The biology of the exam will be. Social Studies, Profile Subject

For all students who in 2017-2018 academic year plans to take part in the struggle for budget places In the most popular universities of Russia, one of the most difficult periods in life begins - the stage of preparation for surchase EGE. This year, the Russian language and mathematics will remain mandatory for delivery, and the choice of profile items, such as biology, chemistry, physics, informatics, foreign languages et al. Depends on the specialty that the future applicant will choose for himself. In this article we will talk that in 2018 it expects all those who plan to submit an application for the EE on biology.

We propose to discuss such topics:

So, for those who for many years of study at school or the lyceum showed high biology results, such directions are opened:

Biological faculties of various russian universities, producing biologists and biotechnologists, zoologists and biophysicists, eologists and paleontologists
Russian medulutes.
Faculties of veterinary medicine.
Faculties of psychology, giving the opportunity to become a certified psychologist, a defectologist, psychoanalyst or psychotherapist.
Faculties physical culturewhose graduates can receive a degree of coach, sports instructor or physical education teacher.

All listed areas require a successful crossing of biology. But, in many universities, in addition to basic items, physics or social studies may also be needed.

Dates in 2018, EGE on biology

In 2017-2018 academic year, a single state exam will take place in three stages:

Preliminary (April 4, 2018 - the main and 11 April 2018 reserve day) - for graduates of past years and those who provide documents providing the right to early passing the USE.
Main (June 18, 2018 - the main, as well as on 26 and June 29, 2018 reserve days) - for graduates 2017-2018.
Additional(in September) - for those who are in a valid (documented) reason, could not take part in the main stage of the EGE.

Watch out for news in official groups of our site! As soon as concrete dates on all iSEE Items, we first tell about it!

Innovations that are expected in the ege of biology

Reforming the education system continues, certain changes in the USE occur annually. Because one of the most important issues, exciting future applicants in 2018, their parents and teachers, on the shoulders of which the preparation of graduates go to the surrender of the EGE - what changes can be made to the ege of biology.

In 2017, biology kim were improved.

Excluded test questions With the choice of one correct out of several proposed response options.
Changed the number of questions. Now they are only 28 instead of 40.
The performance of the work is now given to 210 minutes (5 minutes for each question 1 block and 10-20 minutes for each task 2 block).
In block number 1, new types of tasks appeared, requiring the ability to work with graphic schemes and tables, as well as analyze and synthesize the information provided.
The tasks are located not by level of complexity, but grouped by blocks.
The minimum flow threshold is 36 points.

Taking into account the changes made, the structure of KIM assumes that when performing tasks 1 block, a graduate must cope with such types of work as:

multiple choice;
conformity;
establishing the correct sequence;
supplement scheme, tables;
analysis of information made in graphical or tabular form.

In 2 block, each of the tasks will require a complete detailed response.

For graduates of past years, these changes have become an unpleasant surprise. The fact that this year already has the ability to focus on the structure examination - Weight advantage. The current minister does not welcome sharp and radical changes, which gives hope that last year's standard recognized as optimal will not be much changed in the new season of the USE.

Most likely, on the results of the discussions of the tickets last year, some changes will be made in kim on biology. Most likely, they will affect issues that caused a number of negative reviews from the examinations.

Is it possible to pass this exam on high score? Sure! It was proved by graduates who scored the maximum 100 points and successfully joined budget places in top Universities countries. The main thing is to correctly organize the preparation process and focuses on achieving the goal.

Preparation for EEG on biology

Although at first glance, the biology seems to be an interesting and not difficult, and there are underwater stones, as well as a number of difficulties that school students may face, in which the subject is not profile.

According to the current kimov, a single state exam Biology is intended to check knowledge on such topics:

Biology as science.
Cell as biological system.
Organism as a biological system.
System and manifold organic World.
Ecosystems and their patterns.
Evolution of wildlife.
Human body and health.

The material in these seven paragraphs is prisoner quite voluminous, so you should not postpone the preparation for the last months! It is optimally proceeding with the repetition of everything traveled at school since July-August, if you have not begun to engage before.

The preparation plan is simple enough:

Acquaintance with theory.
Decision of the practical part and securing skills.
Verification of knowledge by solving test tasks Ege.

For work with theory, any textbooks recommended by the Ministry of Education and Science are suitable. But, just read and try to remember little. Such a format will not give high efficiency when preparing for the exam in the format of the USE. Pedagogues with extensive experience recommend:

Teach Terminology. Biology has its own language, without the knowledge of which, when passing the exam, the 2018 will make difficulties with tasks high level difficulties, and therefore the preparation should be based on the ability to operate biological concepts.
Visualize concepts. If there are no photos in the textbook, look necessary information in the Internet. This will help make difficult moments more understandable and tie them with life.
Use various memorization methods. Pick the methodology that will help you. It is possible that this presentation of information in the form of schemes, tables, sketches, or association method.
Support systematics of classes.
Ask questions. If something causes difficulties, contact your school teacher, ask a question in the forum dedicated to the biology's exam, or take advantage of the help of a tutor.

The main rule of preparation for the exam on biology 2018 and the successful examination of the exam is to begin to prepare not a few weeks before the "hour x", and from the very beginning of the school year.

Execution exams are not far off. It's time to proceed to intensive training. Including, those who decided on the selection on the choice. Pretty many this year, as in the past, will choose biology for this. Now we will talk about what graduates are waiting for graduates in the biology exam in 2018.

Relevance of discipline

Who, most likely, would prefer the ege on biology in 2018? First of all, those students for whom desiccable are such specialties as a biologist or biotechnologist, ecologist, biophysics, zoologist, paleontologist, veterinarian.

Mandatory discipline is considered for those who dream of a doctor's profession, going to storm medical universities. Need strong knowledge of biology and high examination score On the subject also for future psychologists, psychoanalysts, psychotherapists, defectologists. Another profile direction: universities and sports faculties.

Dates of the EEG on biology in 2018

As usual, graduates 2017-2018 of the school year will have to be given a single state examination on biology, in which three stages are programmed.

On a preliminary one expected on April 4, 2018, graduates of previous years or current schoolchildren who documented that they will not be able to meet the main dates Eger. Provided and reserve - April 11.

For those who have a force majeure, which will prevent to come to the exam during normal time, an additional chance option is left. At this expense will be able to come students in September, which will prove that they missed the main stage for a valid reason.

How did the graduates of past years coped with the subject?

Choose this subject for the ege of about 7% of all graduates. In addition, over the past few years, their number has decreased: from 129 thousand in 2016 to 112 thousand in 2017.

There is another disturbing figure: the last exam on biology, in 2017, did not pass 18% of schoolchildren. Approximately the same than them was a year earlier, even a little more: 0.3%.

The main group of graduates has passed this exam on the "Troychka, gaining an average of 53.2-53.8 outcomes.

Are innovations on biology for biology expected in 2018?

Will it wait for graduates of this year and future applicants of significant changes in the biology exam in 2018? Unlikely. If there are adjustments, then minimal and insignificant. Since in 2017, kima on this subject was seriously finalized.

Of these, questions of the test format disappeared, where it was enough to choose, even at random, one version of the answer from those provided in the kima.

The number of questions has decreased, and much: it became 28 against the former 40. You need to master these tasks in 210 minutes. Approximate "routing" is as follows: optimally spending approximately 5 minutes for each of the questions of the first partition and for 10-20 minutes for each task of block 2.

New requirements appeared to the tasks of the first block, there are new types of tasks, to execute specific skills: work skills with tables and various graphic schemes, including charts and graphs. Also welcome the ability to produce both analysis and synthesis of available information.

The content of exam kimov

On this test, the graduate is required to show how the material for the development and structure of plants, mushrooms, lichens, animals is absorbed. The foundations of the structure and vital activity of a person will also be presented with ticket issues. The knowledge of the foundations of the theory of evolution, an understanding of wholebiological patterns, deeply ideas about the structure and functions of cells, etc., are also expected from students. An important section of knowledge is the topics associated with the biosphere, the environment of the planet.

Block number 1. Maximum points that are able to dial 11-grades - 39. Here are 21 tasks for the choice of answers and the ability to produce comparative analysis, Solving problems of genetics and basic cytology, there will be an analytical work with tables and pictures. It is necessary to act quickly, but the answers are needed extremely brief.

In the second block Performing tasks requires surround responses full. But for these 7 tasks you can get 20 points. Total we get 59. primary ballots, Translated to the final result, they will make up 100 points. And for a satisfactory result, you need a minimum of 36 points.

Optimal preparation for EEG on biology in 2018

Science is not easy, requires care and understanding, and not just mechanical memorization. Therefore, the preparation is needed methodical, permanent, and not once again, and not auto on the eve of the exam.

The basic training includes the study of terminology, without its knowledge, it is difficult to navigate in biology as science. To facilitate memorization, apply visualization, that is, reinforce the theory of illustrative material, look for snapshots, graphs, schemes, which will become the basis for associative memory.

Ask questions to teacher and classmates who are well versed in the subject. Work out past years tests, as well as new demo version of the exam. Configure a positive result!

Points and Evaluation of the EGE on biology in 2018

In the usual school system, the EE charge points are translated as follows:

"Two", unsatisfactory result, corresponds to 0-35 points;
"Troika" earned examinations that scored 36-54 points;
"Four" - so you can translate the amount of points in the range from 55 to 71;
"Excellent", the top five becomes the property of schoolchildren in the examination result in 72 or more points.

Minimum what is required for successful, albeit satisfactory, exam, - 36 points. At the same time, it is far from prestigious professions for receipt, and not to the budget, you need to at least have a certificate with 50 points. High-class universities impose much higher demands: on the budget form of study only those whose baggage EGE on biology is 84 points and more.

How will the ege of biology be organized in 2018?

All utilized materials that will be required to work with kimami will be provided by the examination organizers, it is impossible to believe with it from reference or illustrative literature.

Outside the law also phones, tablets and other gadgets. If someone hopes on the crib or tips of the wise neighbor, then do not forget: and the commission of examiners are very vigilant, and all 100% of the audiences in which the biology will be held in 2018 will promise to equip online observation systems.

In addition, work continues to prevent information leaks. Including, more and more schools choose the format when the exam tickets is printed in place, and accidentally excluded and deliberate Makhinatsii during delivery, kimov carriage. It is believed that already in 2019, all schools will translate all schools on a new ticket printing algorithm, the exam classes will be equipped with appropriate equipment.

Executed I. entry exams 2018. As a lot of energy and kilograms are given by eleventh graders in a competitive struggle for admission to budget places in the selected university. Everything went ...

In this article, I appeal to you, the future applicants of 2019 and your teachers of biology. The project has already emerged Develsia 2019. It is clear that changes in the compilation of kimov in 2019 will not be, which is very gratis.

For more focused, fruitful, high-quality exam preparations in 2019, it is necessary to know narrow places, knowledge gaps identified in the preparation for the exams for the 2018 applicants.

Such an analysis of the results of passing exams in biology in 2018 is given

Each version of the examination work contained 28 tasks and consisted of 2 parts.

Part 1 contained 21 tasks, of which:

7 tasks with multiple selection (with or without pattern);
6 - to establish conformity (with a pattern or without it);
3 - to establish a sequence of systematic taxa, biological objects, processes, phenomena;
2 - on solving biological problems in cytology and genetics;
1 - in addition to the missing information in the scheme;
1 - in addition to the missing information in the table;
1 - on the analysis of the information presented in graphical or tabular form.

Part 2 consisted of 7 tasks with a detailed answer:

1 Task on two elements of response and 6 tasks per three or more elements.

The results of the USE showed that the tasks with the detailed response were well differentiated by the participants of the exam on the levels of their preparation.

Changes in the structure of KIM in 2018 did not occur. However, compared with the previous year, there were changes in the number of basic tasks (from 10 to 12 tasks), elevated (from 12 to 9 tasks) and high (from 6 to 7 tasks) levels of complexity. In addition, in part 2 KIM, tasks appeared with new plots in the lines 22, 23, 28.

In 2018, more than 133 thousand people took part in the exam in biology. Biology exam is traditionally in demand and comes in the top five of the most popular graduation exams.

In 2018, the average test score on biology amounted to 51.4. A resistant tendency to reducing the number of participants with results in the range of 81-100 points is noted.

Such a reduction in the share of high-value can be explained by a complex of measures to increase the experts of subject commissions of the regions, as well as the inclusion in part 2 of the new plots demanding a clear argument, and not to reproduce common or private knowledge on the subject. This made it possible to carry out better differentiation of participants with high test points.

Performed all the tasks of the examination work and scored 100 points 48 graduates !!!

Analysis of the responses of examinations carried out in Methodical recommendations For teachers Rokhlov VS with co-authors allowed to determine the range of problems, difficulty and typical mistakes Examples when mastering a biology course.

Block 1. Biology as science. Methods of scientific knowledge.

In this block, as in the past year, many mistakes were made on issues. concerning scientific knowledge methods.

For example, for the task of using the "labeled atoms" method for studying the photosynthesis process, the maximum 2 points received 15% of the examinations, and 78% - received 0 points!

For the task in which it was necessary to explain the use of the centrifugation method to separate the cells of the cell, 2 points received only 7% examined, and 67% - received 0 points.

Block 2. Cage as a biological system.

In terms of 1 in line 3, very low results were obtained for some tasks, although the tasks "to funny" are simple, which do not require any depth knowledge of biology.

For example, participants found it difficult to determine : the number of chromosomes in the somatic cell of the organism on a chromosomal set of genital cell; the number of autosomes in the sex cell; The number of X-chromosomes in the genital cell of the man.

Very low results are also obtained for the task where it was necessary to determine the properties of the genetic code. And what can be surprising here, if even the authors of the textbooks are "confused" identify the concepts " genetic information"And" Genetic code ". Therefore, it is convincingly asking school teachers and rehearsers of biology to pay close attention to such a misunderstanding.

Problems were problematic for most of the subjects, taught knowledge on the chemical composition of cells and roles chemical elements In life processes. An example of such a task to establish conformity.
CHARACTERISTICS
A) participates in the conduct of nerve impulses (2)
B) enters the composition of bone tissue (1)
C) is part of the lipid layer (1)
D) is included in the composition of nucleic acids (1)
E) participates in oxygen transport (3)
CHEMICAL ELEMENTS
1) Phosphorus
2) Potassium
3) Iron ( The composition of the bilipid layer of the membrane examined "put" and iron, and potassium, forgetting that the membranes consist of phospho lipids).

Tasks on and comparing signs of eukaryot and prokaryotes were problematic.

Weakly mastered the knowledge of the characteristics of the dark phase of photosynthesis. The participants of the exam found themselves to establish a correspondence between the structure of the chloroplast shown in the figure, and the venue of the phases of photosynthesis. And in the tasks to establish a sequence of processes, the lowest results are obtained on the tasks in which it was necessary to determine.

Complex turned out to be "tasks and for compliance" when establishing the relationship between the structure and functions of cell organoids, the process of metabolism, the type of cell division.

For the tasks of the line 7, when solving problems on cytology on the determination of the number of chromosomes and DNA molecules in different phases of mitosis and meiosis,
Maximum 3 points as in the past year we received less than 5% of participants. (Again, it is necessary to state that it is strange that so few applicants respond to these questions correctly. These tests are found almost unchanged in Kima and are placed in FIPI observation over the past four years).

I again give an example of a task that there were few faithful answers. "The chromosomal set of wheat somatic cells is equal to 28. Determine the chromosomal set and the number of DNA molecules in the cell of the family in the formation of macrospheres at the end of Maiza I and Maiz II. Explain the results in each case. " (This test task is in this form was in Kima Eger Back in 2014, repeated last year).

In line 23, it was proposed in the figure to determine the type and phase of cell division and argue its choice. This task coped and determined the phase and the type of cell division, led the rationale and received the maximum 3 points only 3% of participants.

The lowest results of the implementation of the line 24 were on the tasks in which it was necessary to analyze information about the genetic code, prokaryotic cell, plant cell, cell core, and correct errors in the text.

Line 27 is traditionally devoted to checking the skills to apply knowledge in a new situation when solving the problems of cytology on the definition of a chromosomal set of hametophyte cells and sporophyte of plants using a genetic code table. We coped with such assignments to the maximum 3 points only 11% of participants.

Here is an example of a task where the results are obtained below the average level. The DNA molecule fragment has a sequence of nucleotides: -Ah t t t t t t Determine the sequence of amino acids in the fragment of the polypeptide chain and justify your answer. What changes could occur as a result of a gene mutation in the DNA molecule fragment, if the fourth amino acid in the polypeptide was replaced by the amino acid depth? What property of the genetic code determines the possibility of the existence of different fragments of a mutated DNA molecule? Justify the answer. To perform the task, use the table of the genetic code.

1) First, it is necessary to establish the sequence of INNA nucleotide tripts. Transcribed from this section of the DNA fragment section of the IRNN fragment will be: UAU-UTSC-WATS-GGA-AAA.
2) The sequence of amino acids: Tir-Ser-Tir-Gly Liz.
3) In order to in the fragment of the protein instead of the amino acid of glycine, there was an amino acid glutamine, the fourth triplet of the IRNK must be GAA or GAG. Accordingly, in DNA it will be mutant TST driplets or CTTs instead of the original TSC.
4) Different triplets can encode the same amino acid - this is associated with redundancy (degenerate - "stupid" term) of the genetic code.

Thus, in general this block 2 to the number weakly formed by participants in knowledge and skills can be attributed :
1) knowledge of the chemical composition of the cell;
2) knowledge of metabolic processes (for example, photosynthesis);
3) characteristics of the phases of mitosis and meiosis;
4) the ability to determine the number of chromosomes and DNA molecules in cells in different phases of mitosis and meiosis;
5) establish the correspondence between the characteristics of metabolism and specific processes;
6) to determine the pattern of cell division phase;
7) justify and explain your choice.

Block 3. Organism as a biological system

Analysis of the results showed that most participants captured knowledge about the body as a biological system, demonstrated the ability to solve genetic tasks. Such successful implementation was facilitated by the fact that most of the tasks models were included in esmer options and. Nevertheless identified a number of problems in knowledge and skills and on this topic.

In part 1 of this block, the challenges were complex for determining the ratio of the number of phenotypes during splitting in self-pollized plants, with the analyzing the crossing of digomosigot or digeterosigons.

In line 7, the knowledge of terms and the foundations of selection and biotechnology was checked on the multiple choice. Here, most of the examiners arose difficulties in the selection of positions and.

In the tasks of the line 8, for compliance, knowledge is weakly learned (signs of gastruption were incorrectly detected).

In line 21, special difficulties caused a task where it was necessary to explain the effects of mutations on the accumulation of adipose tissue.

In part 2 of this block, unlike past years, each text had a specific name, which helped the participants of the exam Select the correct error correction option in the text. Here is an example of a task, the results of the execution of which turned out to be low.

Find three mistakes in the text "Mutations". Specify the suggestions numbers in which the errors are made, correct them. Give the correct wording.
(1) The mutation is a random change in hereditary information. (2) distinguish three types of nuclear mutations: gene, genomic, chromosomal. (3) Chromosomal mutations are due to a change in the order of triplets in the gene. (4) Polyploidy is an example of chromosomal mutation. (5) Polyploids serve material to obtain new varieties of cultivated plants. (6) Genomic mutations are associated with doubling certain triplets in the gene. (7) Mutations lead to a change in signs in organisms.
(3) Gene mutations are due to a change in the order of triplets in the gene. (4) Polyploidy is an example of genomic mutation. (6) Gene mutations are associated with doubling certain triplets in the gene.

But the worst results are obtained for assays on the analysis of text on sexual reproduction, parthenogenesis and.

In line 28, genetic tasks are traditionally proposed. 2018 applicants coped with such tasks much worse than in 2017.

What are the reasons for such a reduction in the results?

Block 4. System and variety of organic world »

The average result of the tasks basic level Multiple selection lines 9 amounted to 61%, which corresponds to only the lower boundary of the stated level. However, the execution of a number of tasks caused difficulties.

So, find out the flower of the bean plant in the picture and install characteristic signs The class to which this plant belongs and get the maximum 2 points were able to only 24% of participants. It should be noted that the drawing of this plant is available in all textbooks of biology.

Determined the modifications of the roots in concrete plants only 29% of the examinations.

Problems also arose when choosing morphological features rainworm, signs of askarides.

Participants found it difficult to determine the mammalian brain drawing and choose the characteristics of the class.

Weakly formed turned out to be the ability to compare the organs of the plant shown in the figure with the peculiarities of their structure and the functions performed (bulbs, apples, endosperma and the embryo grain).

At a low level, tasks were made to establish the conformity of the characteristics of educational and coating fabric, representatives of amphibious and reptiles and the media of their breeding, specific representatives of primary and secondary animals

Here is an example of one of the tasks with the lowest result.

The tasks in which the aromorphoses were required to establish aromorphoses in coated plants, which allowed them to conquer the primary position on Earth, to bring evidence of the unity of the organic world on Earth, determine the value of fire in anthropogenesis. Maximum points for these tasks received only 2-3% of participants.

Block 7. Ecosystems and inherent patterns

It turned out to be difficult, in which it was necessary to determine the adaptation of birds to transfer adverse conditions (fully fulfilled on 2 points this task is only 14% of participants).

Here is an example of another problem task, the maximum 2 points for which only a quarter of all participants received. Choose three faithful responses from six and record the numbers in the table under which they are specified. Rindunts in the ecosystem include
1) putrefactive bacteria
2) Nodule bacteria
3) Penicilli
4) Aport
5) Magor
6) Serobacteria

A low result of this task is apparently explained by the ignorance of the role of specific organisms in the ecosystem.

As in previous years, the task was to establish a sequence of cycles of substances in the biosphere, in particular, so the study of this topic should pay more attention in the learning process.

Analysis of the implementation of the tasks of the new type, which were first proposed on the exam in 2017

These tasks were performed in accordance with the planned level of complexity. Most participants demonstrated the ability to analyze the results of biological experiments or observations and find the right conclusions from the proposed list.

As in the past year, the difficulties of the participants called the tasks of the basic level of lines 3 and 6, in which it was proposed to solve the biological problems of cytology and, and the answer was necessary to write in the form of a number or sequence of numbers.

Analysis of the results of tasks with a brief response of Part 1 allowed us to conclude that the greatest difficulties caused the following tasks :
- in line 5 - to establish conformity on the topic "Cage as a biological system. Life cycle Cells » ;
- in line 13 - to establish conformity on the topic of the "human body" ;
- in line 14 - to establish a sequence on the topic "Human organism" ;
- in line 19 - to establish a sequence on the topic "Obbiological patterns" ;
- in line 20 - to work with the table by the themes "Obbiological patterns. Man and his health. "

This can be explained by the fact that such tasks check not only knowledge of concrete facts, but also general educational skills analyze, compare, compare biological objects, processes and phenomena.

The execution of all types of tasks of part 2 differ significantly from different groups of participants, which indicates that tasks with a detailed response have a high differentiating force.

In preparation for the exam should pay attention :

- on biological terminology and symbolism;
— chemical composition cells;
-, chemosynthesis;
- chromosomal set of somatic and sex cells;
— ;
- patterns individual Development organisms, and;
- ontogenesis of plants and animals, the development cycles of the main departments of plants;
- the main signs of kingdoms, types, departments, classes of wildlife, the features of the structure of plants and animals;
- the structure of sensory systems, neurohumoral regulation of the vital activity of the human body, the peculiarities of the vegetative nervous systemHigh nervous activity man;
- the inner medium of the human body, immunity, metabolism and the conversion of energy in the human body;
- signs of the difference and kinship of man and animals;
— driving forces evolution and their meaning;
- fitness of organisms to the habitat;
-, in the development of plants and animals;
- ecosystem and its components, environmental factors, the role of plants and animals in biocenoses;
- Functions of the living matter of the planet;
- nitrogen, oxygen, carbon, phosphorus in nature;
- Global changes in the biosphere caused by human activity.

To obtain maximum points when preparing for the exam, graduates must own such interdisciplinary concepts as "diffusion", "osmosis", "hydrolysis", "homeostasis", "dipole", "dissociation", "respiratory chain", "colloidal solution", "Ionizing radiation", "partial pressure" and others.

Graduates should know, understand and explain the essence of such concepts as :

Already known. that significant changes in the structure and content of the KIM EGE in 2019 will not be in biology. Only a model of task in line 2 is changed (instead of a two-tailed task with a multiple selection, a one-ground task to work with the table is proposed). The maximum primary score for fulfilling all the work is reduced from 59 to 58. Examples of such tasks are already presented. in project demonstration option Kim 2019

Here on such a positive note, I finish my review of guidelines V.S. Rokhlov, R.A. Petrosova, T.V. Mosharykina in guidelines for teachers. FIPI, Moscow 2018. According to the analysis of the results of the exam in biology in 2018.

*******************************************************

I have a blog you can purchase answers to all tests Options FIPI For all the years of exams and.

Average general education

Biology

We are preparing for the EEG on biology. Task 26.

The ege on biology is no longer around the corner. This year, the knowledge check will be somewhat different from the exams of the past years. Corporation " Russian textbook"Represents a series of webinars in which Professor Mio Georgy Lerner makes a parsing of tasks and tells how preparation should be trained. This time we study line 26 from the demonstration option, the tasks of which are associated with the evolutionary teaching and the basics of the ecology - it is one of the most difficult in the exam.

Biology. Ege 2018. Features

Since 2018, special attention will be paid to the conceptual apparatus. It is possible that next year in codifiers to the exam, the terminology will be impregnated with the student.

The number of issues related to eras and periods, the evolution of plants and animals will increase. Previously, they almost did not meet. Graduates must be explored geochronological table, Being ready for assignments to the definition of an organism related to a particular period, to one or another era, on the definition of the imprint, on the calculation of the existence of this body.

The number of issues devoted to the origin of life on Earth will increase. Previously, there were practically no.

Almost exclusions the wording "What happens if you disappear ...". Some consequences are impossible to predict. Instead, applicants will be invited to name factors that can lead to a reduction in the number of one or another population.

This year, applicants will not be able to limit both with concise responses. Examinations should show the knowledge of the subject - for this, during the preparation it is necessary to get away from the "Skatting".

Options for task number 26, solutions and explanations

Example 1.

What aromorphoses ensured the development of the ancient organisms in Archey and Proterozoa? Specify at least four aromorphic signs and their meaning in evolution. Response elements:

Response elements:

The appearance of photosynthesis provided the primary synthesis of organic substances from inorganic, the accumulation of oxygen in water and the atmosphere, the formation of the ozone screen.

The appearance of aerobic metabolism provided the synthesis of a large amount of ATP and the body's supply of energy.

The sexual process led to the appearance of various signs in organisms - material for evolution.

The appearance of multicellularity led to differentiation of cells, tissues and organs.

The emergence of eukaryotes provided a variety of wildlife kingdoms.

Note: Answer wording can be different, the main thing is the correct use of terms. In addition, if the examiner does not execute the "Specify", "explain", then will lose 2 points.

Example 2.

The population is stable if it has a greater number. Why the likelihood of the disappearance of small populations is higher than numerous?

Response elements:

The probability of the death of small populations from the effects of adverse factors of the external environment is higher than that of a numerous population.

Weakens relationships between members of the population (sound alarm system, selection of chemicals).

Preproduction of offspring is difficult.

Corporative crossing of individuals in small populations leads to the appearance of harmful recessive genes. With high numbers, the population is relatively heterogeneous.

Note: The task does not indicate the number of criteria for which you need to give an answer - therefore, it is necessary to call at least three. The answer must meet the meaning of the question, and if this correspondence is not, the score is reduced. To perform the task, you need to specify events that lead to the disappearance of small populations. Criterion No. 2 is the most difficult for applicants, it is rarely mentioned in the algorithm to solve such a task.

Example 3.

Cod, pikes and many other fish, the amount of yelling eggs is calculated by millions. At the same time, there are fish that are moving several hundred or tens of eggs. Explain why in nature there are those other fish.

Response elements:

Fish females tend to leave a large number of Icres into the water and she fertilizes there. Fertilization external.

Advancement for survival with external fertilization is a large number of caviar.

In fish with little fertility, care is well developed about the offspring, otherwise they could not exist.

Note:Such tasks cause difficulties. Criterion number 1 is difficult to derive from the question, since the overwhelming majority of fish is an outdoor fertilization. If the examiner responds that part of the caviar is not fertilized, ejected by the waves to the shore or eaten by other fish, it will be in more than meet the meaning of the question. Need to introduce students with different options Answer.

Example 4.

It is believed that on the slopes of the field hills it is necessary to open the slope (horizontally, terraces) across the slope (horizontally, terraces), and not along the vertex to the foot). Explain why you need to do this exactly, and what can break the fields along the slope.

Response elements:

When the sling along the slope and water used for watering, and natural precipitations will be flipped along the beds to the foot of the hill.

This water will flush fertilizer soils and other useful substances, accelerating soil erosion.

When the slope is across the slope, water will stay longer in the soil and the substance will be leaning much slower.

Note:Schoolchildren, as a rule, are not familiar with the term "terraced". This task causes them serious difficulty due to the lack of travel experience in places where such a method of unincound is distributed.

Example 5.

The body of the penguins is covered with a very powerful dense layer of contour feathers, under which the thick layer of dying feathers is located. At the same time, penguins, unlike other birds, change down fears all at once, and not gradually throughout life. Explain why Penguins in the course of evolution have formed such features of a down layer of feathers and how these features increase their fitness to environmental conditions.

Response elements:

Penguins live in cold conditions, so a powerful fluff layer (dying feathers of a special structure) they are needed as thermal insulation.

If the dyed feathers changed gradually, this would lead to a violation of the contour feathers, which, in turn, led to the wet of feathers when swimming.

Therefore, penguins have developed a change of all down feathers at once that the change period is as short as possible.

Note:Applicant may not understand the meaning of the question. You need to pay the time to this task, to submit a fan of answers. Better - using more information. It is necessary to speak that a molting of penguins lasts about 20 days - this is a short time, during which the birds are starving and accumulated in the flock to warm up. Downy feathers pushed out with new feathers. If the phrase "all time" is understood as an applicant as "very quickly" (which is quite likely), difficulties will arise with the answer.

Example 6.

What happens to the signs and characteristics of organisms in a divergent speciation? What are the driving forces of evolution underlie this process? What form of natural selection underlies this process?

Response elements:

In divergence, there is a discrepancy of signs.

The divergence is due to the hereditary variability, the struggle for the existence and natural selection.

Moting form Natural selection leading to polymorphism.

Note: Term polymorphism It will often be found in the tasks of 2018. In some issues of this type, it will be necessary to talk about the dioretical form of selection.

Example 7.

Why does biological regress often lead to the extinction of the species? Justify the answer, give at least four arguments.

Response elements:

In biological regression, the number of type is sharply reduced due to the decrease in the adaptation of organisms when the conditions change.

There is a decrease in the range by reducing the number.

There is a nearby crossing, which leads to the manifestation of harmful mutations and death of organisms.

Random factors increase the likelihood of extinction of the species.

Note: The task requires the ability to operate the concepts of "regress", "Adaptation", "Area", "mutations". It is simple, but the applicants cannot always bring exactly four full criteria. Possible fan of answers: Organisms do not have time to adapt to changing environmental conditions; They do not stand competition with other species; As a result, they are sifted by natural selection; Due to the reduction in the number, the range is reduced. Each of these formulations fully complies with the algorithm given in the criteria.

The attention of students and teachers is offered new tutorialwhich will help successfully prepare for a single state-owned biology exam. The directory contains all theoretical material at the biology course needed to pass the exam. It includes all the elements of the content being checked by control and measuring materials, and helps to summarize and systematize knowledge and skills for the course of the average (full) school. Theoretical Material Located in a brief, accessible form. Each section is accompanied by examples of test tasks, allowing you to test your knowledge and degree of preparedness to the attestation exam. Practical tasks correspond to the format of the USE. At the end of the allowance, answers are answered to tests that will help schoolchildren and applicants check themselves and fill the existing gaps. The manual is addressed to schoolchildren, applicants and teachers.

Example 8.

Prove that most modern birds are in a state of biological progress (taking into account the features of birds).

Response elements:

A large species diversity due to variety and adaptation to its environmental niches.

High intraspecific number of individuals related to complex behavior (concern for the offspring, flights, construction of various nests, etc.).

Wide habitat, due to warmth and flight ability.

Note: In this example, you should not talk about a four-chamber heart, double breathing, a beak without teeth and other devices to the flight, because they do not ask about it. Thermal production is properly referred to as adaptation to the experience of various environmental conditions. The answer to this task, as in the previous example, is amenable to algorithm: everything that is reduced during regress increases with progress, and vice versa.

Example 9.

Describe the composition of the primary atmosphere of the Earth and the conditions under which the abigenic synthesis of the first organic substances occurred. What substances synthesized Miller and Yuri in their experiment? Why are these substances not formed at present, for example, during volcanic eruptions?

Response elements:

The primary atmosphere of the Earth contained water vapor, ammonia, hydrogen and methane.

The conditions for the synthesis were electrical discharges and high temperatures.

As a result of the experience, scientists received several amino acids, urea and lactic acid.

Formerizing organic substances They are immediately absorbed by microorganisms or oxidized by the oxygen of the atmosphere.

Note:Obviously, the response should be 4 criteria. This example Shows that you need to know the names of some scientists and their work.

Example 10.

Clover grows in the meadow, pollined by bumblebees. What biotic factors can lead to a reduction in the number of clover population?

Response elements:

Reducing the number of bumblebees.

An increase in the number of vegetation animals.

Reproduction of competitors (cereals, etc.).

Note:Other criteria may be given in the task:

Pulling clover cows.

The destruction of the nests of bumblebees.

Destruction of eggs of bumblebees insect riderists, etc.

Example 11.

What plants B. natural conditions Get mineral nutrition not from the soil, and explain - how?

Example 12.

Explain why it is enough for two eggs in the masonry to resume the species of eagle-belly, and in the straining masonry - 6-7 eggs.

Response elements:

High fertility differences are distinguished by species whose destruction of individuals in nature.

The nightingale excessive production of eggs as it would cover their possible death (the nesting type of chicks, many enemies, long flights to the places of winter and others).

At species with well-developed concern about the offspring, the death of chicks is small (more mature chicks, the absence of natural enemies, a settling lifestyle).

Note:The task requires the applicants at least some idea about the eagle-belly. The condition partly leads to the correct answer - at least students can compare the size of birds, assume the care of the offspring of Orlanes, and thus bring the first criterion.

To the attention of students and teachers is offered a new training manual, which will help to successfully prepare for a single state-owned biology exam. The collection contains questions selected by sections and topics verifiable for the USE, and includes tasks of different types and levels of complexity. At the end of the manual provide answers to all tasks. The proposed thematic tasks will help the teacher to organize preparations for a single state exam, and students - to independently test their knowledge and readiness for the delivery. graduation exam. The book is addressed to students, teachers and methodologies.

Example 13.

Explain the effect of the density of the ancient habitat for "living organisms" of biocenoses.

Response elements:

The light penetrates into the water for a small depth, so plant organisms can only exist in the upper layers (up to 150-200 m).

The density of the aqueous medium affects the streamlined shape of the body and the strong muscles of fast moving animals.

The density of the medium facilitates the weight of the organisms and creates the ability to constantly be in the thickness of the medium (plankton).

The presence of plankton makes it possible to filter type of power of many animals.

Note:Criterion No. 4 is hardly directly related to the question, since it is not a direct effect of water on the vital activity of organisms. Possible fan of answers: in aquatic plants weakly developed mechanical tissue and high buoyancy; Animals have developed such devices as mucus on the skin, fins, adaptation to different depths and so on. Tasks on the topic "Ecology of organisms" require the ability to apply knowledge in a modified situation. In matters there is an influence of light, humidity, salinity and other factors.

Example 14.

Indicate at least four habitat factors. Explain their role in the life of organisms.

Response elements:

The water density determines its ejecting force (distribution of the body in different depths).

Temperature regime is more smoothed, no excessively high and low temperatures.

Limited amount of oxygen. There are chases in water bodies for various reasons.

The salt makeup limits the spread of freshwater and marine inhabitants.

Note:Such types of tasks may concern the ground-air, soil, intraongogenous habitat. This is about physico-chemical properties And their role in the life of organisms. The applicant will respond correctly if such properties are well studied.

EGE and entrance exams on biology in 2018

For all students who in the 2017-2018 academic year plans to take part in the struggle for budget places in the most popular universities of Russia, one of the most difficult periods in life begins - the stage of preparation for the exam and entrance exams. This year, the Russian language and mathematics will remain mandatory for delivery, and the choice of profile items, such as biology, chemistry, physics, informatics, foreign languages, etc. Depends on the specialty that the future applicant will choose for itself. In this article we will talk that in 2018 it expects all those who plan to take the exam or the biology exam.

EGE and biology exam and admission to university

For those who are going to pass his ege or biology exams, these directions are opened:

Biological faculties of various Russian universities, producing biologists and biotechnologists, zoologists and biophysicists, ecologists and paleontologists
Russian medulutes.
Faculties of veterinary medicine.
Faculties of psychology, giving the opportunity to become a certified psychologist, a defectologist, psychoanalyst or psychotherapist.
Faculties of physical culture, whose graduates can get a degree of coach, sports instructor or physical education teacher.

All listed areas require a successful crossing of biology. But, in many universities, in addition to basic items, chemicals, physics or social studies may also be needed.

Agronomy - TSU ( Exams:

Biology - TSU, NGPU, Altha ( Exams: Russian language, mathematics, biology);

Forest case - TSU ( Exams: Russian language, mathematics, biology);

Medicine (Medical Case, Pediatrics, Medical Biochemistry, Pharmacy) - SIBGMU ( Exams: Russian, chemistry, biology);

Medical Biophysics -SIBGMU ( Exams: Russian, physics, biology);

Soil science - TSU ( Exams: Russian language, mathematics, biology);

Foodfall animal origin - Sibupk ( Exams: Russian language, mathematics, biology);

Psychology, clinical psychology - TSU, SibGMU, Sibupk, MSTU, Altha ( Exams: Russian language, mathematics, biology);

Psychological and pedagogical education - MSTU, TGPU, NGPU, ALTGU ( Exams: Russian language, mathematics, biology);

Official psychology - MSTU ( Exams: Russian language, mathematics, biology);

Teacher Education (with two preparing profiles - "Biology" and "Chemistry") - TGPU, NGPU ( Exams:

Teacher Education (with two preparing profiles - Biology and Geography) - TGPU ( Exams: Russian language, social science, biology);

pedagogy and psychology deviant behavior (Speech therapy, oligophrenopedagogy) - TGPU, NGPU, Altha ( Exams: Russian language, mathematics, biology);

Innovations that are expected in the ege of biology

The examination tasks of universities are very often compiled by uniform. Therefore, it will be interesting to know about innovations and those who are going to take the exam, and those who plan to pass internal entrance exams in universities.

These are the changes and innovations are expected in the current school year:

Test questions are excluded with the choice of one right out of several proposed response options.
Changed the number of questions. Now they are only 28 instead of 40.
The performance of the work is now given to 210 minutes (5 minutes for each question 1 block and 10-20 minutes for each task 2 block).
In block number 1, new types of tasks appeared, requiring the ability to work with graphic schemes and tables, as well as analyze and synthesize the information provided.
The tasks are located not by level of complexity, but grouped by blocks.
The minimum flow threshold is 36 points.

Taking into account the changes made, the structure of the kim (test measurement materials) assumes that when performing tasks 1 block, a graduate must cope with such types of work as:

multiple choice;
conformity;
establishing the correct sequence;
supplement scheme, tables;
analysis of information made in graphical or tabular form.

In 2 block, each of the tasks will require a complete detailed response.

Is it possible to pass this exam on the highest score? Sure! This was proved 2017 graduates who scored the maximum 100 points and successfully joined budget places in the best universities in the country. The main thing is to correctly organize the preparation process and focuses on achieving the goal.

Preparation for EEG on biology

According to the current Kimov, the Unified State Exam on Biology is intended to check knowledge according to the topics:

Biology as science.
Cell as a biological system.
Organism as a biological system.
The system and manifold of the organic world.
Ecosystems and their patterns.
Evolution of wildlife.
Human body and health.

The preparation plan is simple enough:

Acquaintance with theory.
Decision of the practical part and securing skills.
Verification of knowledge by solving test assignments of the USE or passing trial exams.

Teach Terminology. Biology has its own language, without the knowledge of which, when passing the exam, 2018, it will make difficulties with the tasks of a high level of complexity, and therefore the preparation should be based on the ability to operate with biological concepts.
Visualize concepts. If there are no photos in the tutorial, look for the necessary information on the Internet. This will help make difficult moments more understandable and tie them with life.
Use various memorization methods. Pick the methodology that will help you. It is possible that this presentation of information in the form of schemes, tables, sketches, or association method.
Support systematics of classes.
Ask questions. If something causes difficulties, contact your school teacher, ask a question in the forum dedicated to the biology's exam, or take advantage of the help of a tutor.

We wish you success!

Materials are taken from the site 2018God.net/ege-po-biologist-V-2018-Godu /