practice of teaching physical culture at school . This led to the substitution of real components, which in the aggregate and in relationship would be a methodology of the subject, alien, not fully relevant to the peculiarities of its functioning at school.

4. At a certain stage (1940-1950s.) The technique of a lesson of physical culture was developed. Being one of the main components, he later turned into a dominant, the main process. And as a result, in the 1960-1980s. The lesson technique was presented as a holistic teaching of physical culture at school. This circumstance in aggregate with others suspended the process of creating a physical culture technique. Instead of the technique as a scientific discipline, the theory and practice of school physical culture have acquired a technique as a set of methodological prescriptions for the teacher to prepare and conduct a lesson of physical culture.

5. The philosophical, pedagogical, psychological, biological, and theoretical foundations of physical education, which could be relying the formative method of the subject "Physical Culture" could not be established immediately.

6. In pedagogical science, a unlawful ban on the creation of subject didactics was acted for a long time. It was believed that as a branch of pedagogy, there is only a common didactics. And didactic studies and their results, reflecting the specifics of the educational process on specific disciplines, can be represented only as teaching techniques.

Thus, the modernization of the scientific and theoretical foundations is required

the subject "Physical Culture" as a carrier of the system-forming began in the structure of the organization of physical education at school, does not tolerate the creation and didactics, and the methods of his teaching.

3. The place and significance of the subject "Physical Culture" in the content of general education

The subject "Physical Culture" - an element of the structure of the content of general education is subject to influence and influence of many factors determining (defining) the education system as a whole and its individual components. At the same time, the extent of the impact of various factors on each element of the structure of the content of the formation or pedagogical (didactic or educational) system can be different. Some factors are equally affected by educational items, defining their place and importance in the content of education and education, others have a variety of impact.

In a number of factors that determine the need to radically improve the effectiveness of the educational process in physical culture, the formation of a comprehensive and harmoniously developed person is put forward to the fore. Development modern society It is characterized by even more intensive improvement of machine production and increasing its technical level. This imposes higher requirements for the preparation and development of the younger generation. From here, the comprehensive and harmonious development of the personality, being an objective need of the social process, is transformed into ideals of modern education - its goal.

This factor is among the dominant influence on the formation of the theoretical and methodological foundations of the subject "Physical Culture", because the specificization of the target orientation will entail a chain of consecutive changes to the content of education, tools, forms, methods of organizing the educational process.

Modern scientific and technical progress will significantly change the nature of the production, including the agricultural sector, defense, sports, recreational and domestic activities of people. Labor activity is already required by the development of such new motor qualities as speed and accuracy of orientation in the information obtained, the feeling of rhythm, mastering the synchronous rapid and accurate movements of both hands, limiting their functional asymmetry. Hence the need for the preparation of children, adolescents, youth to life in the conditions of the magnificent impact of scientific and technological progress.

At the same time, the scientific and technical revolution caused such phenomena as hypokinesia - insufficient motor activity of people with all the consequences arising from here. The special literature indicates the nearest and long-term consequences of hypocinezia. Among the first, violations of the coordination of well-automated natural movements (walking), a decrease in the biomass of anti-gravity muscles, a decrease in the density and mechanical strength of bone tissue, limiting the adaptation capabilities of the heart, congestive phenomena in the venous vessels of the lower extremities, the weakening of the immunobiological properties of the body.

Reorientation of the focus of socio-economic and political development Russian state Upualizes the social functions of physical education of students of young people. For modern teenagers, young men, a young man, physical culture becomes the most affordable and effective means of correction of defects of morphofunctional development of the body, consolidating the social status and prestige of the personality, harmonization of psychophysical abilities, ensuring social protection, the formation of self-discipline and confidence in life, recreation, etc.

Hence the identity needs in physical improvement, implemented through the educational subject "Physical Culture" - an important factor that determines the renewal of the theory and practice of teaching this discipline in a secondary school.

Other significant factors for the modernization of the scientific and methodological foundations of school physical culture should be considered the reform of economic covets and the reorientation of the political development of the Russian state. The latter led to the loss of traditional for Russians throughout long period (70 years) Institutes of Social Protection of Citizens and Society Differentiation on a lot of properties and negligible doctors, exacerbation of interethnic, intergroup (interclane) and interpersonal conflicts. Under these conditions, physical culture becomes the most affordable and effective means, the form of the organization and the method of achieving collective and individual aspirations of students of young people.

The multidimensity of the functions and the distinguishing socio-pedagogical significance of physical education in the activities of general education institutions led to the need to create a subsystem of school physical culture with relatively independent forms of its organization, such as:

Extracurricular forms of organizing physical culture and sports;

Physical and health events in the school day mode;

School-wide physical cultural and sporting events.

The effectiveness of the physical education of schoolchildren depends on proper setting educational process on the subject of "physical culture", the rational volume of mass physical education and recreational activities in the mode of school day, the wide participation of students in various forms of extracurricular and extracurricular work on physical culture and sport, the optimal implementation of physical exercises in daily life Schoolchildren.

Among the many subjective and objective factors that caused this situation, dominates the purpose of the target designed to form the system of teaching this academic discipline. These goals should be detailed in specific taskswhich are necessary for the development of other components of pedagogical systems, forms of organizing physical education in school (content and didactic processes that determine the implementation of the content, solving problems, achieving goals). Secondly, there should be a functional relationship that reflects the hierarchy of goals and objectives between the forms of physical education organization, the organization of classes and methods of conducting.

The total average physical education education of students, the purpose of the school subject "Physical Culture" is achieved by solving interconnected and interdependent tasks of an educational, wellness and recreational, educational, educational nature. The latter can be considered as basic groups of pedagogical problems of this discipline.

Consider a complex of pedagogical tasks.

Educational and instructive tasks include:

1. Armament of students with knowledge necessary for independent use of exercise, factors of the external environment, the regime of study, labor and recreation in order to physically improving.

2. Formation of motor skills and skills and skills for basic vital movements:

Analytical "School of Movements" as a system of elementary gymnastic exercises and methods of their interconnected implementation, with which the ability to differentiate separate movements is formed and the ability to coordinate them in various combinations;

System of exercises designed to master the main methods of rational use of forces to move in space, overcoming obstacles and operating subjects;

- "School" of martial arts, counteraction, interaction in the living forms of motor activities.

3. Formation of students in the ability to use knowledge and motor skills in the process of independent practices in physical exercises in the family, at the place of residence, in places of mass recreation, labor and other socially useful activities.

The group of health and recreational problems can be classified:

1. Promoting the achievement of harmony in the physical development of schoolchildren.

2. Preparation of the body of students to gradually increasing intellectual and physical exertion.

3. Formation of proper posture of school-age children.

4. Promoting the increase in the stability of the body of schoolchildren to the adverse effects of the external environment (hardening).

Educational and educational tasks include:

1. Ensuring the optimal development of motor (physical) qualities (abilities) of students.

2. Promoting the development of moral and volitional qualities of students.

3. Promoting the formation of social activity of students.

4. Formation of a healthy lifestyle. Need to systematically engage in exercise in everyday life.

It is assumed that the integrated solution of the specified tasks will ensure the formation of a common average physical education of students. The social and biological significance of the functions of the subject "Physical Culture" is that it aims to armared with knowledge of knowledge, contributes to the formation of basic motor and instructive skills, tears to the systematic use of physical culture in life; promotes the development of motor and moral and volitional qualities, as well as healing and normal growth of the children's body. This allows you to fill in the appropriate content of uncommitted (extracurricular) forms of physical education of schoolchildren, use organizational forms and methods. Physical culture creates opportunities to coordinate the main components of pedagogical systems of extracurricular forms of physical education, gives them integrity.

4. The main concepts of the educational subject "Physical Culture"

In the complex of measures aimed at radical reform to the teaching of the subject "Physical Culture", the ideas of reorientation of the objective of the subject with the traditional interpretation of its interpretation on the formation of the personal physical culture of schoolchildren were put forward to the formation of the personal physical culture of schoolchildren: physical education of students, physical training of schoolchildren, the formation of a health culture, education of a healthy lifestyle habits by means and methods of physical culture, ensuring the overall secondary physical education of schoolchildren. Recommendations for reorienting target facilities, which were held in the mentioned and other concepts, led to the need for the modernization of other significant elements of scientific and methodological foundations of this discipline (pedagogical principles, the content of education, forms of organization and technology of the practical implementation of the educational process).

As an important component of updating the system of learning, education and development in the process of teaching school physical education in concepts, a set of principles of its restructuring - democratization, humanization, intensification, optimization of the educational process, as well as an activity approach to the development of the content of education; adequacy of the content of physical training and the didactic apparatus of its (physical fitness) of ensuring the individual state of the person, the harmonization and optimization of physical training with the freedom of choice of the form of activity, based on the inclinations and abilities of the individual; Accounting for the peculiarities of the zone of the nearest geographical environment and cultural and historical experience in the field of physical culture of the population at the field of functioning of secondary schools; The unity of the ideological, intellectual and bodily components in the formation of the physical culture of the personality, polyvativativity and the diversity of physical education, its optimization, etc.

From topical problems for one of the first places there was a problem

continuity in general and vocational education in the field of physical culture in all aspects (targets, objectives, content, means and methods) of their scientific and methodological grounds.

The object of special attention in many concepts is the content of education for the subject of "physical culture". Most of the positive recommendations that were kept in them were already implemented in the State Standard of General Secondary Education on its invariant field "Physical Culture". These are ideas about the alternativeness of curricula, their multi-level or multistage, accounting for regional and local traditions and climate-geographical peculiarities.

Interesting ideas of a conceptually innovative nature are presented in the concepts of physical education and sports training developed by the author's group under the leadership of V.V.Kuzin and V.K. Balsevich (2002).

In the direction, the level of scientific and theoretical validity, socio-pedagogical significance, they have the prospect of radically update the process of physical education of the younger generations in the third millennium.

The basis for improving the effectiveness of compulsory physical education of children, adolescents and youth V. K. Balsevich considers the use of technologies of the wellness, conditioned and sports workout at the maximum possible freedom of choice of the type of physical activity, its shape, indicators of physical exertion and the personally acceptable level of planned results with mandatory execution Individually defined educational standards. The scientific and technological essence of organizational and methodological innovations in physical education consists in the priority of the content of the pedagogical process in a general education school for the assimilation of educational moral, intellectual, behavioral, motor, mobilization, communicative, healthy and health-saving values \u200b\u200bof physical and sports culture on the conversion mechanism of acceptable elements of elite National and world sports training in mass physical education.

Among the ideas of modernization of the theory and practice of school physical culture, two dominant trends were allocated. One of them is the orientation of the content of the subject and technology of its implementation on the increase in the educational orientation of the discipline, the formation of the physical culture of the student's personality, the other is an increase in the training effect of the educational process.

Most concepts have been introduced into the practice of education, one on the scale of the country, others in the subjects of the Federation or regions.

In accordance with theoretical developments, curricula has been prepared: a comprehensive program of physical education of students of I-XI classes; Program of physical education of students I-XI classes based on one of the sports; Program "Physical education of students of I-XI classes with a directional development of motor abilities"; Physical Culture: Educational program for secondary school students; Program on physical culture for students of I-XI classes; Antistress plastic gymnastics, Spartan games and clubs in the education system, upbringing and organizing schoolchildren leisure; Basics of Olympic Knowledge; Approximate program on physical culture for students (initial, main, complete) secondary school, etc.

GOU Pedagogical Academy

Department of Human Science and Physical Culture

TEST

SUBJECT: "The main concept of improvement

Physical culture at school "

Rubtsova Irina Leonidovna

Teacher of physical culture

MOU Odintsovo gymnasium №13

odintsovo

2010 year

1 question. Per last years In Russia, the problem with the state of health of the population was aggravated, the number of people who use drugs, abusing alcohol and addicted to smoking. The main reasons negatively affecting the health of the population should include a decrease in living standards, deterioration of the conditions of study, labor, recreation and state of the environment, quality and structure of nutrition, an increase in excessive stress loads, including a decrease in the level of physical fitness and physical development practically All socio-demographic groups of the population.

Currently, physical culture and in the country only 8 - 10% of the population is engaged in the country, while in economically developed countries of the world this figure reaches 40-60%.

The most acute and requiring urgent solution is the problem - low physical fitness and physical development of students. The actual volume of motor activity of students and students does not provide full development and strengthen the health of the younger generation. The number of students and students attributed for health to a special medical group increases. In 1999, there were 1 million 300 thousand, which is 6.5% more than in 1998 the prevalence of hypodynamine among schoolchildren reached 80%.

The overall physical education system in Russia is experiencing a crisis. It manifests itself primarily in the insufficient education of the population, a low level of health and physical fitness of students of young people, a small number of people engaged in systematically physical culture and sports.

Causes of the crisis state of general physical education.

1.Mine the educational content of training sessions for FC content from other forms of physical education.

2. Clearing a clear goal academic work By FC in school.

3. Dead-sensitive amount of academic time drawn to training sessions.

4. Annotation and insufficient attention to the formation of special knowledge, the intellectual component of the physical culture of the personality of schoolchildren.

5. Approach to the creation of conditions for self-education and self-improvement, transformation of classes on FC to "Motor Tasking".

6.Nest use of sports science in mass form of physical education.

7. Low possession of PC teachers with modern pedagogical and health-saving technologies.

8.Libe levels of ensuring the educational process in physical education (teaching and methodical, medical and logistical).

9.Look educational work.

10.The attention to the delivery of averaged standards as the main criterion of student academic performance.

11. There is a wide value prohibited by sports competitions.

2 question . Currently exist 3 concept of improving FC in school.

1. The turning orientation of the FC in school.

2. Sports FC in school.

3. Educational orientation of FC in school.

1. Supporters of this concept believe that all the content of school lessons of FC should have one goal - the recovery of students. This is due to the advent of "school diseases", various functional disorders and hypodynamies in 70% of schoolchildren. Health state depends on the head, and the systematic classes of FC is one of the important terms of the head. In this regard, it is necessary to better organize extracurricular work on FC, increase the number of hours allocated to FC.

Ways to implement this concept.

Improving motor activity in the lesson and in the organization of extracurricular activities.

Conduct FC minute and pause.

Movable changes.

Selection of funds and methods for the prevention and correction of "School

diseases.

Improving physical culture work at school and in groups of extended day.

To solve these tasks, it is necessary to increase the level of teacher training.

2. This concept allows you to identify sports abilities in children and more effectively select children for exercise in great sports. This will entail an increase in students' interest in FC, the wider use of proven sports training technologies, which will be more efficient development of motor skills and physical qualities and improving the functional state of a person, a significant health promotion (compared to the school FC).

Negative sides of this concept: damage to the educational content of FC, the impossibility of attracting all students (reluctance to engage, lack of opportunities, abilities in children. To introduce this concept, a corresponding material and technical base (or favorable conditions) is needed and a high professional level of training. Teachers of physical culture, and most importantly, the removal of FC lessons for the schedule grid.

The main reason for the need for this concept is the poor state of school FC, the substitution of educational content in the training sessions of FC content from other forms of FV, their transformation into wellness and entertainment activities, in one of the forms of active recreation. There is also a fact of degradation of educational discipline, which is the status of general education discipline. This is not realized by most teachers of FC and perceived in society as a norm. As a result, the loss of the lesson of FC is its integrating function, turning it from the main in the ordinary form of FV. The alienation of the FC from school's school life occurs, often there are doubts about its need for a school charter. "Losing" from a system of general education disciplines forms an intuitive rejection of FC as an equal general educational discipline as teachers and parents and students.

Teachers FC feel the complex of inferiority of the subject they taught compared to others. There is a lack of physical education, physical development prevails.

This suggests that the existing system of general education in FC iszy down and discredited.

These FC lessons are the training sessions on which its theoretical and practical methodological foundations are learning how the rational effects of FC funds on the body are familiar.

This concept is based on the priority of educational orientation. It makes it possible to ensure the formation and use of the physical knowledge system as an intellectual framework for targeted motor activity in accordance with the laws of nature and individual characteristics.

3 question . I consider the most progressive and promising concept of Lukyanenko.

This concept involves a fundamental transformation of educational work on physical culture at school based on the idea of \u200b\u200bgenuine implementation of the exercise PF. Lesgafta on "physical education." It is one of the practical applied results of theoretical activities aimed at renewing and the further development of this exercise, carried out with modern life realities and the newest achievements of the theory of physical culture, pedagogy and science as a whole, based on the fundamentalization of the content, disclosure and effective use of unique By its nature, the general educational potential of the educational subject "Physical Culture" in a secondary school.

4 question.

Concept of the educational subject "Physical Culture and Health"

1. Introduction

One of the priority tasks of general secondary education is to preserve and strengthen the physical and mental health of students, education of the careful and responsible attitude towards their own health and health of other citizens, the formation of hygienic skills and a healthy lifestyle. Its successful solution depends largely on the quality of the organization of studying from the presence of "Physical Culture and Health" in every general education institution.

In the process of mastering the educational subject "Physical Culture and Health", a wellness effect is achieved, the mental and physical performance of students is restored and increased. Socially and personally significant results include the correction of physical development and physical fitness, physical rehabilitation and recreation of students, their preparedness for physical self-education in various periods of life. Mastering the subject is associated with the study and change of students of their psychophysical opportunities, the formation of knowledge, motor and methodological skills and skills. On their basis, methods of physical education and sports activities are formed, used for the physical and associated intellectual and mental self-improvement. Educational activities aimed at mastering the content of the educational subject "Physical Culture and Health", has an impact on the worldview of students, intellectual, mental, psychophysical, moral, and other personal qualities.

The most important expected society and personality results of the development of the subject "Physical Culture and Health" are health promotion, disease prevention, the formation of a healthy lifestyle of students. Socially significant results include the achievement of a high level of physical and spiritual and moral development, an increase in mental and physical performance, a decrease in the negative impact of mental and emotional load due to a stress learning regime.

The factor specific to the Republic of Belarus is a harmful effect on the health of students, is the contamination by the radionuclides of the territories undergoing the effects of the Cherniolery accident. The educational subject "Physical Culture and Health" should contribute to the physical rehabilitation of this contingent.

Important expected society results of the development of the educational subject "Physical Culture and Health" are the formation of moral consciousness and behavior, volitional qualities, hard work, abilities for self-education, aesthetic and emotional development,

personality. No less significant for society and personality are the applied results of the training subject, which are to teach the skills and skills of cooperation with peers. In the process of physical education, ideas, knowledge, skills and skills needed to ensure life safety are formed. The expected applied results of the development of this subject include the formation of high-class students in high schools to improve the overall physical fitness for future professional activities, service in armed groups created in accordance with the Constitution of the Republic of Belarus. Physical education should contribute to the physical training of girls and young men to future work, family life.

One of the socially significant goals of our state is the development of a socially regulated mass physical culture and sports movement of the population with a wellness, educational and spiritual orientation. The ultimate goal of this movement is the formation of a healthy lifestyle by means of physical culture and an increase on this basis the quality of life of the people. It is expected that in the process of mastering the educational subject "Physical Culture and Health", the younger generation will be prepared for active participation in solving socially significant tasks.

2. Original methodological prerequisites, principles for constructing the content of the subject "Physical Culture and Health"

According to modern conceptual approaches to the organization of physical education, the physical culture of a person receives its embodiment at a certain level of physical development, physical fitness and education, in the awareness of the paths and methods of their achievement.

Taking into account the complexity of organizing the educational process on physical education in the amount of the requirements of the program to form knowledge of knowledge, motor skills, a multi-level methodology for constructing the content of the subject, which includes philosophical, general scientific, natural, common-scale and base levels was used to the targeted development of motor abilities.

The methodological principles of the methodological support are the didactic principles of physical education: visibility, consciousness and activity, accessibility and individualization, systematic, progression of claims.

The peculiarity of the presence of the "Physical Culture and Health" object is to create conditions for recovery, physical rehabilitation, an increase in physical fitness, motivation to physical

self-supply and formation of a healthy lifestyle of students and correction of their physical development.

The educational orientation of the educational subject "Physical Culture and Health" has an impact on the worldview of students, intellectual, psychophysical, moral and volitional, moral and other qualities.

The program of the educational subject "Physical Culture and Health" contains educational material for teaching knowledge in the field of physical culture, the formation of the vital motor skills and skills, the development of the motor abilities, necessary for a person to conduct a healthy lifestyle, physical, intellectual, spiritual development, physical improvement.

The modern educational situation suggests that the full development of these components of the training subject is impossible without using modern pedagogical (innovative) technologies for knowledge of knowledge, physical exercises, methods of physical culture or sports activities, without an objective assessment of the results of this activity.

The lifestyle of the majority of schoolchildren in their free time is characterized by sedentary forms of leisure organization. As a significant part of the time, they are carried out in adverse conditions for health: the TV, computer, the preparation of homework, etc., is reduced as a result of this, the level of their motor activity is reduced, mental load on the body increases, causing psycho-emotional disorders and stress. It should also be taken into account that a significant part of students has bad habits: smokes, drinks alcohol, etc. All this leads to a deterioration in the health of students of young people, a decrease in immunity, increasing the incidence.

According to experts of the World Health Organization, the human health condition by 50-55% depends on his lifestyle. The required structural component of the lifestyle of each student is regular biologically and socially necessary optimal motor activity of a growing organism. In children's, adolescence and youthful age, physical education classes are one of the main conditions for normal development, preservation and strengthening physical, mental health. In an educational institution, the subject "Physical Culture and Health" is the only training subject, which in the process of its development gives a wellness effect, restores and increases the mental and physical performance of students. In the process of mastering the educational subject "Physical Culture and Health", results specific to physical culture and characteristic of the entire education system are achieved.

Concept of the educational subject "Physical Culture and Health" (hereinafter

The concept) defines the goal, structure, maintenance and main directions of the development of physical education in the framework of the general average

education, fundamental principles of its implementation and further improvement. It forms general methodological, theoretical and practical approaches to the content of education under this subject, briefly describes the key didactic conditions and the principles of its structuring, the features of building on the steps of general secondary education. This serves as the basis of a comprehensive approach to the solution in the process of physical education of specific problems of physical culture and tasks characteristic of a general secondary education system.

The concept was developed on the basis of and taking into account regulatory legal instruments regulating the physical education of students: the Law of the Republic of Belarus "On Physical Culture and Sport", the Law of the Republic of Belarus "On General Average Education", the State Program for the Development of Physical Culture and Sports in the Republic of Belarus, etc. When developing a concept, modern psychological and pedagogical theories of general secondary education, the provisions of the theory and methodology of physical education, the experience of best practices accumulated in the process of reforming general secondary education, theoretical and practicing approaches to improving the system of physical education of domestic and foreign specialists are taken into account.

Especially relevant is to update the content of the educational subject "Physical Culture and Health", its orientation on the formation and development of spiritual and moral and cultural values \u200b\u200bof modern society. The main result of the implementation of the content of this training subject should be qualitative training of students with physical education, physical exercises, ways to increase the level of functionality of their organism and on this basis - the strengthening of physical health. Methodical support The educational subject is developed taking into account the requirements of curricula, age-sex features and health status.

3. Sea of \u200b\u200bthe educational subject "Physical Culture of the Idorovye"

The physical culture of the personality is an organic unity of regular physical culture or sports studies of students and necessary for this knowledge, motor and methodological skills, skills, methods of physical culture and sports activities, the development of motor abilities.

The purpose of the educational subject "Physical Culture and Health" at all levels of its study inI-XI classes are the formation of the physical culture of the personality and on this basis the rehabilitation of students.

For the first step of general secondary education, this goal is complemented by the formation of persistent interest among physical culture and obtaining emotional satisfaction from performing exercise. Students studying at the second stage of general secondary education, within the framework of the purpose under consideration should realize themselves in active musculoskeys due to the in-depth

studying a type of sport, and on the third stage of the general secondary education, students through physical culture classes are preparing their own body for upcoming labor activities.

The purpose of the educational subject is achieved as a result of solving educational, educational, wellness and applied tasks.

To educational tasksthe educational subject includes formation and use in physical cultural and sports and household activities, depending on age:

- knowledge that are the basis for the formation of the worldview of a healthy lifestyle and motivation of regular organized and independent exercise practices;

- convictions in the need to conduct a healthy lifestyle;

- values \u200b\u200bof Olympism and Olympic Movement as cultural humanistic phenomena of modernity;

- motor skills and skills, ways of activity that make up the content of the underlined sports and sports games.

Educational tasksthe educational subject is promoting development:

- relationships to their own health and health surrounding as values;

- needs in a healthy lifestyle,physical and recreation

and sports activity;

- moral consciousness that meets the requirements of humanism, orienting students for concern about themselves and other people;

- harmonious combination of moral, physical and intellectual personal qualities;

- organizational abilities of students, initiative, socialized personality;

- socially useful physical culture and sports activities of students;

- coordination and conditioned abilities;

- discipline, honesty, collectivism, responsiveness, courage, goodwill, perseverance in achieving the goal;

- feelings of patriotism, as well as the upbringing of love for homeland, native edge and careful environmental attitude.

Wellness tasksthe study subject is:

- mastering the skills of a healthy lifestyle;

- promoting student health, versatile physical development;

- prevention of diseases, stressful states by means of physical culture;

- improving mental performance;

- achieving individually maximum level of physical fitness.

The applied function of physical education is determined by the positive transfer of the workout on the types of activity, to the execution of which the student is being prepared. At the same time, it is necessary to provide versatile basic physical training, which is the basis of any specialized activity.

To applied tasksthe study subject includes:

- ensuring successful social adaptation and safe vital activity of students;

- formation of knowledge, skills, skills, the development of conditioned and coordination abilities necessary for future professional activities;

- mastering knowledge, skills and skills necessary to ensure safety during independent and organized physical education activities;

- learning skills and skills of cooperation with peers in the process of physical education and sports activities;

- the formation of knowledge, skills and skills ensuring the safety of vital activity in environmentally unfriendly conditions (especially for students living in the conditions of the impact of the consequences of the Chernobyl accident).

Usually, application tasks Integrated into educational, educational and wellness.

4. Didactic bases, principles, selection criteria

and construction of education for educational subject

"Physical Culture and Health"

The educational subject "Physical Culture and Health" is closely interrelated with other subjects general educational institutions. The formation of its content is influenced by the principle of unity of the urgent, extracurricular and out-of-school forms of organizing classes with students. During the study of the educational subject, the tasks of general physical education, aimed at the versatile harmonic physical, intellectual and spiritual development And the recovery of students.

The educational item is studied at all stages of general secondary education with I along the XI class of all types of general educational institutions.

Building the content of the educational subject "Physical Culture and Health" is carried out in accordance with the commonabigre and specific principles of physical education.

The selection and design of the content of education on this training subject at all stages of general secondary education are based on the didactic requirements for students attributed for health to the main and preparatory medical groups. Students attributed for health to a special medical

the group, study the educational subject "Physical Culture and Health" on the programs developed by the Ministry of Education of the Republic of Belarus and coordinated with the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Belarus.

Students related to the state of health to the group of medical physical culture are engaged in medical and preventive institutions under the leadership of the physician LFK.

The educational subject "Physical Culture and Health" is mastered in accordance with the laws, principles and requirements of the educational pedagogical process. As a popular education, physical culture is necessary for students to improve and successfully obtain a common basic and general secondary education.

The degree of development of the student of the content of the subject "Physical Culture and Health" depends on the level of professional training of the teacher, the status of the material and technical base, the availability of sports equipment and inventory, educational and methodological support educational process, age-genital characteristics of students, etc.

5. general characteristics and features of building the content of the educational subject "Physical Culture and Health" on the steps of general secondary education

The content of the educational subject "Physical Culture and Health" takes into account the stage of the formation of the physical culture of the individual in ontogenesis. This ensures its integrity, the completion at each stage, the continuity of the stages, which is achieved by the compliance with the age characteristics of the level and the ratio of the natural, social and cultural sides of the physical culture of the individual and dominant activities. In terms of its content, physical education should contribute to strengthening students' health, so it should include only scientifically based practical tests that meet the requirement of recreational value. In case of exercise, regular pedagogical and medical control is needed.

One of the basic patterns that determine the content of this training subject is the abundance of the development of the psyche, organs, organism systems, changes in their functions in ontogenesis. Its consequence is the unequal predisposition of students on each age stage to solve the problems of physical education. In girls and boys, this pattern is manifested in different ways.

The results of the analysis of the levels of the relationship of physical development, physical fitness and indicators of normalized physical development gains and physical fitness at school age (6-17 years) indicate sexual dimorphism of their change. His accounting implies a differentiated approach to the tasks, the use of physical education tools and preferably separate by sexual

sign of physical education from 10-11 years before graduation at school. When working with girls, girls and young people, it is necessary to give preference to the means aimed at versatile physical training, which gives the healing effect and the proportionate effect of the development of various physical qualities. With an increase in the age, the content of the educational subject should be more oriented to increase the independence of students in solving the tasks of physical education. Orientation of the content of curricula on modern domestic regulatory frameworks of physical education is necessary.

It is necessary to include in the content of the training subject of funds related to national culture, due to the orientation on national curricula, reflecting the culture and mentality of the ethnos.

Admission to school is an important event in the life of a child. Prior to this period, the prevailing activity of the child was the game. Playing, baby mastered the world and learned to live in it. After admission to the school leading, training activities are becoming. The game acts as a means, and game activity - as a method of physical education. At the same time, the purpose of gaming activity is training, education and development aimed at forming the initial level of physical culture of the individual.

In the process of physical education at the first stage of general secondary education effective tool Training, upbringing and development remains a mobile game. In the younger school age, a mobile game, remaining an important means of physical education, gradually displaces more regulated forms of development of the educational subject. But the game method remains in primary school One of the leading. The content of physical education is based on a gaming basis with a focus on the development of the school of movements. At the first stage of general secondary education, the entire software educational material is basic.

The basis of the content of the subject at the second stage of the general secondary education is the study of the foundations of sports. Such content is primarily due to the need to form spiritual and moral and physical values \u200b\u200bfrom students. The content of the curriculum includes: easy athletics, gymnastics, acrobatics, ski and cross-tracting, on choosing two of the four sports games: basketball, handball, volleyball, football.

For senior school age at the third stage of general secondary education, the choice of young people their further life path is characteristic. For the overwhelming majority at this age, physical culture in its former form loses interest and relevance. Therefore B.

The basis of the educational subject "Physical Culture and Health" is its content, which is of interest to young men and girls, having a vital oriented orientation. These include such types of physical culture and sports activities as sports games (one of the four sports games: basketball, handball, volleyball, football), athletics, aerobics, athletic gymnastics, acrobatics, ski and cross-tract.

The main directions of differentiated physical education of students on the third stage of general secondary education are:

sports with a developing and recreational rehabilitation focus on the basis of one of the sports;

sports with in-depth development of the chosen sport (for children's talented in sports);

physical culture with a pronounced anticipated professional educational training or employment;

general physical culture for students who do not want to engage in physical culture with a sports ordeal;

health-rehabilitation for schoolchildren related to the state of health to a special medical group and a group of medical physical culture.

Due to the increase in the requirements for the level of physical fitness, starting from the IX class, the content of physical education acquires a pronounced sports orientation.

In the second and third stages of general secondary education, the content of curricula is divided into basic and variable components. The base component provides the necessary minimum level of formation of the physical culture of the individual at each stage of education and in each class. It is obligatory for the development of students, attributed for health to the main and preparatory medical groups. The variable component includes sports that are not included in the basic (swimming, aerobics, athletic gymnastics, speed training, table tennis). The basic component of the content of the curriculum includes sections: "Knowledge" and "Fundamentals of Sports".

The "Knowledge" section contains the foundations of theoretical and applied knowledge aimed at the formation of schoolchildren at the beginning of the simplest, and then deeper ideas about the structure of the human body, the functions of his psyche relating to physical culture, about vital organs and body systems, their adaptation processes to physical exertion. This component also includes knowledge on the technique of execution and methods of using physical culture, knowledge revealing personal knowledge

the meaning and social significance of physical culture for modern man, as well as knowledge of a healthy lifestyle, Olympic theme, stories of sports, about wellness systems.

The section "Fundamentals of Sports" contains practical training material to be developed and subsequent use in order to develop coordination and conditioning abilities, the formation of motor skills and skills, ways of activity, as well as theoretical - necessary for successful practical development.

The main means of the educational subject "Physical Culture and Health" are exercises and methods of physical culture and sports activities. Motivation to training activities at all levels of training is achieved by the compliance of the content of the curriculum by the physical culture and sports interests of students, a clear formulation. study requirements, their compliance with age-sex features involved in the specifics of physical culture.

6. Composition and structureeducational and methodical complex

IN the composition of moderneducational and Methodological Complex (UMC) include the appropriate concept educational standard and training programs on the subject. By virtue of the specifics of the educational subject "Physical Culture and Health", the components of the CMD are textbooks, student learning aids, educational and methodological manuals for teachers, as well as a material technology sports base, high-quality sports equipment, inventory and other learning tools.