Morphology. Young scientists: morphologist, pathologist Arthur Bakhtin What do morphologists do

What kind of doctor is this "clinical morphologist"? and got the best answer

Answer from Lilith [guru]
A clinical morphologist works with biological material: biopsy, histology. In general, the same pathologist engaged in diagnostics.

Answer from 2 answers[guru]

Hey! Here is a selection of topics with answers to your question: Who is this doctor "clinical morphologist"?

Answer from Natali[guru]
Heals with sleep.

Answer from Naughty[guru]
identifies precancerous conditions and early stages tumor growth.

Answer from Anton Vladimirovich[guru]
Well, probably some kind of commercial doctor. If there was a prefix "pato" - that's understandable. People get to such a doctor when nothing hurts and cannot get sick (not by nightfall) Well, if with that name - probably, this is a person who, for your money, tells you that your hands are on top, and your legs from below .... Oh, yes. If in the word "morphologist" the letter "f" is changed to "t" - it will be a doctor doing efthanasia, which is prohibited .... In principle, the same as the first option ... :)))))

Answer from User deleted[newbie]
Probably an ANASTESIOLOGIST

Answer from Lemon fish[guru]
Clinical morphology is a specialty, the main goal of which is not pathological, but clinical diagnostics, aimed at timely detection of diseases, determining the features of their course and choosing the optimal treatment tactics. The specialty is directly related to the improvement of old and the introduction of new diagnostic methods (laboratory and instrumental).

MORPHOLOGY

MORPHOLOGY

(Greek, from morphe - kind, and lego - I say). 1) the doctrine of the form of organic bodies and their parts. 2) a part of grammar that considers a word from the side of its formal composition.

Dictionary foreign words, included in the Russian language. - Chudinov A.N., 1910 .

MORPHOLOGY

1) the doctrine of the forms of language, the formation of words, changing roots, the laws of connecting the root with prefixes, suffixes and endings; 2) teaching about external forms ah plants and their arrangement for ease of study by groups and departments; 3) the doctrine of the forms of organisms and individual organs; part of embryology (development of the embryo) and comparative anatomy.

Complete Dictionary foreign words that have come into use in the Russian language - Popov M., 1907 .

MORPHOLOGY

1) biol. a complex of sciences that study the form and structure of animals and plant organisms; 2) lingual. a section of grammar (GRAMMAR) dealing with means of expressing meanings within one word (morphemes (MORPHEMA).

Dictionary of foreign words.- Komlev N.G., 2006 .

MORPHOLOGY

Greek., from morphe, kind, and lego, I say. The doctrine of the form of organs.

An explanation of 25,000 foreign words that have come into use in the Russian language, with the meaning of their roots. - Mikhelson A.D., 1865 .

MORPHOLOGY

term used. in anatomy and linguistics, denotes the science of the forms of organisms and language.

Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language - Pavlenkov F., 1907 .

Morphology

(gr. morphe form + ... logic)

1) a complex of sciences that study the shape and structure of animals and plant organisms; the morphology of animals (and humans) usually includes anatomy (including comparative), embryology, histology, cytology and paleozoology; to plant morphology - their anatomy, embryology, cytology and paleobotany;

2) lingual a section of grammar that studies word structure and expression grammatical meanings within a word.

New Dictionary foreign words - by EdwART,, 2009 .

Morphology

morphology, pl. no, well. [ from the Greek. morphe - form and logos - teaching]. 1. The doctrine of the structure of organisms (plants, animals). || The structure of organisms. 2. Department of linguistics, studying the forms of words (lingual). Morphology of the Russian language. || Collection of forms words of some... language (ling.). Bulgarian language very different in its morphology from other Slavic languages.

Big dictionary foreign words. - Publishing house "IDDK", 2007 .

Morphology

and, pl. No, f. (German Morphologie Greek morphē form + logos science, teaching).
1. The structure and shape of animals and plant organisms as an object scientific study. M. animals. M. human. M. plants.
2. Chapter grammar - the science of parts of speech, their categories and the forms of words.
Morphologist- scientist, specialist in morphology 1, 2.
|| Wed syntax.
3. The system of parts of speech, their categories and word forms. Description of the morphology of the Russian language.
Morphological- related to morphology 1-3.
|| Wed syntax.

Explanatory dictionary foreign words L.P. Krysin.- M: Russian language, 1998 .

See what "MORPHOLOGY" is in other dictionaries:

- (Greek. "doctrine of forms") introduced by linguists of the XIX century. term for designating that section of linguistics (see), which in the grammar of earlier eras was called etymology. Highlighted for practical reasons (methodological ... ... Literary encyclopedia

- (from the Greek morphe form and ... logy) in biology, the science of the form and structure of organisms. Animal and human morphology includes anatomy, embryology, histology, cytology; plant morphology examines the patterns of their structure and ... ... Modern encyclopedia

MORPHOLOGY, morphology, pl. no, wives. (from the Greek morphe form and logos Doctrine). 1. The doctrine of the structure of organisms (plants, animals). Plant morphology. Animal morphology. || The structure of organisms. 2. The department of linguistics, studying the forms of words ... ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

Plants is the branch of botany, the science of plant forms. In all its vastness, this part of science includes not only the study of the external forms of plant organisms, but also the anatomy of plants (cell morphology) and their taxonomy (see), ... ... Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron

- (from the Greek morphe form and ... logy) in biology, the science of the form and structure of organisms. The morphology of animals and humans is distinguished, which includes anatomy, embryology, histology and cytology, and plant morphology, which studies the structure and ... ...

- (from the Greek morphe form and logos - teaching) the doctrine of form, the science of dynamically integral forms, especially the forms of living beings and their development. The concept of morphology was introduced for the first time by Goethe to denote the doctrine of form, education and transformation ... ... Philosophical Encyclopedia

Structure, form Dictionary of Russian synonyms. morphology noun, number of synonyms: 6 biology (73) ... Synonym dictionary

MORPHOLOGY- (from the Greek morphe form and logos science), the doctrine of the form and structure of organisms both in their normal and pat. condition. The term was introduced into biology by W. Goethe. M.'s regularities are mainly revealed on the basis of the study of ontogeny and phylogenetic development ... Great medical encyclopedia

In linguistics: 1) part of the grammatical structure of the language, the grammatical classes of words, as well as the grammatical categories and forms of words belonging to these classes; basic units of morphology a word with its grammatical changes and grammatical ... ... Modern encyclopedia

In linguistics 1) part language system, uniting words as carriers of grammatical meanings, their grammatical classes, the laws of their existence and form formation. 2) The section of grammar that studies this part of the language system ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

Postnatal histomorphogenesis of the stomach in normal conditions and in experiment

The monograph is devoted to the postnatal morphogenesis of the stomach in normal conditions and under experimental effects on the body. Particular attention is paid to the development of the structures of the mucous and muscular membranes of the stomach when eating food with altered physical properties- pre-crushed or dispersed food.

A detailed comparative morphological description of the development from 21 to 360 days of postnatal ontogenesis of epithelial and muscle structures of the stomach wall in animals feeding on dispersed and non-dispersed food is presented. Morphometric data are presented in tables and illustrated by micrographs and diagrams.

For teachers and students of universities of biological and medical profiles, morphologists, physiologists, gastroenterologists, as well as specialists in the field of dietetics and zooengineering.

The book will be useful for students and graduate students of philological faculties, as well as teachers and specialists and everyone who is interested in the history of the Russian language.

The book includes works both on general theoretical issues of linguistics and on specific sections of this discipline (phonetics and phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics).

Stylistics. Modern English

The main task of the book is to teach how to consciously approach artistic text as a whole, considering it in the unity of form and ideological content... All aspects of stylistics studied by modern scientists are reflected in this book. Functional stylistics, lexicological stylistics, the theory of images, stylistic analysis at the level of phonetics and morphology - this is not a complete list of issues considered in the book.

Analysis of expressive and visual media is carried out on a linguistic basis, which allows students to improve their knowledge of the language. Theoretical material manuals are illustrated with examples from works of original literature. A special place in the manual is given to common problems stylistics in its relation to other disciplines.

For students teacher training institutes in the specialty "Foreign language".

Medical microbiology, immunology and virology

The textbook is divided into seven parts. Part one - "General Microbiology" - contains information about the morphology and physiology of bacteria. Part two is devoted to the genetics of bacteria. Part Three - "Microflora of the Biosphere" - examines the microflora environment, its role in the cycle of substances in nature, as well as human microflora and its significance.

Part four - "The doctrine of infection" - is devoted to the pathogenic properties of microorganisms, their role in the infectious process, and also contains information about antibiotics and their mechanisms of action. Part five - "The doctrine of immunity" - contains modern views about immunity.

The sixth part - "Viruses and the diseases they cause" - provides information about the main biological properties of viruses and the diseases that they cause. Part seven - "Private medical microbiology" - contains information about the morphology, physiology, pathogenic properties of pathogens of many infectious diseases, as well as about modern methods their diagnosis, specific prevention and therapy.

The textbook is intended for students, graduate students and teachers of higher medical educational institutions, universities, microbiologists of all specialties and practical doctors. 5th edition, revised and enlarged.

Linguistics and Russian language teaching at school

M. V. Panov (1920-2001), the greatest scientist of our time, expounds to students the theory of the Moscow linguistic (Fortunatov) school at all its levels: vocabulary, phonetics, morphology, syntax - and shows how this theory can be interesting and accessible to schoolchildren.

The author restores the collaboration between linguistic science and school, which was fruitfully developing in the first third of the 20th century. the works of his teachers and predecessors: F.F.Fortunatov, D.N.Ushakov, M.N. Peterson, A.M. Peshkovsky, R.I. Avanesov, V.N.Sidorov, A.

B. Shapiro and others, shows the ways to overcome the traditional discord between school and scientific grammar. The course ends with a lecture on the analysis of poetic texts. The book may be of interest to students, school teachers, university professors, and linguists.

Problems of grammar and typology. Collection of articles in memory of V.P. Nedyalkov (1928-2009)

The collection is dedicated to the memory of Professor Vladimir Petrovich Nedyalkov (1928-2009) - an outstanding scientist, one of the leading experts in the field of grammatical typology, initiator and editor-in-chief of fundamental collective works on the typology of the resultant (1983, 1988) and reciprocal (2007), the author of numerous articles, devoted to the issues of grammar and typology of the Germanic, Paleo-Asian and Altai languages.

The first part of the book contains articles by Russian and foreign linguists, the topics of which are determined by the main scientific interests of V.P. Nedyalkov (syntax, morphology, semantics, typology of grammatical categories). The second part of the collection includes a semantic index to the collective monograph "Typology of Effective Constructions", the editor-in-chief of which was V.

P. Nedyalkov.

Transactions on the history of the Russian language. Vol. 2: Articles and Reviews

The second volume of "Proceedings on the History of the Russian Language" by Academician Alexei Ivanovich Sobolevsky, published on the occasion of the 150th anniversary of the great Russian philologist, includes articles and reviews of 1881-1927. , which reflect the widest range of his interests - from Proto-Slavic morphology to East Slavic dialect phonetics and grammar, from adaptation of borrowings to ancient and modern spelling, from toponymy and etymology to historical lexicology and lexicography.

These works, which are the most important part of Sobolevsky's creative heritage, have already become a bibliographic rarity by now. Meanwhile, an appeal to little-known or forgotten publications of a scientist can shed light on much of what remains unknown. modern science or it is repeated again without references to predecessors.

The publication is intended for Slavic philologists and all those interested in the history of the Russian language and Russian culture.

Works on general linguistics and Russian language. T. 1

Works on General Linguistics and Russian Language. T. 2

The two-volume work of M. V. Panov "Works on General Linguistics and the Russian Language" contains works reflecting the versatility scientific activities scientist. These are articles, as well as excerpts from collective monographs, the leader and inspirer of which was Mikhail Viktorovich.

Much of what has been published has long become a bibliographic rarity, for example, the theoretical prospectus of the monograph "Russian Language and Soviet Society" containing deep innovative ideas, published in 1962 in Alma-Ata in a circulation of 550 copies. The title of the sections in the two-volume book reflects the sphere of scientific interests of M.

V. Panov, however, the distribution of his works according to the proposed sections is, if necessary, conditional. So, the article "On parts of speech in the Russian language" is placed in the section "General questions of theory" (1st volume), and "About grammatical form"- in the section" Morphology and word formation "(2nd volume), although both of these articles develop the theory of grammar.

The thought of M.V. Panov does not fit into the rigid framework of any rubrication. He has no purely descriptive works. All of his works are theoretical in nature.

Old Slavonic language in 2 hours. Part 1. Textbook and workshop for universities

Textbook " Slavic language"Is a posthumous edition of the long-term work of Professor AM Selishchev, one of the largest Soviet scientists in the field of Slavic linguistics. The work of A. M. Selishchev has a completeness, thoroughness of presentation, a wealth of factual material and the breadth of its comparative-historical coverage, which distinguishes it from all similar publications by both Russian and foreign authors.

The first part of the two-volume book contains a philological introduction (information about the history of the Old Church Slavonic language and a description of the monuments of Old Church Slavonic writing) and a section on phonetics, the second texts from Old Church Slavonic monuments (with excerpts from other manuscripts), a dictionary and essays on morphology.

The book will be useful for students and graduate students of philological faculties, as well as teachers and specialists and everyone who is interested in the history of the Russian language.

Alone with the killer. Experimental psychological research of criminals

Vladimir Mikhailovich Bekhterev is an outstanding Russian psychiatrist, neuropathologist, psychologist, physiologist and morphologist, one of the founders of Russian experimental psychology. VM Bekhterev's contribution to medicine is enormous. In addition to his most famous work - "Pathways of the spinal cord and brain" - the scientist created many other outstanding works, including he became one of the first to study the issues of crime from the point of view of psychiatry.

His unusual and often contradictory judgments have not lost their former relevance to this day. This edition includes best articles psychiatrist dedicated to the psyche of the offender.

Spiritual socialization of the individual as a socio-cultural basis national security Russia. Monograph

The monograph examines the theoretical and methodological aspects of spiritual socialization as the socio-cultural basis of Russia's national security. The problems of the axiological field of spiritual socialization, the structure and content of various phases of the process of personal socialization are investigated.

The morphology of assessing the spiritual socialization of the individual as the main aspect of the socio-cultural security of Russia is described. The conceptual basis presented in the monograph was the ideas of Russian ideal-realism and cosmism, in which the spiritual and moral aspects of being found their deepest and most convincing justification.

Sokolov made a significant contribution to the study of the taxonomy and phylogenesis of animals, evolutionary and functional morphology and ecology of mammals. In fact, he created new scientific schools for the study of mammalian skin and animal chemocommunication.

VE Sokolov developed the scientific foundations and determined the directions of work on the conservation of biodiversity in our country. Peru V.E.Sokolov owns about 1000 scientific works, including 30 monographs. The role of Academician V. Ye. Sokolov as the organizer of science is also great.

For more than 30 years, he headed the largest research institution in the country - the Institute of Ecology and Evolution. A. N. Severtsov RAS; For 13 years headed the Department general biology RAS; For 16 years he was the head of the Department of Vertebrate Zoology and General Ecology of the Biological Faculty of Moscow State University.

VE Sokolov organized a number of large complex biological expeditions in our country, as well as in Mongolia, Vietnam, Peru, Bolivia and Ethiopia. The materials collected in the book, consisting of Academician V.E.Sokolov's speeches in print and the memoirs of his relatives, friends and associates, reveal the image of a tireless worker of science, natural scientist and traveler, a skillful organizer and a good kind person.

For readers interested in the history of biology, biologists, zoologists, ecologists and conservationists.

Primordial man. From the foam of the sea

This book is a challenge to the "monkey" evolutionists who have surpassed the advocates of creation in their reluctance to see stubborn facts: the older the fossil hominids, the closer they are to modern man. The structure of our body and brain makes us look for its origin not in the savannah and jungle, but on the border of land and water.

A decade ago, this hypothesis caused a stir in academic science, especially after the support of Victor Ten by world-famous scientist Natalia Bekhtereva. Nowadays more and more specialists are ready to admit that he is right. Together with the author, you will trace the amazing metamorphosis of the first primates, caught by the spill and the subsequent shallowing of the ocean.

Enjoy the "golden age" of the dolphinids - the darlings of the coastal lagoons, where they spent millions of years to come ashore in an almost complete form modern man... And you will find a lot of evidence that the "ancestors" of man imposed on us are just representatives of degraded branches.

Amazing features of human morphology that no one has ever thought about for some unknown reason - in a book that overturns the idea of ​​the evolution of homo sapiens.

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Plant morphology is the science of the botanical cycle. Botany (from the Greek botanicos - relating to plants, botane - grass, greens) as a science of plants originated at the dawn of human history and long time developed as an applied science, pursuing purely utilitarian goals associated with agriculture and medicine.

The first attempt to generalize numerous botanical information belongs to the great ancient Greek thinker, a disciple of Aristotle (384–322 BC) Theophrastus (372–287 BC). The great thinker, surprisingly accurately for his time, formulated the tasks of botany as a science. In his outstanding work "Research on Plants," he wrote: "The differences between plants and their nature in general should be considered by examining their parts, properties, distribution and life." The works of Theophrastus laid the foundation for the emergence of scientific botany, and he himself, according to the figurative expression of the outstanding Swedish botanist Karl Linnaeus (1707–1778), was the “father of botany”. The works of Theophrastus had a tremendous impact on the development of botany. For eighteen centuries (from the 3rd century BC to the 16th century), scientists did not rise above him either in understanding the history of the development of plants, or in describing their forms.

The revival of botany as a science began in the late 15th - early 16th centuries. This period was marked by great geographical discoveries. Thanks to the development of navigation, America, Africa, India and Europeans were discovered by many unprecedented plants and spices obtained from them - cinnamon, ginger, cloves, black pepper. The appearance in Europe of "foreign plants" forced Europeans to look for ways to preserve and study them. The desire to preserve these plants led to the creation of a method of herbarization, which was proposed by the Italian botanist Luca Ghini (1490-1556). In order to study living plants in Europe, botanical gardens began to be created (Pisa - 1543, Padua - 1545).

In the XV century. the circle of people involved in botany is changing. If before the XVI century. Mostly monks were engaged in botany as the most enlightened persons at that time, then during the Renaissance, doctors and pharmacists began to take an intense interest in botany. During this period, special scientific works began to appear - "herbalists", in which medicinal plants and their use were described. The first herbalist appeared in Europe between 1530-1536. It was compiled by the German physician O. Brunfels (1470-1534), was called "Live Images of Plants" and actually represented the first botanical atlas. In 1539, the German botanist Hieronymus Bock (1498–1544), known in the scientific world as Tragus, released The New Herbalist. It contained descriptions and drawings of 165 plant species, listed their local, Latin and Greek names, indicated the time of flowering, distribution, habitats. The "new herbalist" was so popular that during the 16th century. withstood 10 editions.

As a result of interest in botany, a huge amount of factual material was accumulated, which became more and more difficult to operate. In fact, until the middle of the 18th century. botany remained a collecting science. But gradually, in the depths of this science, burdened with a mass of facts and scientific information, enriched with research tools and scientific discoveries, a number of sciences, narrower and more specific in the subject of research, stand apart. One of these sciences is morphology.

The term "morphology" comes from the Greek words "morphe" - form and "logos" - teaching. This term was proposed in 1817 by the great German poet, thinker and naturalist JW Goethe (1749–1832). However, the doctrine of the form and structure of plants began to develop long before Goethe gave it its name.

We can talk about the morphology of plants in the broad and narrow sense of the word. In a broad sense, morphology studies the structure of plants, features of individual and historical development. With this understanding, it should cover the study of both the macroscopic and microscopic structure of plants, as well as the features of their development. It is in this context that the training course "Plant Morphology" is taught.

With the accumulation of morphological data, plant morphology also gradually differentiated into a number of special disciplines. Organography emerged from it - morphology in the narrow sense of the word, the science of the external structure of plants and their organs. The study internal structure plants took shape in plant anatomy. The processes of individual development are studied by plant embryology. Private morphological disciplines are cytology (the science of cell structure), palynology (the science of the structure of fossils and modern spores and pollen), dentistry (the science of the structure of stomatal complexes) and a number of other sciences with narrow research subjects.

Like every scientific discipline, plant morphology has its own problems, tasks and research methods.

The main tasks of morphology are reduced to solving three main problems:

To the study of the peculiarities of the formation of plant organs (form-forming process) in the course of evolution.

To the study of the peculiarities of the formation of plant organs in the course of ontogenesis.

To the study of topographic patterns reflecting mutual arrangement newly emerging organs.

Ultimately, these problems are aimed at studying a single form-forming process in plants.

The main methods of plant morphology are observation, description and comparison. These methods are modified and complicated depending on the tasks that the researcher sets for himself, the object of study, as well as the level of development of the technical means of research.

Like every science, plant morphology has its own history. The history of the development of morphology, like botany in general, begins with the works of Theophrastus. In the Natural History of Plants, Theophrastus named about 500 species of plants, dividing them into trees, shrubs, half-shrubs and grasses, that is, he was the first to give an idea of ​​life forms. Theophrastus correctly dismembers the body into vegetative organs - root, stem, leaf. He describes the leaves of a variety of plants. He was the first to introduce the terms fruit, pericarp, pith, reported some data on the reproduction of plants, described the germination of seeds of many plants, gave an idea of ​​the sex differences in the date palm, etc.

The first timid steps of a young developing branch of botany - morphology - coincide with the Renaissance. The most noticeable influence on its development during this period was exerted by the Italian physician, botanist and philosopher Andrea Cesalpini (1519–1603). In his writings, morphological terminology is better developed than in herbalists. He first develops the question of homologous organs and considers the cotyledons and true leaves of plants as homologues.

A significant role in the development of plant morphology and the development of morphological terminology was played by the German naturalist and philosopher Joachi

m Jung (1587-1657). However, the greatest importance in the XVII century. had the works of the Italian biologist and physician Marcello Malpighi (1628-1694) and the English botanist Neemia Grue (1641-1712). They first begin to study the plant as it develops. The attempt at a dynamic approach to the study of plants should be regarded as very progressive, new in morphology. But the morphological investigations of M. Malpighi and N. Grew were incomplete and inconsistent. Their interests are multifaceted. The structure of seedlings, the structure of seeds, the formation of leaves, the structure of cells and tissues, the peculiarities of roots and modified underground organs - rhizomes, bulbs, tubers - this is not a complete list of issues that are reflected in their works. Independently of each other, they published the results of their research in "Plant Anatomy" (the work of N. Gru was published in 1672, M. Malpighi - in 1675 and 1679).

In fact, until the end of the 17th century. not a single integral morphological study was performed. Therefore, the period of development of morphology, starting with the works of Theophrastus and ending with the end of the 17th century, is usually called the initial one.

The initial period is replaced by the descriptive, or Linnean period of the development of morphology. Due to the fact that by the 18th century. a huge amount of factual material has accumulated, concentrated in scientific folios of ancient and medieval scientists, in the collections of botanical gardens in Italy, Germany, France, Holland, England, Russia, collected in the study of local flora, it became necessary to take an inventory of all this huge number of species. It was very difficult to carry out this work, since each author had his own approaches to the characterization of plants, there was no common terminology and methods for describing plants, which led to confusion. Often scientists who worked in different countries, gave different names to the same species (this is how a lot of synonyms appeared), or, conversely, different kinds turned out to be named exactly the same (this is how the amonyms arose).

The great merit of the great Swedish botanist K. Linnaeus was the creation of scientific terminology, that is, the introduction of exact names for the designation of various parts of plants. All terminology has been developed in Latin... In Philosophia botanica (1751) K. Linnaeus wrote: "The exceptional use of terms in brevity." He introduced about 1000 terms, partly borrowed from predecessors, partly invented by himself, so successful that they have survived to this day. The use of specific terms made it possible to make the descriptions of various taxa concise, clear and comparable. Thus, morphology has rendered an invaluable service to the developing taxonomy of plants. Thanks to the enormous work of K. Linnaeus, morphology was placed at the service of taxonomy. The main task of morphology during this period was to find and detailed description more and more new forms of organs in various plants.

In the XVIII century. the foundations of comparative morphology are also laid. The countdown of this period begins, approximately, from 1790. In the same year, the work of I. V. Goethe "An Experience in Explaining Metamorphoses in Plants" was published. Goethe, who was not a professional botanist, unlike K. Linnaeus, did not strive to describe new forms. Based on his many years of observations of the development of plants from seed to the formation of flowers and fruits, in his work he puts forward the idea of ​​the commonality of all organs of a flowering plant and believes that all parts of a flower are the result of a modification of one organ - a leaf, which Goethe considered the main one. Goethe called this process of modification of a single organ and its manifestation in various forms metamorphosis. A number of botanists before Goethe expressed ideas about the change in some plant organs. So, even A. Cezalpini believed that the petals of a flower are modified leaves. N. Gru adhered to the same point of view on the nature of petals and sepals. M. Malpighi argued that rhizomes, tubers, bulbs are modifications of the stem. KF Wolf believed that all parts of the plant, except for the stem, are modified leaves. Since these claims were not sufficiently substantiated, they went almost unnoticed. At the same time, the problem of the unity and metamorphosis of organs in plants was deeply developed by Goethe. It was the first independent problem of morphology and had a huge impact on further development this science. Under the influence of Goethe's ideas, a number of comparative morphological works began to appear, and not only adult organisms were compared, but also plants and their organs at different stages of development. Paying tribute to I.V. Goethe's merit, the period of comparative morphology is often called Goethe's.

In comparative morphology, a number of specific areas of research can be distinguished. History of morphology of the XIX century. begins with the works of the Swiss botanist OP Decandol (1778–1841). Unlike Goethe, Decandol was a professional botanist, which allowed him to develop morphological problems on a broad comparative basis. He establishes certain patterns in the structure of plants, develops the doctrine of symmetry, extends the law of correlation to plants and believes that a change in one organ leads to a change in another associated with it. OP Dekandol comes to the important conclusion that the similarity of organs depends on their functions, position, number and relationships, that is, it actually lays the foundations for the concept of analogous and homologous organs. The broad introduction of the comparative method to plant morphology is undoubtedly the merit of Decandol, but his morphology is static. He studied only formed plants. At the same time, thanks to the use of the comparative method, it was possible to accumulate a huge amount of factual material about the laws of the structure of plant organisms and to lay the foundations for a new theoretical problem of morphology - the problem of the emergence of the main organs of plants.

Mid-19th century characterized by the rapid development of microscopic technology, which made it possible to deepen the study of ontogeny in plants. Fundamentally new in these studies is that morphologists are beginning to study the processes occurring in the reproductive organs. Thus, an ontogenetic direction appears in comparative morphology. Much credit for the development of the comparative ontogenetic trend belongs to Russian scientists.

One of the first works on the ontogeny of a flower was carried out by the Russian botanist NI Zheleznov (1816–1897). In 1840, he reported on the development of a flower in Tradescantia.

An outstanding discovery was made by Professor of Moscow University ID Chistyakov (1843–1877). In 1874, he first described mitosis in horsetail. In addition, he investigates the development of spores in lycopods, horsetails, ferns, gymnosperms and angiosperms.

A number of works on the comparative morphological study of gametophytes and the process of fertilization in gymnosperms were carried out by IN Gorozhankin (1848–1904). He made a great contribution to the study of the morphology of algae. But the greatest merit of this scientist should be considered the creation at Moscow University of a whole school of morphologists, whose representatives have worked fruitfully both in the field of morphology of higher plants and in the study of algae.

One of the most outstanding students of I. N. Gorozhankin was V. I. Belyaev (1855-1911). He investigated the development of the male gametophyte in higher spore and seed plants and, on the basis of the data obtained, constructed a morphological series of reduction of the male gametophyte. Although this series was not phylogenetic, it was of paramount importance for the subsequent development of evolutionary morphology. VI Belyaev also investigated the development and structure of spermatozoa in chara algae, horsetails and ferns and proved that a spermatozoon consists not only of one nucleus, as many botanists thought, but in addition to the nucleus it has a cytoplasm.

A special place in the history of plant morphology is occupied by the professor of Kiev University S. G. Navashin (1857–1930). In 1898, at the 10th Congress of Russian Naturalists and Physicians, he made a report on double fertilization in angiosperms. His discovery radically changed the concept of fertilization in angiosperms that prevailed until that time and made it possible to explain such phenomena as xenia and mosaic endosperm, which were known to geneticists, but could not be explained before S.G. Navashin's discovery.

Almost simultaneously with the comparative ontogenetic trend in plant morphology, a comparative phylogenetic, more precisely, evolutionary trend began to form. The development of this trend was facilitated by two events dating from 1859. In 1959, the genius work of Charles Darwin (1809–1882) "The Origin of Species by Natural Selection" was published, which put an end to the metaphysical notions of constancy organic world, and in the same year the American scientist W. Dawson discovered fossil plants in the Lower Paleozoic layers of Eastern Canada, which, in his opinion, were the first settlers of the land. He gave them the generic name Psilophyton (from the Greek psilos - naked and phyton - plant). This discovery initially caused a sensation, but then was actually forgotten, although it played a positive role in the history of morphology. Under the influence of Charles Darwin's ideas and in connection with the discovery of fossil plants, research in the field of the morphology of vegetative organs and flowers, as well as the anatomy and morphology of fossil plants, expanded and adopted a new direction.

"The phylogenetic direction in morphology solved one of the main tasks that morphology faced after the appearance of Darwin's theory - to find phylogenetic connections between organisms in order to establish kinship relations, the sequence of the appearance of forms in the course of evolution and to prove the unity of the origin of the organic world" (History of biology ..., p. . 334).

Among the works carried out during this period, one should mention the work of the Austrian botanist A. Eichler (1839-1887) "Diagrams of Flowers", published in 1875-1878. August Eichler studied the morphology of flowers in representatives of various families of angiosperms and in this work gave his own system of flower diagrams - from more primitive to more complex structures, which reflected the evolution of this organ.

A prominent exponent of evolutionary views in morphology was Professor of St. Petersburg University A. N. Beketov (1825-1902). A.N. Beketov, independently of Darwin, came to the conviction that the development of organic forms is a historical process, and for the first time from the standpoint of a materialist scientist gave an explanation of the causes of metamorphosis. According to the views of A.N. Beketov, metamorphosis is the result of the adaptation of plants to different and changing conditions of existence during the performance of physiological functions, adaptation, expressed in a change in form.

Much attention was also paid to the study of fossil plants. Thus, the French plant morphologist O. Linier (1855–1916) and the German botanist G. Potonier (1857–1913) considered the possible methods of leaf formation from the telomes of psilophytes (rhiniophytes), the evolution of branching types and actually laid the foundations of the telome theory, which later in 1930 was formulated by the German paleobotanist W. Zimmermann. This theory explained the structure of the body of the first settlers of the land and showed how organs of higher plants could arise from their structural elements - telomes.

In parallel with the evolutionary trend in plant morphology, an experimental-ecological trend began to form. The first experimental morphological studies were carried out in Russia. In 1868, Professor of Kazan University N.F. Levakovsky (1833–1898), studying in laboratory conditions the development of root systems under the influence of various humidity, different temperatures, soils with different physical properties and chemical composition, revealed significant changes in the external and internal structure of the roots. The great Russian plant physiologist KA Timiryazev (1843–1920) also studied the changes in roots under the influence of zinc, and in 1890 he also introduced the term "experimental morphology" into use.

Experimental and morphological studies of the French botanists G. Bonnier (1853–1901) and E. Letelier, who showed the influence of ecological conditions on the morphological characteristics of the aboveground parts of a number of plants, are extremely interesting. However, the German botanists G. Klebs (1857–1918) and K. Gebel (1855–1932) are rightfully considered the classics of experimental morphology. They actually formulated the task of experimental morphology, since they believed that the main task of this branch of morphology is to learn how to control the individual development of plants by changing the conditions of existence.

NP Krenke (1892–1939), known for his work on regeneration and transplantation in plants and as the author of the theory of cyclic aging and rejuvenation of plants, made a significant contribution to experimental morphology. This theory laid the scientific foundations for vegetative propagation of plants. Knowledge of the patterns of development of the organism, its age-related changes allowed N.P. Krenke to predict the early maturity of plants from the early stages of development, which was of great importance for practice.

The studies of the Soviet physiologist and plant ecologist BA Keller (1874–1945) were a kind of continuation of the work of evolutionary morphologists. BA Keller saw the main path of plant evolution in morphological and physiological restructuring under the influence of changing environmental conditions. He proposed the so-called ecological series method. This method involved the study of a gradual change in the conditions of existence and the gradual changes occurring in plants.

So, approximately from the middle of the XIX century. in morphology, quite closely intertwined with each other, three directions develop - comparative ontogenetic, comparative phylogenetic (evolutionary) and experimental ecological. These lines of research are almost equally represented today.

Despite the fact that plant morphology is a fairly ancient science, it has not lost its importance to this day. Today, as well as many centuries ago, humanity does not cease to worry about the problem of satisfying its urgent needs and, first of all, the problem of nutrition.

Today, as in the old, distant times, a person is not free from many serious and insidious ailments, the search for remedies for which makes him turn to the world of plants again and again.

And, finally, today a person is faced with an acute and urgent problem, which they started talking about quite recently, but they started talking persistently and alarmingly - the problem of protecting the plant world, the problem of the rational use of its wealth. These and many other issues are recognized to be addressed by the science of botany and its many subdivisions, including plant morphology.

Plant morphology as a science has a scientific and applied character. As a scientific discipline, it plays an important role for the taxonomy and phylogeny of plants, since only on the basis of plant traits can they be assigned to one or another taxon and the relationship between taxa of different ranks can be established. Morphology is of great importance for genetics and breeding. When carrying out genetic selection work, it is important to have information on the viability of pollen, stigma of the pistil, types of pollination and other indicators that ensure the normal implementation of the fertilization process.

These morphology are widely used in practice. A reliable method in geology is the method of spore-pollen analysis, based on the study of fossil pollen grains and spores, which makes it possible to determine the age of sedimentary rocks and purposefully search for minerals. The same method is used in archeology, geomorphology, paleogeography. It makes it possible to judge the flora and vegetation of certain regions in distant geological eras. The spore-pollen method is also used in medicine (when detecting allergens), and in commodity science (for example, when determining the quality of honey), and in other areas. Morphological research data is used in various industries National economy... Thus, the selection of pairs of plants for mixed crops (vetch-oat mixture, etc.) is based on the study of the productivity of plants in pure and mixed crops. The study of the relationship of some forest-forming species with mycorrhizal fungi contributed to the successful creation of artificial forest shelter belts in the steppe zone, which was of great importance for the development of forestry. Various resource studies are not complete without morphological data. It is on the basis of morphological studies of reproduction processes that it is possible to adjust the timing and volumes of harvesting wild medicinal, berry, industrial and other crops, that is, to give recommendations on the rational use of natural natural resources... It is only on the basis of the results of studying the morphological characteristics of plant growth and development that it is possible to develop scientifically grounded measures for the protection of specific species. And, finally, we must not forget that on the basis of morphology data, various reference manuals have long been created and are currently being created: plant atlases, keys, flora.

Where he studied: In 2004 he entered the medical faculty of the Astrakhan State medical academy(AGMA), graduated from it in 2010. He completed his postgraduate studies at the Department of Histology and Embryology in the same place, in 2012 he defended his thesis ahead of schedule and became a candidate medical sciences... In 2014 he completed his residency at the Department of Pathological Anatomy and received a license as a pathologist.

Research area: Cardiopathology and sudden cardiac death, oncomorphology (structure of tumors). In parallel, he is participating in the research of a new series of drugs that help with thrombosis.

Special features: Plays the piano, collects herbariums, makes collages and cooks well.

I came to the decision that I wanted to work in medicine quite early - it was some kind of internal urge, but it was a little pathological. When I was 6-7 years old, my father bred rabbits, and at some point it was time for them to turn into a roast. The insides - hearts, intestines, stomachs - were thrown away, I collected them in jars, filled them with water, tied them on top with plastic and put them in my grandmother's closet. Grandma did not know this. A week later, there was such a smell of corpse in her room that, of course, the parents began to look for its cause. I was silent. When these jars with decaying contents and maggots were found, they interpreted my actions as hooliganism, and not as a craving for scientific experiments, and, of course, scolded. Also, like all children, I played "in the hospital", put IVs on my friends-neighbors, the whole school dreamed of being a doctor and did not consider any other options. In the 11th grade, it was necessary to consciously make a choice: a doctor or a cook (in daddy's footsteps), and since I was finishing music school, then the third option was a music school and after - a conservatory. As a result, I started studying medicine at the Astrakhan State Medical Academy.

I did not immediately decide on the specialization, but now I understand that I am doing exactly what I am most interested in. In the second year, when we started anatomy, I was very much interested in the central nervous system - its complex structure and beautiful names- ascending and descending pathways, extrapyramidal system, black matter and red nucleus, thalamus, olives, Burdakh's bundle. I decided that I would become a neurologist, and this desire remained with me until the end of the sixth year. Passing the state exams, I was sure that I would enter the Bekhterev Research Institute for the Study of the Brain in St. Petersburg, sent my documents there, and they accepted me. But it turned out that for the first time in a very long time in graduate school at the Department of Histology at my university, budget place, and I was the first candidate for it, because in parallel with my studies for three years I was the chairman of the student's circle in histology. The rector summoned me to his place together with the head of the department, and I was instructed to apply for this budgetary place. I didn't resist and became a graduate student. I will explain that a histologist studies tissues in a normal state, and without knowledge of the norms, it is impossible to talk about pathology, because any pathology is a deviation from the norm. At that time, I had a feeling that I could study science in Astrakhan, so I was not upset because of the postponed move.

I started working on a morphological dissertation, the topic was already far from neurology - "The effect of hydrogen sulfide-containing gas from the Astrakhan field in the maximum permissible concentration on the mucous membrane of the small intestine." One of the city-forming enterprises is Gazprom Dobycha Astrakhan, 60 kilometers from the city, a gas and sulfur field is being developed, built in Soviet years excluding the regional wind rose. The employees of the enterprise are in working conditions, and they have their own maximum permissible concentration of harmful substances in the atmosphere, it is, of course, higher than that of city residents, but in any case it is understood that this concentration does not lead to any changes at the morphological or functional level. My work was experimental, I poisoned rats with gas in the working area. 70 animals participated in the work, all of them suffered in the name of science. It turned out that the declared as safe 3 mg per cubic meter still negatively affect the intestinal epithelium, which can lead to a number of diseases, including cancer. This research is described in my dissertation - I defended myself in Saransk, where two dozen professors listened to me - but it did not in any way affect the sanpins (sanitary norms and rules) for this type of production.

I wrote my thesis in a year, completed the paperwork for another six months, underwent approbation, wrote VAK articles.

VAK articles - publications in scientific journals, which each applicant must have in order to be admitted to the defense of a scientific work.

Usually it takes three years for a dissertation, but I so wanted to leave the department of histology that I sat until 12 at night, did the preparations, wrote even on weekends and dreamed that I would quickly finish the study, go out to the defense and finish my studies ahead of schedule, and not just quit graduate school, as most do. I invested quite seriously in my work, both morally and financially. In total, I spent about 250 thousand on consumables, chemicals and laboratory repairs. I missed everything when I did my research - I bought paints, equipment, antibodies myself. The only luck was that I got a 19th century microtome from Karl-Zeiss, I repaired it and, in fact, made a dissertation on it.

Microtome is a tool for preparing sections of fixed and non-fixed biological tissue, as well as non-biological samples for optical microscopy with a thickness of 1-50 microns.

During my work on my dissertation, I learned from books and manuals to do immunohistochemistry and staging a reaction, which gives a more accurate and in-depth diagnosis of the characteristics of tissue and cells, that is, allows you to identify the specific antigenic properties of malignant tumors.

There was only one microscope in our department, although any work of a histologist involves working with optics, all employees took turns using it. I am very grateful to my parents that I did not have an urgent need to earn money, they helped me very seriously. For teaching at the department I was paid 3 thousand rubles a month, the scholarship for a graduate student was about 6 thousand. I know that some people in Russia support their families on such salaries, but I do not think this is normal.

In my experience, science is expensive, but insanely interesting. It's like a drug, you are addicted to cocaine and you want to spend money on it all the time - so is research. I didn't care whether there was bread at home or not, because I needed to buy antibodies, basic fuchsin or sour for coloring the sections and see what was going on there.

There is a manic moment in this, usually everything is in the house, and I am everything in the laboratory. Sometimes I had quarrels with my mother when I asked 14,000 rubles for a thermal bath for straightening paraffin sections with tissue samples, but she did not understand why it cost so much and why I needed it at all.

Astrakhan Medical Academy was worthy educational institution Until about the 80s of the last century, it was one of the five best in the country, was quoted at the level of Mechnikov and Sechenov, and then devastation came, and now everything is pretty sad in terms of personnel and students. The Department of Pathological Anatomy was organized in 1917 by Georgy Vladimirovich Shor, who specially moved from Petrograd to Astrakhan for several years, his autopsy technique is used all over the world. Here, in 1963, a research group led by Yuri Semenovich Tatarinov discovered the protein alpha-fetoprotein, which is a marker of primary liver cancer, and its immunochemical test is now known in all developed countries. In 1972 he moved to Moscow and headed the Department of Biochemistry in Second Honey (Pirogov Russian State Medical University).

After completing my postgraduate studies, I decided to undertake a residency in pathological anatomy in order to obtain a clinical specialty and benefit from practical health care, because, again, histology is a theoretical field, an ideal foundation for further work in the field of morphology. Histology, anatomy and pathological anatomy belong to the group of morphological disciplines.

For the first time, I went to the autopsy with my friends, one of our friends studied at the Faculty of Law and as part of the forensic medical examination course, they were supposed to be present at the autopsy. This was my first year of study at the university, I felt sick, and I left, thinking that I would never become a pathologist. I often recalled this incident in the first two weeks of my residency in the morgue, they were very difficult for me in terms of disgust, and then I got used to smelling like xylon and chloroform. And later, when he had already received a license as a pathologist, he did not even consider it necessary to ask the orderlies to cut the ribs, he always did everything himself. Sometimes the floors in the laboratory were even washed. Also, during my work, I have digitized micropreparations of all immunohistochemical studies. I created a bank of photographs, which gives more convenient access to existing materials, allows you to compare cases and revise the results; before that, doctors simply wrote diagnoses and stored the glasses in the archive.

Pathological anatomy is one of those scientific disciplines where there are many opportunities for research. Each case is a small work, maybe even a dissertation, in a dissertation - statistics, volume and a lot of paper, and in pathology you work on each case, draw conclusions, reason, build logical chains. Therapists treat according to standards, surgeons are hands and technique, maybe varying degrees complexity, but you either know how or not, and here you have to think.

Two months ago I moved to Moscow at the invitation of the Scientific and Clinical Center of Otorhinolaryngology of the FMBA and now I am the head of the laboratory of pathological anatomy here. I am engaged in pathological morphology, reviewing the surgical biopsy material, giving my conclusions on the data of the morphological structure.

In parallel, I am working on scientific research, which is dedicated to sudden cardiac death. I asked one of the leading pathologists in Russia, Lev Vladimirovich Kaktursky, to give me a topic from the category of acute unresolved problems in morphology. If I discover something significant in the thanatogenesis of this pathology, then I will begin to write about it. The main question that stands before me is: why, against the background of the relative well-being of life, a person can die from a heart attack within an hour, even without heart disease, sometimes an attack can remain a scar in the myocardium, but it often ends fatally.

My daily routine is something like this: I get up at 6 or 6.30 because I like to spend the morning leisurely, at 8.15 I am at work, at 8.30 a five-minute session with doctors, surgeons and departments begins, then the time for my personal circles of hell comes. Since the laboratory has just opened, there are many administrative issues that I have to solve - hiring personnel, purchasing equipment, bringing the state of the working premises in accordance with the norms and requirements. Accountants, lawyers and workers take my time until lunchtime, after which I prepare the documents the next day.

In an ideal world, after five minutes, I will look through the biopsy materials that were sent to me, cut out the material for research and describe it, give it to laboratory assistants for the preparation of histological preparations, and then look at the ready-made glasses that laboratory assistants made over the previous evening and night, write answers and conclusions for doctors. Since the pathologist must have a five-hour working day, then in the second half of the day I will leave for the Research Institute of Human Morphology of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, where I work as a senior researcher at the central pathological laboratory and do my research on sudden cardiac death. Now I can only go there on Saturdays.

In the evening I come home - cook, have a very hearty dinner and play the piano, read professional literature, meet friends and go on dates.

Despite reforms in the field of health care and sometimes not entirely happy prospects, I believe that science can be done everywhere, even in the kitchen, no one forbids it - in an apartment, in a basement, on vacation. The only one important point- this is the necessary equipment and conditions for the implementation of certain goals and objectives. Now I have such a laboratory that I am ready to live in it. Everything, as you know, is cognized by comparison.

In conclusion, I want to say hello to the taxi drivers who took me from the Astrakhan morgue to home and back for the past few years, and everyone invariably asked if I worked there. When I said yes, they immediately moved on to the question of whether I cut corpses, and twice a day - in the morning and in the evening - I read a small lecture that a pathologist not only deals with autopsies, but also conducts intravital diagnostics, examines surgical biological material - biopsies, and 70-80% of his work is to look through a microscope and make diagnoses to living people, diagnose oncology, verify or deny the diagnosis. I personally feel very happy in those days when I do not have to make a single conclusion with the confirmation of oncology.